Important Glossary Related to Union Budget

Fiscal deficit, revenue receipts, revised estimates in budget and revenue budget are some important terms used in the Union budget every year. But many people don't understand the meaning of these tough words. In this article we will explain these budget terminologies.  

Hemant Singh
Feb 1, 2023, 11:51 IST
Terminology related to Budget
Terminology related to Budget

Under Article 112 of the constitution, a statement of estimated receipts and expenditures is called the 'Annual Financial Statement'. The nodal organization in charge of creating the budget is the department of economic affairs (DEA) in the finance ministry. Before it can take effect on April 1—the start of the Indian fiscal year—it must be presented through the Finance bill and be approved by Lok Sabha.

There are so many terms used during the full budget presentation which are not known to many people. So we are explaining a bit about these terms for the convenience of the general public and students.

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1. Union Budget

Under Article 112 of the constitution, a statement of estimated receipts and expenditures, called the 'Annual Financial Statement', has to be placed before Parliament for each financial year.

This Statement is the main budget document. It is an estimate of the Government's revenue and expenditure at the end of a fiscal year, which runs from April 1 to March 31.

A Union Budget is the most comprehensive report of the Government's finances, in which revenues from all sources and outlays to all activities are consolidated. The budget also contains estimates of the Government's accounts for the next fiscal, called budgeted estimates.

2. Capital Budget

The capital budget consists of capital receipts and payments. Capital receipts are Government loans raised from the public, Government borrowings from the Reserve Bank and treasury bills, divestment of equity holding in public sector enterprises, loans received from foreign Governments and bodies, securities against small savings, State provident funds, and special deposits.

Capital payments refer to capital expenditures on the construction of capital projects and the acquisition of assets like land, buildings machinery, and equipment.

It also includes investments in shares, and loans and advances granted by the Central Government to State Governments, Government companies, corporations, and other parties.

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3. Revenue Budget

The revenue budget consists of revenue receipts of the Government and its expenditure. Revenue receipts are divided into tax and non-tax revenue. Tax revenues constitute taxes like income tax, corporate tax, excise, customs, service and other duties that the Government levies.

COMPONENTS-BUDGET

The non-tax revenue sources include interest on loans, dividend on investments etc.

Revenue expenditure is the expenditure incurred on the day-to-day running of the Government and its various departments, and for services that it provides.

It also includes interest on its borrowings, subsidies and grants given to State Governments and other parties.

This expenditure does not result in the creation of assets. In case the difference between revenue receipts and revenue expenditure is negative, there is a revenue deficit.

It shows the shortfall of the Government's current receipts over current expenditure. If the capital expenditure and capital receipts are taken into account too, there will be a gap between the receipts and expenditure in a year. This gap constitutes the overall budgetary deficit, and it is covered by issuing 91-day Treasury Bills, mostly held by the Reserve Bank.

Revenue surplus is the excess of revenue receipts over revenue expenditure.

4. Fiscal Deficit

This is the gap between the Government's total spending and the sum of its revenue receipts and non-debt capital receipts.

FISCAL-DEFICIT-TARGETS

It represents the total amount of borrowed funds required by the Government to completely meet its expenditure. The gap is bridged through additional borrowing from the Reserve Bank of India, issuing Government securities etc. The fiscal deficit is one of the major contributors to inflation.

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5. Primary Deficit

The primary deficit is the fiscal deficit minus interest payments. It tells how much' of the Government's borrowings are going towards meeting expenses other than interest payments. In other words, it is the difference between the current year's fiscal deficit and the interest that had to be paid in the previous year's budget.

Primary Deficit is calculated by:

Primary Deficit = Fiscal Deficit - Interest Payments

6. Finance Bill

The Government proposals for the levy of new taxes, alterations in the present tax structure, or continuance of the current tax structure are placed before the Parliament in this bill. The bill contains amendments proposed to direct and indirect taxes.

7. Direct and Indirect Taxes

Direct taxes are levied on the incomes of individuals and corporations. For example, income tax, corporate tax, etc. Indirect taxes are paid by consumers when they buy goods and services. These include excise duty, customs duty etc.

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8. Central plan outlay: It refers to the allocation of monetary resources among the different sectors in the economy and the ministries of the Government. The different sectors include energy, transport, social services, general economics services, communications, science and tech, rural development, agriculture, and so on.

9. Public account: The Government acts as a banker for transactions relating to provident funds, small savings collection etc. The Public Account of India was set up by the Article 266 of the Indian Constitution.

The Public Account Funds are not the government's property and have to paid back to the people or the organization(s) who have deposited them. 

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The funds that the Government thus receives from its bank-like operations are kept in the public account, from which the related disbursements are made.

11. Balance of payments: Balance of payments is the difference between the demand for, and supply of, a country's currency on the foreign exchange market. In layman words, Balance of Payment (BoP) is the difference between the total amount of money entering a country over a specific time period and the total amount of money leaving the country to the rest of the world. 

12. Budget Estimates: It is an estimate of fiscal and revenue deficits for the year. The term is associated with the estimates of the Centre's spending during the financial year and the income received through taxes. In layman's words,  Budget Estimates are the funds allotted for various occupations, activities, and ministries. 

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13. Capital Receipt: Loans raised by the Centre from the market. Government borrowings from the Reserve Bank and other parties, the sale of Treasury Bills, and loans received from foreign governments form a part of capital receipt.

Other items that also fall under this category include the recovery of loans granted by the Centre to State Governments and proceeds from the disinvestment of Government stakes in public sector undertakings.

14. Consolidated Fund: Under this, the Government pools all its funds together.

It includes all Government revenues, loans raised, and recoveries of loans granted.

All expenditure of the Government is incurred from the consolidated fund and no amount can be withdrawn from the fund without the authorization of the Parliament.

15. Contingency Fund: This is a fund used for meeting emergencies where the Government cannot wait for authorization of the Parliament. The Government subsequently obtains Parliamentary approval for the expenditure. The amount spent from the contingency fund is returned to the fund later.

16. Monetary Policy: This comprises actions taken by the central bank to regulate the level of money of liquidity in the economy, or change the interest rates.

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