Research has consistently found that partner violence, defined as physical abuse between
married, cohabitating, or dating partners, is not the only type of abuse with long-term
deleterious effects on victims. Male and female victims alike report that emotional abuse,
along with controlling behaviors, are often as or more traumatic. Existing instruments used to
measure emotional abuse and control have either been limited to male-perpetrated
behaviors, as conceived in the well-known Duluth “Power and Control” wheel, or field tested …

Research has consistently found that partner violence, defined as physical abuse between
married, cohabitating, or dating partners, is not the only type of abuse with long-term
deleterious effects on victims. This study discusses the genesis and evolution of a gender-
inclusive instrument, the Controlling and Abusive Tactics (CAT) Questionnaire, which was
field tested on males and females with both a clinical and general population sample. For
perpetration, a preliminary comparison across gender found no significant differences …