This research aims to evaluate the positive impacts of deploying OneBusAway, which is a suite of tools that provide real-time bus arrival information through mobile and web applications. OneBusAway was originally developed in Seattle as open source software, and this project conducts a small-scale deployment in Tampa, Florida on the Hillsborough Area Regional Transit (HART) bus system. In the spring of 2013, approximately 250 HART bus riders participated in a pilot program to evaluate the impacts of OneBusAway. Prior to the launch of OneBusAway, these riders completed a “before” web-based survey that included questions about travel behavior, such as frequency of transit travel, waiting times, and transfers, and attitudinal questions pertaining to safety and overall transit service. OneBusAway was then provided to half of the riders (the user group), and it was not given to the other half of riders (the control group). Three months later, both the user and control groups completed an “after” survey to assess their changes in behavior and attitudes due to OneBusAway. We present results from these surveys and accompanying statistical analyses to assess the impacts of this transit traveler information system on bus riders.
1. Evaluating the Impacts of Real-Time Transit
Information on Bus Riders in Tampa, Florida
Candace Brakewood, PhD Candidate in Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Tech
Dr. Kari Watkins, Assistant Professor of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Tech
Dr. Sean Barbeau, Principal Mobile Software Architect for R&D, University of South Florida
APTA Bus, Kansas City, MO
May 5, 2014
3. What is OneBusAway?
• What? Suite of tools that
provides real-time bus/train
tracking information
– Open source software
– Free to riders
• Why? Make riding public transit
easier by providing good
information in usable formats
– Research to evaluate the impacts
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iPhone App
4. Where is OneBusAway?
4
Seattle WA:
Original deployment
New York, NY:
Adapted for the MTA
(Bus Time)
Washington, DC: Beta
Atlanta, GA:
Launched in
early fall 2013
Tampa, FL:
Launched in late
summer 2013
York, CA:
Beta
10. Mobile App Features
• Location-aware
• Bookmarking
• Service alerts
• Problem
reporting
10
Android App
11. Sign Mode
• Web interface optimized for monitor display
• Multiple route and stop selection capabilities
– E.g., showing a cluster of stops outside a coffee shop
• Set-up with Monitor & Google Chromecast
11
Image source: www.google.com/chromecast
13. Key Prior Studies
Decreased
Wait Times
•Watkins et al.
(2011)
•Location:
Seattle, King
County Metro
•Conclusion:
Both actual wait
times and
perceived wait
times of real-
time bus
information
users were less
than non-users
could
lead to
Increased
Satisfaction
•Zhang, Shen &
Clifton (2008)
•Location:
University of
Maryland
•Conclusion:
Overall
satisfaction with
transit service
increased due to
real-time shuttle
bus information
could
lead to
Increased
Ridership
•Tang &
Thakuriah
(2012)
•Location:
CTA, Chicago
•Conclusion:
Modest increase
in ridership (126
rides/route on
average
weekday)
attributable to
real-time bus
information
1. Watkins, K. E., Ferris, B., Borning, A., Rutherford, G. S., & Layton, D. (2011). Where Is My Bus? Impact of mobile real-time
information on the perceived and actual wait time of transit riders. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 45(8), 839–848.
2. Zhang, F., Shen, Q., & Clifton, K. J. (2008). Examination of Traveler Responses to Real-Time Information About Bus Arrivals Using
Panel Data. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2082, 107–115.
3. Tang, L., & Thakuriah, P. (Vonu). (2012). Ridership effects of real-time bus information system: A case study in the City of Chicago.
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 22, 146–161.
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14. Methodology:
Before-After Control Group
• Motivation: HART provided USF & Georgia Tech
special access to real-time data
• Recruitment: HART website/email list
(Incentive of 1 day bus pass)
• Measurement: Web-based surveys
• Group Assignment: Random number generator
• User Group: 5 interfaces of OneBusAway
(3 websites & 2 smartphone apps)
• Study Period: 3 months
Android App
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15. Analysis of Usual Wait Times
3%3% 31% 38% 26%
0% 50% 100%
I spend much more time waiting
I spend somewhat more time waiting
I spend about the same time waiting
I spend somewhat less time waiting
I spend much less time waiting
• Identical questions about usual wait time on regular route on the before and after surveys
Usual Wait Time
(minutes)
Sample Size Before After Difference
n Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean
Control Group 102
10.71 10.50
-0.21
(3.88) (4.25)
OneBusAway Group 107
11.36 9.56
-1.79
(4.06) (4.68)
Comparison Difference of Means: t=2.65, two-tailed p=0.009 < 0.01
• Experimental group post-wave survey only: Has using OneBusAway changed the amount of
time you wait at the bus stop?
Bottom graphic: n=109. Figures rounded to the nearest whole percent.
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16. Analysis of Feelings
While Waiting for the Bus
• Experimental group post-wave survey only asked: Since you began using OneBusAway, do
you feel more relaxed when waiting for the bus?
• Identical questions about feelings while waiting asked on the before and after surveys
28% 40% 27% 4%
0% 50% 100%
Agree strongly
Agree somewhat
Neutral
Disagree somewhat
Disagree strongly
Bottom graphic: n=108; Figures rounded to the nearest whole percent.
Control Group OneBusAway User Group Diff. in Gain Scores
% Frequently + Always % Frequently + Always Wilcoxon Test
Feelings Before After Before After W p-value
Productive 11% 10% 10% 17% 6201 0.051 *
Anxious 18% 19% 26% 25% 4548 0.082 *
Relaxed 34% 34% 27% 25% 5518 0.592
Frustrated 24% 26% 25% 18% 4241 0.006 ***
Significance: * p<0.10; ** p<0.05; *** p<0.01
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17. Analysis of Satisfaction
• Experimental group post-wave survey only asked: Since you began using OneBusAway, do you
feel more satisfied riding HART buses?
• Identical questions about satisfaction asked on the before and after surveys
32% 38% 26% 3%
0% 50% 100%
Agree strongly
Agree somewhat
Neutral
Disagree somewhat
Disagree strongly
Bottom graphic: n=107
Figures rounded to the nearest whole percent.
Control Group OneBusAway Group Diff. in Gain Scores
% Satisfied % Satisfied Wilcoxon Test
Before After Before After W p-value
How frequently the bus comes 37% 41% 40% 44% 5812 0.459
How long you have to wait for the bus 39% 34% 36% 46% 6425 0.020 **
How often the bus arrives at the stop on time 54% 45% 45% 59% 7094 0.0001 ***
How often you arrive at your destination on time 57% 53% 55% 63% 5835 0.236
How often you have to transfer buses to get to your destination 44% 42% 38% 36% 4916 0.342
Overall HART bus service 63% 59% 57% 58% 5717 0.410
Significance: * p<0.10; ** p<0.05; *** p<0.01
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18. Analysis of Bus Trips/Week
• Identical questions about the number of HART bus trips/week on the before and after surveys
Bottom graphic: n=108. 0% selected “I ride somewhat less.” Figures rounded to the nearest whole percent.
Trips/Week
Sample Size Before After Difference
n Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean
Control Group 107
7.03 6.63
-0.40
(3.79) (4.09)
Experimental Group 110
7.09 6.40
-0.69
(3.94) (3.71)
Comparison Difference of Means: t=0.66, two-tailed p=0.512
• Experimental group post-wave survey only: Has using OneBusAway changed the number of
HART bus trips that you take?
20% 19% 60% 1%
0% 50% 100%
I ride much more often
I ride somewhat more
I ride about the same
I ride much less
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19. Conclusions
• Significant improvements in the waiting experience
– Decreases in self-reported usual wait times
– Decreases in negative feelings, particularly frustration
– Increases in satisfaction with wait times
• Little evidence supporting a change in transit trips
– Approx. 1/3 of RTI users stated they ride the bus more frequently,
perhaps because of:
• Affirmation bias of respondents
• Scale of measurement (trips per week)
– Only riders within sphere of transit agency
• Check out OneBusAway at onebusaway.org
– Especially if you want to launch OneBusAway in your region!
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20. 20
QUESTIONS?
Contact Information
Candace Brakewood: candace.brakewood@gatech.edu
Sean Barbeau: barbeau@cutr.usf.edu
Kari Watkins: kari.watkins@ce.gatech.edu
Acknowledgements: This work was funded by a US DOT Eisenhower Graduate
Fellowship, the National Center for Transit Research (NCTR), and the National
Center for Transportation Systems Productivity and Management (NCTSPM). I am
also very grateful to the Hillsborough Area Regional Transit Authority (HART) for
their support, particularly Shannon Haney.
21. Appendix: New Region Checklist
Transit Data in GTFS format
AVL system that provides arrival
estimates
Implement a GTFS-realtime (or SIRI)
feed
Set up a OneBusAway Server
Do some quality-control testing
Launch OneBusAway apps in new city!
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22. Appendix: Limitations
• Length of Study
– June 2013 BRT opening in Tampa
• Representativeness of sample to all
HART riders
– More Caucasian respondents
– Higher household income levels
– Higher levels of car ownership (but
fewer licenses)
• Applicability beyond Tampa
– Limited to transit-dependent
populations BRT Stop
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Editor's Notes
Searchable map interface for locating information at the stop level; Supports real-time and static data
Seattle: Actual wait times of real-time users were almost 2 minutes less than non-users. Perceived wait times of riders with real-time information 31% less
Chicago: A panel regression model from 2002-2010 showed real-time information caused a “modest” increase in ridership (126 rides per route on an average weekday)
Pre wave survey in February 2013; Post-wave survey in May 2013
Ridership is the key focus of 2 additional studies.