초록 열기/닫기 버튼

본 논문은 우즈베키스탄 타쉬켄트주 치르치크 강변에 형성된 한인 깔호즈의 공동묘지를 답사하여 한인 무덤에 대한 민족지적인 기술과 더불어 분석을 행한 글이다. 치르치크 상류, 중류, 하류 지역은 1937년 강제이주 당한 한인들이 정착하여 농업 깔호즈를 조성하면서, 살아온 한인 집단거주지역이다. 치르치크 지역의 한인 깔호즈 공동묘지는 한인들의 역사와 문화가 생동하는 삶의 현장과 같은 곳이다. 한인들의 전통문화가 무덤이라는 공간을 통해 살아있을 뿐 아니라 한인들의 문자(한글)변천과정, 러시아(어)화 정도, 민간신앙의 전승, 무덤건축양식의 변화과정 등이 고스란히 나타나 있다. 또한, 우즈베키스탄 한인들의 문화를 이해하기 위해서는 한인들의 무덤 혹은 공동묘지를 총괄적으로 일컬어 '북망산(北邙山)'이라고 지칭하는 공간에 대한 연구가 필수적이라는 것을 알 수 있다. 이번 연구를 통해서 밝혀진 우즈베키스탄 한인의 매장풍습과 북망산이라는 공동묘지가 차지하는 비중은 죽음의 의례 전과정을 통하여 가장 중요한 역할을 수행하는 공간일 뿐 아니라, 죽은 자와 끝임없이 교감할 수 있는 ‘접속(接續)’의 공간이라는 사실이다. 우즈베키스탄 이주 초창기에 집중적으로 보여지고 있는 ‘봉분(封墳)’을 한 전통적인 무덤들은 아직 깔호즈 내에 한인 공동묘지가 조성되지 않은 상황에서 특정한 지역, 특히, 평지(平地)임에도 대지(大地)가 비교적 높은 지역에 형성되어 있는 특징을 갖는다. 우즈베키스탄 이주 초창기에 형성된 무덤들을 보면, 한인들이 전통적인 방식으로 매장(埋葬)을 하였으며, 무덤건축양식 또한 한인의 전통적인 방법을 사용하여 조성했다는 것을 확인 할 수 있다. 오늘날 우즈베키스탄 한인들은 죽은 자의 무덤을 ‘공동묘지’라는 집단적인 공간을 중심으로 만들어 왔다. 원래 한인들은 전통적으로 평지(平地)가 아닌 산(山) 등성이나 언덕에 무덤을 개별적으로 조성해 왔다. 우즈베키스탄 한인들의 무덤은 물리적 공간인 ‘묘지(墓地)’, 시신(屍身)을 넣은 ‘관(棺)’, 죽은 자에 대해 기록한 ‘묘비명’, 무덤의 경계를 알려주는 ‘무덤 울타리’, 한인들의 민족적인 특징을 나타내 주는 ‘후토자리’로 구성되어 있다. 여기에서 한인들만의 보수성과 혁신성을 찾아볼 수 있다. 우즈베키스탄 한인들의 무덤건축양식은 외형적인 측면이 강조된 건축학적 발전이자 우즈베키스탄에 적응한 변화의 과정일 뿐이며, 한인들의 정신문화적인 측면에서 보수적인 매장(埋葬)문화를 통해서 전통의 일부를 전승하고 계승해 왔다고 판단된다. 우즈베키스탄 한인의 매장풍습은 한인의 전통 위에 우즈베키스탄 한인사회의 시대적 문화적 지역적 특징에 맞는 방향으로 이미 변화하여 발전하여 왔기 때문이다.


This study focuses on the public cemeteries in the Korean Kalhoz near the riverside of Chirchik, Tashkent in Uzbekistan, and presents a description of and analysis on the significance of Korean graves. Since Koreans were forced to move to Uzbekistan in 1937, Korean migrants have formed agricultural Kalhozes in the areas near the upper, middle, and downstream Chirchik. The Korean public cemetery in this area is a gold mine of historical and cultural traces of the life of these Koreans. The graves not only display the surviving Korean tradition based on their exterior, but also show how Korean migrants transformed and adapted to the people, how well they acquired the Russian language in different periods, the impact of the folk faith on their lives, and the changes in how the graves were built. It is also important to understand what Bukmangsan(Mt.), an umbrella term for Koreans in Uzbekistan, signifies in order to understand the culture of the Koreans who lived there. This study presents the conclusion that Bukmangsan is the most crucial concept to understand how and why Koreans in Uzbekistan buried their dead. This makes it possible for the living to be in constant ‘contact’ with the dead. The graves of Koreans in the early period of settlement, when there were yet no public cemeteries in the Kalhoz, were largely located in relatively high places. In the absence of mountains, migrants buried their dead in mounds so as to observe the traditional Korean style of burial. The way the coffin was buried and graves were built were all in the traditional style even until this time. Today, the Uzbek Koreans have built their graves in public cemeteries. Original Korean tradition does not place the graves on flat ground but on high places such as on mountains or hills. Uzbek Korean graves are composed of the physical place of burial, the coffin, the epitaph on the tombstone, the fence along the boundary of the grave and the ‘hutojari,’ which shows the unique character of the people. While these graves display a degree of architectural development, it was also a simple adaptation of the migrants to their new environment. This also shows that they certainly maintained elements of the original Korean culture. Even while based on original Korean tradition, the burial traditions of Koreans in Uzbekistan have changed and continue to develop.


This study focuses on the public cemeteries in the Korean Kalhoz near the riverside of Chirchik, Tashkent in Uzbekistan, and presents a description of and analysis on the significance of Korean graves. Since Koreans were forced to move to Uzbekistan in 1937, Korean migrants have formed agricultural Kalhozes in the areas near the upper, middle, and downstream Chirchik. The Korean public cemetery in this area is a gold mine of historical and cultural traces of the life of these Koreans. The graves not only display the surviving Korean tradition based on their exterior, but also show how Korean migrants transformed and adapted to the people, how well they acquired the Russian language in different periods, the impact of the folk faith on their lives, and the changes in how the graves were built. It is also important to understand what Bukmangsan(Mt.), an umbrella term for Koreans in Uzbekistan, signifies in order to understand the culture of the Koreans who lived there. This study presents the conclusion that Bukmangsan is the most crucial concept to understand how and why Koreans in Uzbekistan buried their dead. This makes it possible for the living to be in constant ‘contact’ with the dead. The graves of Koreans in the early period of settlement, when there were yet no public cemeteries in the Kalhoz, were largely located in relatively high places. In the absence of mountains, migrants buried their dead in mounds so as to observe the traditional Korean style of burial. The way the coffin was buried and graves were built were all in the traditional style even until this time. Today, the Uzbek Koreans have built their graves in public cemeteries. Original Korean tradition does not place the graves on flat ground but on high places such as on mountains or hills. Uzbek Korean graves are composed of the physical place of burial, the coffin, the epitaph on the tombstone, the fence along the boundary of the grave and the ‘hutojari,’ which shows the unique character of the people. While these graves display a degree of architectural development, it was also a simple adaptation of the migrants to their new environment. This also shows that they certainly maintained elements of the original Korean culture. Even while based on original Korean tradition, the burial traditions of Koreans in Uzbekistan have changed and continue to develop.