ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
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nameevidenceconditioncategoryonetowatchtypepopularitysourceurlignoreurl of 2nd key studykey study source abstract (or summary notes)key study source abstract (or summary notes)key study source abstract (or summary notes)#
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green entries have been recently updated1 = low, 4 = good, 6 = strongwhat condition does the supplement purport to affect?the type of conditionfew studies but promising resultswhat type of substance is this?google hits (used to scale the bubbles)the key study for grading the evidenceweb address of key studyexclude the supp from the visual to save space?web address of second key study (if any)summary of key study's abstract
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acai0plant / herb1.01PubMed#
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aloe vera3diabetesdiabetesplant / herb1.6PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10885091http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/731244"Ten studies were located. They suggest that oral administration of aloe vera might be a useful adjunct for lowering blood glucose in diabetic patients as well as for reducing blood lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Topical application of aloe vera is not an effective preventative for radiation-induced injuries. It might be effective for genital herpes and psoriasis. Whether it promotes wound healing is unclear. There are major caveats associated with all of these statements. CONCLUSION: Even though there are some promising results, clinical effectiveness of oral or topical aloe vera is not sufficiently defined at present." Vogler and Ernst (1999). 'Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness.' Br. J. Gen. Pract. 49/447, 823-28. PMID: 10885091.^ Bunyapraphatsara N, Yongchaiyudha S, Rungpitarangsi V, Chokechaijaroenporn O. (1996) Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L juice. II. Clinical trial in diabetes mellitus patients in combination with glibenclamide. Phytomedicine 3: 245–248.^ Nassiff HA, Fajardo F, Velez F. (1993) Effecto del aloe sobre la hiperlipidemia en pacientes refractarios a la dieta. Rev Cuba Med Gen Integr 9:43–515000 angina patients adding the 'Husk of Isabgol' and 'aloe vera' to their diet had reduced total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fasting and post prandial blood sugar level in diabetic patients, total lipids and also increased HDL Agarwal 1985http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10885091
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andro-graphis2respiratory tract infectionsinfectionsOTWplant / herb0.085 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14748896Meta-analysis of 3 trials (433 patients) found Andrographis paniculata extract alone or in combination with Acanthopanax senticosus was more effective than placebo & may be an effective treatment of uncomplicated acute upper respiratory tract infection. Poolsup et al (2004). PMID: 14748896.Andrographis paniculata (N.) extract SHA-10 fixed combination, Kan Jang, shows a positive effect in 95 individuals in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections and also relieves the inflammatory symptoms of sinusitis and the drug was well tolerated. Gabrielian 2002#
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anti-oxidants0mortalitygeneral healthcompound8American Medical Associationhttp://jama.ama-assn.org/content/297/8/842.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15153272"We did not find convincing evidence that antioxidant supplements have beneficial effects on mortality. Even more, beta carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E seem to increase the risk of death. Further randomized trials are needed to establish the effects of vitamin C and selenium." Bjelakovic et al (2007). 'Mortality in Randomized Trials of Antioxidant Supplements for Primary and Secondary Prevention: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis'. JAMA 297/8, 842-57.
"Randomised primary and secondary intervention trials have failed to show any consistent benefit from the use of antioxidant supplements on cardiovascular disease or cancer risk, with some trials even suggesting possible harm in certain subgroups. " Stanner SA, Hughes J, Kelly CN, Buttriss J (2004). "A review of the epidemiological evidence for the 'antioxidant hypothesis'". Public Health Nutr 7 (3): 407–22. "To date, [...] the published results of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of supplements containing antioxidant nutrients have not provided clear evidence of a beneficial effect." Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, Roussel AM, Favier A, Briancon S (2004). "The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals". Arch Intern Med 164 (21): 2335–42.
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anti-oxidants4infertility in mensex, mencompound8Reproductive Biomedicine Online http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/systematic-review-effect-oral-antioxidants/20378409.html"A systematic review of randomized studies was conducted to evaluate the effects of oral antioxidants (vitamins C and E, zinc, selenium, folate, carnitine and carotenoids) on sperm quality and pregnancy rate in infertile men. Seventeen randomized trials, including a total of 1,665 men, were identified, which differed in the populations studied and type, dosage and duration of antioxidants used. 14 of the 17 (82%) trials showed an improvement in either sperm quality or pregnancy rate after antioxidant therapy. Ten trials examined pregnancy rate and six showed a significant improvement after antioxidant therapy. The use of oral antioxidants in infertile men could improve sperm quality and pregnancy rates." Ross et al (2010). 'A systematic review of the effect of oral antioxidants on male infertility.' Reprod Biomed Online 20. PMID: 20378409.
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aspartic acid0compound0.289Xn/a#
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asta-xanthin1oxidative stressgeneral healthOTWcompound0.152PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19656058"There have been at least eight clinical studies conducted in over 180 humans using astaxanthin to assess its safety, bioavailability and clinical aspects relevant to oxidative stress, inflammation or the cardiovascular system. There have been no adverse outcomes reported. Studies have demonstrated reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation and improved blood rheology." Fassett and Coombes (2009). PMID: 19656058.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12727382?dopt=Abstract#
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astragalus0OTWplant / herb0.385Xn/a#
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B vitamins0.5Alzheimer'smental healthvitamin4.09PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18854539http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216507"DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial of high-dose folate, vitamin B(6), and vitamin B(12) supplementation in 409 (of 601 screened) individuals with mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease. RESULTS: A total of 340 participants (202 in active treatment group and 138 in placebo group) completed the trial while taking study medication. Although the vitamin supplement regimen was effective in reducing homocysteine levels, it had no beneficial effect on the primary cognitive measure, rate of change in ADAS-cog score during 18 months, or on any secondary measures. A higher quantity of adverse events involving depression was observed in the group treated with vitamin supplements. CONCLUSION: This regimen of high-dose B vitamin supplements does not slow cognitive decline in individuals with mild to moderate AD." Aisen et al (2008). PMID: 18854539."INTRODUCTION: Whether homocysteine lowering by B vitamins can reduce cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia patients is unclear. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 140 subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease or vascular dementia were randomly assigned to take 1 mg of methylcobalamin and 5 mg of folic acid, or placebo once daily for 24 months. The primary outcome was Mattis dementia rating scale (MDRS). CONCLUSION: Homocysteine lowering in dementia patients did not significantly reduce global cognitive decline.""Male and female patients aged >50 years with mild to moderate AD and normal folic acid and vitamin B12 concentrations were enrolled. RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients (45 men, 44 women; all Taiwanese; mean age 75 years) were enrolled and randomized. CONCLUSIONS: In this population of patients with mild to moderate AD in Taiwan, a multivitamin supplement containing vitamins B(6) and B(12) and folic acid for 26 weeks decreased homocysteine concentrations. No statistically significant beneficial effects on cognition or ADL function were found between multivitamin and placebo at 26 weeks." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042476"METHODS AND FINDINGS: Single-center, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of high-dose folic acid, vitamins B(6) and B(12) in 271 individuals (of 646 screened) over 70 y old with mild cognitive impairment. RESULTS: A total of 168 participants (85 in active treatment group; 83 receiving placebo) completed the MRI section of the trial. The mean rate of brain atrophy per year was 0.76% in the active treatment group and 1.08% in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: The accelerated rate of brain atrophy in elderly with mild cognitive impairment can be slowed by treatment with homocysteine-lowering B vitamins. Sixteen percent of those over 70 y old have mild cognitive impairment and half of these develop Alzheimer's disease. Since accelerated brain atrophy is a characteristic of subjects with mild cognitive impairment who convert to Alzheimer's disease, trials are needed to see if the same treatment will delay the development of Alzheimer's disease." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20838622
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beta-glucans0cancercancerOTWcompound0.31PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19515245"So far, no good quality clinical trial data is available on assessing the effectiveness of purified beta-glucans among cancer patients. Future effort should direct at performing well-designed clinical trials to verify the actual clinical efficacy of beta-glucans or beta-glucans containing compounds." Chan et al (2009). PMID: 19515245.
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bitter melon0diabetesdiabetesplant / herb0.126PubMedNo human studies#
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bitter orange0plant / herb0.118No human studies#
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black cohosh1menopausewomenplant / herb0.386http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09513590400020922An isopropanolic aqueous extract of Cimicifuga racemosa (40 mg/day) was found to be a valid alternative to low-dose transdermal estradiol in the management of climacteric complaints in 64 postmenopausal women who cannot be treated with or who refuse conventional strategies. Nappi et al (2005).#
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black tea1cancercancerplant / herb0.395MedlinePlushttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-black_tea.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21538852"Several studies have explored a possible association between regular consumption of black tea and rates of cancer in populations. This research has yielded conflicting results, with some studies suggesting benefits, and others reporting no effects. Laboratory and animal studies report that components of tea, such as polyphenols, have antioxidant properties and effects against tumors. However, effects in humans remain unclear, and these components may be more common in green tea rather than in black tea. Some animal and laboratory research suggests that components of black tea may be carcinogenic, although effects in humans are not clear. Overall, the relationship of black tea consumption and human cancer remains undetermined."#
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black tea1.5heart disease, stressmental health, cardioplant / herb0.395http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-black_tea.html"Based on early research, black tea may reduce stress and help patients feel more relaxed. More research is needed to confirm these findings. It should be noted that high doses of caffeine have been linked to anxiety."#
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borage seed oil1.5rheumatismmusculoskeletalplant / herb0.362http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8214997?dopt=Abstract1.4 g/d GLA in borage seed oil reduced the number of tender joints by 36% for 37 rheumatism patients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week trial. Leventhal et al (1993). PMID: 8214997.#
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boron1menopausewomenmineral0.667deadlinkXNeilsen FH, Hunt CE, Mullen LM & Hunt JR: Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASED J 1987;1:394-397not properly understood yet - "Boron". PDRhealth. http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/bor_0040.shtml. #
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bromelain2arthritismusculoskeletalenzyme0.44http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15841258"All previous trials, which have been uncontrolled or comparative studies, indicate its potential use for the treatment of osteoarthritis. [...] The data available at present indicate the need for trials to establish the efficacy and optimum dosage for bromelain and the need for adequate prospective adverse event monitoring in such chronic conditions as osteoarthritis." Brien et al (2004). 'Bromelain as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis: a Review of Clinical Studies.' Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM. 1/3, 251–57. PMID 15841258.
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calcium3colorectal cancercancermineral0.638http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9887161http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073017"We randomly assigned 930 subjects (mean age, 61 years; 72 percent men) with a recent history of colorectal adenomas to receive either calcium carbonate (3 g [1200 mg of elemental calcium] daily) or placebo, with follow-up colonoscopies one and four years after the qualifying examination. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Calcium supplementation is associated with a significant - though moderate - reduction in the risk of recurrent colorectal adenomas." Baron et al (1999). 'Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group', N. Engl. J. Med. 340/2, 101–7. PMID: 9887161."We randomly assigned 665 patients with a history of colorectal adenomas to three treatment groups, in a parallel design: calcium gluconolactate and carbonate (2 g elemental calcium daily), fibre (3.5 g ispaghula husk), or placebo. Participants had colonoscopy after 3 years of follow-up. The primary endpoint was adenoma recurrence. [...] Calcium supplementation was associated with a modest but not significant reduction in the risk of adenoma recurrence." Bonithon-Kopp et al (2000). 'Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: a randomised intervention trial', European Cancer Prevention Organisation Study Group". Lancet 356/9238, 1300–06. PMID 11073017. #
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calcium3.5osteoporosis in postmenopausal womenmusculoskeletal, womenmineral5.98PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289325http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412990"Results of recent clinical trials indicate that calcium supplementation does not significantly reduce fracture risk in postmenopausal women. However, evidence from the same studies suggests that beneficial effects on fracture risk may be seen in women who are adherent to therapy. Postmenopausal women should continue calcium supplementation to reduce osteoporosis risk." Spangler et al (2011). 'Calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.' Am. J. Health Sys. Pharm, 68/4, 309-18. PMID: 21289325."Ca supplements appear to be effective in reducing bone loss in women late post menopause (>5 years post menopause), particularly in those with low habitual Ca intake (<400 mg/d). In women early post menopause (<5 years post menopause) who are not vitamin D deficient, Ca supplementation has little effect on bone mineral density. However, supplementation with vitamin D and Ca has been shown to reduce fracture rates in the institutionalised elderly, but there remains controversy as to whether supplementation is effective in reducing fracture in free-living populations." Lanham-New (2008). PMID: 18412990.
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calcium + vit. D4breast cancer in premenopausal women, cancercancer, womenmineral4.11PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533208http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556697."METHODS: We prospectively evaluated total calcium and vitamin D intake in relation to breast cancer incidence among 10,578 premenopausal and 20,909 postmenopausal women 45 years or older who were free of cancer and cardiovascular disease at baseline in the Women's Health Study. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study suggest that higher intakes of calcium and vitamin D may be associated with a lower risk of developing premenopausal breast cancer. The likely apparent protection in premenopausal women may be more pronounced for more aggressive breast tumors." Lin et al (2007). 'Intakes of calcium and vitamin d and breast cancer risk in women.' Arch. Intern. Med. 167/10, 1050–59. PMID 17533208."This was a 4-y, population-based, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. The primary outcome was fracture incidence, and the principal secondary outcome was cancer incidence. The subjects were 1179 community-dwelling women randomly selected from the population of healthy postmenopausal women aged >55 y in a 9-county rural area of Nebraska centered at latitude 41.4 degrees N. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 1400-1500 mg supplemental calcium/d alone (Ca-only), supplemental calcium plus 1100 IU vitamin D3/d (Ca + D), or placebo. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Improving calcium and vitamin D nutritional status substantially reduces all-cancer risk in postmenopausal women." Lappe et al (2007). 'Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial', Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85/6, 1586–91. PMID 17556697.
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capsaicin0cancercancerplant / herb0.48no human trialsX
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cat's claw0cancer, viruses, immune systemcancer, infectionsplant / herb0.044PubMedno human supplementation trials#
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chamomile0bowel disordersdigestionplant / herb0.398no evidence#
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chasteberry0plant / herb0.053Xno evidence#
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chromium1diabetesdiabetesmineral0.1http://www.ajcn.org/content/76/1/148.full"Conclusions: Data from RCTs show no effect of chromium on glucose or insulin concentrations in nondiabetic subjects. The data for persons with diabetes are inconclusive. RCTs in well-characterized, at-risk populations are necessary to determine the effects of chromium on glucose, insulin, and Hb A1c." Althius et al (2002). 'Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: a meta-analysis.' American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76/1, 148-55.#
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chrondroitin0arthritismusculoskeletalcompound1.01Xno evidence#
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cinnamon3type 2 diabetesdiabetesplant / herb1.15http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17381386http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14633804"We found two prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, peer-reviewed clinical trials and one prospective, placebo-controlled, peer-reviewed clinical trial that evaluated the efficacy of cinnamon supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes; a total of 164 patients were involved in these trials. Two of the studies reported modest improvements in lowering blood glucose levels with cinnamon supplementation in small patient samples. One trial showed no significant difference between cinnamon and placebo in lowering blood glucose levels. Overall, cinnamon was well tolerated. These data suggest that cinnamon has a possible modest effect in lowering plasma glucose levels in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. However, clinicians are strongly urged to refrain from recommending cinnamon supplementation in place of the proven standard of care, which includes lifestyle modifications, oral antidiabetic agents, and insulin therapy." Pham et al (2007). 'Cinnamon supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.' Pharmacotherapy 27/4, 595-59. PMID: 17381386."The results of this study [60 subjects with type 2 diabetes, 30 men, 30 women] demonstrate that intake of 1, 3, or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases." Khan et al (2003). 'Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes.' Diabetes Care 26/12, 3215–38. PMID 14633804."Whilst definitive conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the use of cinnamon as an antidiabetic therapy, it does possess antihyperglycaemic properties and potential to reduce postprandial blood glucose levels. Further research is required to confirm a possible correlation between baseline FBG and blood glucose reduction and to assess the potential to reduce pathogenic diabetic complications with cinnamon supplementation." Kirkham et al (2009). 'The potential of cinnamon to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.' Diabetes Obes. Metab. 11/12, 1100-13. PMID: 19930003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19930003. #
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coconut oil3obesity, cholesterolcardio, general healthplant / herb7.97PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19437058http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14608053This study of 40 women aged 20-40 tested the effect of daily coconut oil vs soy bean oil, while following a balanced diet and exercising. "Energy intake and amount of carbohydrate ingested by both groups diminished over the trial, whereas the consumption of protein and fibre increased and lipid ingestion remained unchanged. At [1 week before intervention] there were no differences in biochemical or anthropometric characteristics between the groups, whereas at [1 week after intervention] group C [coconut group] presented a higher level of HDL and a lower LDL:HDL ratio. Reductions in BMI were observed in both groups at T2, but only group C exhibited a reduction in [waist circumference]. Group S [soy bean oil] presented an increase in total cholesterol, LDL and LDL:HDL ratio, whilst HDL diminished. Such alterations were not observed in group C. It appears that dietetic supplementation with coconut oil does not cause dyslipidemia and seems to promote a reduction in abdominal obesity." Assunçao et al (2009). 'Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of women presenting abdominal obesity.' Lipids 44/7, 593-601. PMID: 19437058."This controlled crossover study compared the effects of a high fat diet, a low fat diet, both based on coconut oil, and a diet with a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and PUFA on diurnal postprandial levels of some hemostatic variables (n = 11) and fasting levels of Lp(a) (n = 25). In conclusion, our results indicate that a coconut oil-based diet lowers postprandial t-PA antigen concentration, and this may favorably affect the fibrinolytic system and the Lp(a) concentration compared with the HUFA-diet. The proportions of dietary saturated fatty acids more than the percentage of saturated fat energy seem to have a beneficial influence on Lp(a) levels." Müller et al (2003). PMID: 14608053.
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collagen0compound0.271no evidence#
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copper 0mineral2.41no evidence #
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CoQ104blood pressurecardioenzyme0.377Human Hypertensionhttp://www.nature.com/jhh/journal/v21/n4/full/1002138a.html"We conclude that coenzyme Q10 has the potential in hypertensive patients to lower systolic blood pressure by up to 17 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by up to 10 mm Hg without significant side effects." Rosenfeldt et al (2007). 'Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of the clinical trials Coenzyme Q10 and hypertension.' Journal of Human Hypertension 21, 297-306.#
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CoQ101heart diseasecardioenzyme0.377American Family Physicianhttp://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0915/p1065.html"The evidence is too inconsistent to recommend use of coenzyme Q10 in symptomatic treatment of congestive heart failure." Bonakdar and Guarneri (2005). 'Coenzyme Q10.' Am. Fam. Physician 72/6,1065-70.#
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CoQ100diabetesdiabetesenzyme0.377American Family Physicianhttp://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0915/p1065.html"Data are insufficient to recommend use of coenzyme Q10 for improved glycemic control in diabetes mellitus." Bonakdar and Guarneri (2005). 'Coenzyme Q10'. Am. Fam. Physician 72/6,1065-70.#
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CoQ102migrainepainenzyme0.377PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728298In a study of 42 patients, CoQ10 was superior to placebo for attack-frequency, headache-days and days-with-nausea in the third treatment month and well tolerated. Sándor et al (2005). PMID: 15728298.#
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cranberry juice2urinary tract infections, kidney stonesurinaryplant / herb1.53Cochrane Reviewhttp://www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab001321.htmlhttp://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/943.htm"This review identified 10 studies (1049 participants) comparing cranberry products with placebo, juice or water. There was some evidence to show that cranberries (juice and capsules) can prevent recurrent infections in women. However, the evidence for elderly men and women was less clear, and there is evidence that is not effective in people who need catheterisation. Many people in the trials stopped drinking the juice, suggesting it may not be a popular intervention. In addition it is not clear how long cranberry juice needs to be taken to be effective or what the required dose might be." Jepson and Craig (2008). 'Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1. CD001321."The Panel concludes that the evidence provided is not sufficient to establish a cause and effect relationship between the consumption of Ocean Spray cranberry products® and the reduction of the risk of UTI in women by inhibiting the adhesion of certain bacteria in the urinary tract.""Nine trials of cranberry products met the inclusion criteria. In four good quality randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cranberry products significantly reduced the incidence of symptomatic UTIs in 12 months compared with placebo/control. Five trials were not included in the meta-analyses due to the lack of appropriate data. However, only one reported a significant result. Side effects were common, and losses to followup/withdrawals in several of the trials were high (> 40%). There is some evidence from four good quality RCTs that cranberry juice may decrease the number of symptomatic UTIs over a 12-month period, particularly in women with recurrent UTIs. It is uncertain whether it is effective in other susceptible groups.""CONCLUSION: Cranberry juice has antilithogenic properties and, as such, deserves consideration as a conservative therapeutic protocol in managing calcium oxalate urolithiasis." McHarg et al (2003). 'Influence of cranberry juice on the urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate kidney stone formation.' BJU Int.92/7, 765-68. PMID: 14616463. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14616463.
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creatine4cognitionmental healthcompound0.283PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691485/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19773644"We tested the hypothesis that oral creatine supplementation (5 g d(-1) for six weeks) would enhance intelligence test scores and working memory performance in 45 young adult, vegetarian subjects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Creatine supplementation had a significant positive effect on both working memory (backward digit span) and intelligence (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices), both tasks that require speed of processing." Rae et al (2003). 'Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation improves cognitive performance; a placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over trial.' Proc. Biol. Sci. 270/1529, 2147-50. "This study used a new form of creatine--creatine ethyl ester--to investigate whether supplementation would improve performance in five cognitive tasks, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Creatine dosing led to an improvement over the placebo condition on several measures. Although creatine seems to facilitate cognition on some tasks, these results require replication using objective measures of compliance." Ling et al (2009). PMID: 19773644."The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of creatine supplementation on the cognitive performance of elderly people. [...] Results showed a significant effect of creatine supplementation on all tasks except backward number recall. It was concluded that creatine supplementation aids cognition in the elderly." McMorris et al (2007). PMID: 17828627. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17828627#
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dandelion0plant / herb0.571Xn/a#
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dark chocolate4blood pressurecardioplant / herb4.46PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20584271http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910929"RESULTS: Fifteen trial arms of 13 assessed studies met the inclusion criteria. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis suggests that dark chocolate is superior to placebo in reducing systolic hypertension or diastolic prehypertension." Ried et al (2010). 'Does chocolate reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis.' BMC Med. 8/39. PMID: 20584271."10 randomized controlled trials comprising 297 individuals were included in the analysis. [...] The meta-analysis confirms the BP-lowering capacity of flavanol-rich cocoa products in a larger set of trials than previously reported. However, significant statistical heterogeneity across studies could be found, and questions such as the most appropriate dose and the long-term side effect profile warrant further investigation before cocoa products can be recommended as a treatment option in hypertension." Desch et al (2010). 'Effect of cocoa products on blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis.' Am. J. Hypertens. 23/1 97-103. PMID: 19910929."CONCLUSION: Current randomized dietary studies indicate that consumption of foods rich in cocoa may reduce blood pressure, while tea intake appears to have no effect." Taubert et al (2007). 'Effect of cocoa and tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis.' Arch. Int. Med. 167/7, 626-34. PMID: 17420419. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17420419"Collectively, our data demonstrate that the human ingestion of the flavanol (-)-epicatechin is, at least in part, causally linked to the reported vascular effects observed after the consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa. -)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans." Schroeter et al (2006). '(-)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans.' PNAS 23/4, 1024-09. PMID: 16418281. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418281
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devil's claw4arthritismusculoskeletalplant / herb0.1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14669250http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17212570The results of an open clinical study in 75 patients suggest that this Devil's claw extract has a clinically beneficial effect in the treatment of arthrosis of the hip or knee. Wegener and Lüpke (2003). 'Treatment of patients with arthrosis of hip or knee with an aqueous extract of devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens DC.).' Phytotherapy Res. 17/10, 1165-72. PMID: 14669250. "Fourteen studies were identified: eight observational studies; 2 comparator trials (1 open, the other randomized to assess clinical effectiveness); and 4 double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trials to assess efficacy. Many of the published trials lacked certain important methodological quality criteria. However, the data from the higher quality studies suggest that Devil's Claw appeared effective in the reduction of the main clinical symptom of pain. The assessment of safety is limited by the small populations generally evaluated in the clinical studies. From the current data, Devil's Claw appears to be associated with minor risk (relative to NSAIDs), but further long-term assessment is required." Brien et al (2006). 'Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) as a treatment for osteoarthritis: a review of efficacy and safety.' J. Altern. Complem. Med. 12/10, 981-93. PMID: 17212570.#
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DHEA0ageinggeneral healthcompound1.04PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050889"METHODS: We performed a 2-year, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study involving 87 elderly men with low levels of the sulfated form of DHEA and bioavailable testosterone and 57 elderly women with low levels of sulfated DHEA. CONCLUSIONS: Neither DHEA nor low-dose testosterone replacement in elderly people has physiologically relevant beneficial effects on body composition, physical performance, insulin sensitivity, or quality of life. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00254371 [ClinicalTrials.gov].)." Nair et al (2006). PMID: 17050889.
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DHEA1memory in young menmental health, menOTWcompound0.86PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16231168"METHODS: Twenty-four healthy young men were treated with a 7-day course of oral DHEA (150 mg b.d.) or placebo in a double blind, random, crossover and balanced order design. CONCLUSIONS: DHEA treatment improved memory recollection and mood and decreased trough cortisol levels. These findings are distinctive, being the first to show such beneficial effects of DHEA on memory in healthy young men." Alhaj et al (2006). PMID: 16231168.
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echinacea3coldsinfectionsplant / herb2.19Cochrane Reviewhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437427http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17597571"Sixteen trials including a total of 22 comparisons of an Echinacea preparation and a control group (19 with placebo, 2 with no treatment, 1 with another herbal preparation) met the inclusion criteria. All trials except one were described as double-blind. The majority had reasonable to good methodological quality. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Echinacea preparations tested in clinical trials differ greatly. There is some evidence that preparations based on the aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea might be effective for the early treatment of colds in adults but results are not fully consistent. Beneficial effects of other Echinacea preparations, and for preventative purposes might exist but have not been shown in independently replicated, rigorous randomized trials" Linde et al (2006). 'Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold.' Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD000530. PMID: 16437427.A meta-analysis of 14 studies found "Echinacea decreased the odds of developing the common cold by 58% and the duration of a cold by 1.4 days. Similarly, significant reductions were maintained in subgroup analyses limited to Echinaguard/Echinacin use, concomitant supplement use, method of cold exposure, Jadad scores less than 3, or use of a fixed-effects model. Published evidence supports echinacea's benefit in decreasing the incidence and duration of the common cold." Shah et al (2007). Lancet Infect. Dis. 7/7, 473-80. PMID: 17597571.#
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elderberry1cholesterolcardioOTWplant / herb1.65PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14749743"DESIGN: Study A: The randomized, placebo-controlled trial for studying the effect of anthocyanes on lipid and antioxidant status, 34 subjects took capsules with 400 mg spray-dried powder containing 10% anthocyanes t.i.d. equivalent to 5 ml elderberry juice for 2 weeks. A subgroup of 14 subjects continued for an additional week to test for resistance to oxidation of LDL. Study B: To investigate the short-term effects on serum lipid concentrations, six subjects took a single dose of 50 ml of elderberry juice (equivalent to 10 capsules) along with a high-fat breakfast. CONCLUSIONS: Elderberry spray-dried extract at a low dose exerts a minor effect on serum lipids and antioxidative capacity. Higher, but nutritionally relevant doses might significantly reduce postprandial serum lipids." Murkovic et al (2004). 'Effects of elderberry juice on fasting and postprandial serum lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.' Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 58/2, 244-49. PMID: 14749743.
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elderberry1fluinfectionsOTWplant / herb0.49PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19548290http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15080016"Several in vitro studies together with two exploratory studies in humans and one open study in chimpanzees indicate that the aqueous elderberry extract Sambucol may be useful for the treatment of viral influenza infections. These promising effects of elderberry fruit preparations from experimental and clinical studies should be backed by more rigorous studies before these preparations are recommended in the prevention of diseases and in treatment schedules." Vlachojannis et al (2010). PMID: 19548290."Sixty patients (aged 18-54 years) suffering from influenza-like symptoms for 48 h or less were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study during the influenza season of 1999-2000 in Norway. Patients received 15 ml of elderberry or placebo syrup four times a day for 5 days, and recorded their symptoms using a visual analogue scale. Symptoms were relieved on average 4 days earlier and use of rescue medication was significantly less in those receiving elderberry extract compared with placebo. Elderberry extract seems to offer an efficient, safe and cost-effective treatment for influenza. These findings need to be confirmed in a larger study."
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evening primrose oil0PMSwomenplant / herb0.389PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8721802http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2201888"A systematic literature search of clinical trials of evening primrose oil (EPO) for the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) was carried out with a view to performing a meta-analysis. Only seven placebo-controlled trials were found but only in five trials was randomization clearly indicated. Inconsistent scoring and response criteria made statistical pooling and hence a rigorous meta-analysis inappropriate. The two most well-controlled studies failed to show any beneficial effects for EPO, although because the trials were relatively small modest effects cannot be excluded. Nonetheless, on current evidence EPO is of little value in the management of premenstrual syndrome." Budeiri et al (1996). PMID: 8721802."The therapeutic effectiveness of evening primrose oil (Efamol, Vita-Glow) in the relief of 10 symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) as well as menstrual symptoms was studied in 38 women. The prospective trial was randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled and was crossed-over after three cycles. Although the results showed an improvement in symptoms of PMS during the trial, no significant differences in the scoring between the active and placebo groups were found over six cycles. No "carry-over" effect of active medication was observed; the beneficial effect on all symptoms (psychological, fluid retention, breast) was rapid, the scores decreasing in the first cycle but increasing slightly at the change-over period after the third cycle, irrespective of whether the active or placebo medication was next given. These findings indicate that the improvement experienced by these women with moderate PMS was solely a placebo effect."#
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fenugreek0cancer prevention, diabetescancer, diabetesplant / herb0.309n/a#
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feverfew2migrainepainplant / herb0.169PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14973986http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232154"MAIN RESULTS: Five trials (343 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Results from these trials were mixed and did not convincingly establish that feverfew is efficacious for preventing migraine. Only mild and transient adverse events were reported in the included trials. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence from randomised, double-blind trials to suggest an effect of feverfew over and above placebo for preventing migraine. It appears from the data reviewed that feverfew presents no major safety problems." Pittler and Ernst (2004). 'Feverfew for preventing migraine.' Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD002286. PMID: 14973986.The efficacy and tolerability of a CO(2)-extract of feverfew (MIG-99, 6.25 mg t.i.d.) for migraine prevention were investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, parallel-group study. MIG-99 was found effective and shows a favourable benefit-risk ratio. Diener et al (2005). 'Efficacy and safety of 6.25 mg t.i.d. feverfew CO2-extract (MIG-99) in migraine prevention--a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled study.' Cephalagia 25/11, 1031-41. PMID: 16232154.#
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fish oil / omega 34colorectal cancercancercompound2American Journal of Epidemiologyhttp://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/166/2/181http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/kwm197v1From abstract: "Fatty acid effects on colorectal cancer risk were examined in a national prospective case-control study in Scotland (1999–2006), including 1,455 incident cases and 1,455 matched controls. [...] Significant dose-dependent reductions in risk were associated with increased consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids." From full text: "the highest total fish consumers showed a 24% lower risk for developing colorectal cancer as compared to those with the lowest intakes of fish (the lower quartile). With respect to oily fish consumption, those consuming at the highest quartile (upper 25% of the population) exhibited an approximate 34% lower risk for developing colorectal cancer relative to those in the lowest quartile (lower 25% of the population) for oily fish consumption." Theodoratou et al (2007). 'Dietary Fatty Acids and Colorectal cancer: A Case-Control Study', Am. J. Epidem. 166/2, 181-95. "The authors conducted an extensive review (meta-analysis) of 14 studies combined where the frequency of fish consumption in population studies was correlated with the incidence of colorectal cancer. The compilation of these 14 cohort studies indicated that the pooled relative risks for colorectal cancer was 12% lower (relative risk of 0.88) for the highest as compared to the lowest fish consumption category. The pooled relative risks were 22% lower for women and 6% lower for men." Geelen et al (2007). 'Fish Consumption, n-3 Fatty Acids, and Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies', Am. J. Epidem. 166/10, 1116-25."Mortality data for breast and colorectal cancer in 24 European countries were correlated with current fish and fish oil consumption and with consumption 10 and 23 years previously. In males there was an inverse correlation between colorectal cancer mortality and current intake of fish, a weaker correlation with fish consumption 10 years earlier and none with consumption 23 years earlier. The data were not statistically significant in females. There was no correlation at all between breast cancer mortality and fish or fish oil consumption at any time. It is concluded that fish consumption is associated with protection against the later promotional stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, but not with the early initiation stages." Caygill and Hill (1995). 'Fish, n-3 fatty acids and human colorectal and breast cancer mortality', Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 4/4. http://journals.lww.com/eurjcancerprev/Abstract/1995/08000/Fish,_n_3_fatty_acids_and_human_colorectal_and.8.aspx#
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fish oil / omega 34cancer symptomscancer, pain, digestioncompound2PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408522http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12506181"We performed a systematic review of the literature in order to issue recommendations on the clinical use of n-3 FA in the cancer setting. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria; eight were of high quality. Our findings suggest that administration of n-3 FA (EPA and DHA) in doses of at least 1.5 g/day for a prolonged period of time to patients with advanced cancer is associated with an improvement in clinical, biological and QoL parameters." Colomer et al (2007). 'N-3 fatty acids, cancer and cachexia: a systematic review of the literature.' Br. J. Nutr. 97/5, 823-31. PMID: 17408522."PURPOSE: To determine whether high doses of fish oil, administered over 2 weeks, improve symptoms in patients with advanced cancer and decreased weight and appetite. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty patients were randomly assigned to fish oil capsules or placebo. CONCLUSION: Fish oil did not significantly influence appetite, tiredness, nausea, well-being, caloric intake, nutritional status, or function after 2 weeks compared with placebo in patients with advanced cancer and loss of both weight and appetite." Bruera et al (2003). 'Effect of fish oil on appetite and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer and anorexia/cachexia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.' J. Clin. Oncol. 21/1, 129-34. PMID: 12506181. "Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic n-3 fatty acids from fish oil can help in the management of persistent chronic inflammatory states, but treatment's compliance is generally poor. We exclusively evaluated 12 patients for compliance. After 6 wk of treatment, patients receiving fish oil + placebo or fish oil + celecoxib showed significantly more appetite, less fatigue, and lower C-reactive protein (C-RP) values than their respective baselines values. Additionally, patients in the fish oil + celecoxib group also improved their body weight and muscle strength compared to baseline values. Comparing both groups, patients receiving fish oil + celecoxib showed significantly lower C-RP levels, higher muscle strength and body weight than patients receiving fish oil + placebo." Cerchietti et al (2007). 'Effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic n-3 fatty acids from fish oil and preferential Cox-2 inhibition on systemic syndromes in patients with advanced lung cancer.' Nutr. Cancer 59/1, 14-20. PMID: 17927497. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17927497
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fish oil / omega 35heart diseasecardiocompound2PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19609891http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/337/dec23_2/a2931"We identified 11 studies that included a total of 39,044 patients. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular deaths, sudden cardiac death, all-cause mortality and nonfatal cardiovascular events. The mortality benefit was largely due to the studies which enrolled high risk patients, while the reduction in nonfatal cardiovascular events was noted in the moderate risk patients (secondary prevention only). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids should be considered in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events." Marik and Varon (2009). 'Omega-3 dietary supplements and the risk of cardiovascular events: a systematic review.' Clin. Cardiology 32/7, 365-72. PMID: 19609891. "Data synthesis: 12 studies totalling 32,779 patients met the inclusion criteria. The dose-response relation for DHA and EPA on reduction in deaths from cardiac causes was not significant. Conclusions: Fish oil supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in deaths from cardiac causes but had no effect on arrhythmias or all cause mortality. Evidence to recommend an optimal formulation of EPA or DHA to reduce these outcomes is insufficient. Fish oils are a heterogeneous product, and the optimal formulations for DHA and EPA remain unclear." León et al (2008). 'Effect of fish oil on arrhythmias and mortality: systematic review.' BMJ 2008.
"Results: Of 15,159 titles and abstracts assessed, 48 RCTs (36,913 participants) and 41 cohort studies were analysed. The trial results were inconsistent. The pooled estimate showed no strong evidence of reduced risk of total mortality or combined cardiovascular events in participants taking additional omega 3 fats. The few studies at low risk of bias were more consistent, but they showed no effect of omega 3 on total mortality or cardiovascular events. When data from the subgroup of studies of long chain omega 3 fats were analysed separately, total mortality and cardiovascular events were not clearly reduced. Conclusion: Long chain and shorter chain omega 3 fats do not have a clear effect on total mortality, combined cardiovascular events, or cancer." Hooper et al (2006). 'Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review.' BMJ. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/332/7544/752?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=hooper&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&fdate=1/1/2006&tdate=3/31/2010&resourcetype=HWCIT"There is not enough evidence to say that people should stop taking rich sources of omega 3 fats, but further high quality trials are needed to confirm the previously suggested protective effect of omega 3 fats for those at increased cardiovascular risk". Hooper et al (2009). 'Omega 3 fatty acids for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.' Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003177/frame.html"The authors concluded that the overall evidence suggests that increasing consumption of omega-3 fatty acids as DHA/EPA from fish or fish oil, but not ALA , significantly reduces the rates of all-cause mortality, cardiac and sudden death, and possibly stroke. They also observed from their overall analyses of the relevant published literature that evidence for beneficial effects of fish oil is much stronger in secondary settings (i.e., in those with a previous history of cardiovascular disease), as compared to those in primary-prevention settings (populations with no history of cardiovascular disease)". Wang et al (2006). 'n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review.' Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84/1, 5-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825676. PMID: 16825676."In the present review, the authors outline results from the three large controlled trials on 32,000 participants overall who were randomized to received either placebo (control) supplementation or supplements providing DHA+EPA. These trials showed overall reductions in cardiovascular events of 19-45 % which the current authors considered to be the most compelling evidence for the cardiovascular benefit provided by omega-3 fatty acids." Lee et al (2008). 'Omega-3 fatty acids for cardioprotection', Mayo Clin. Proc. 83/3, 324-32. PMID: 18316000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316000"CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids reduces the incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with MI, but may have adverse effects in angina patients." Zhao, Y.-T., Q. Chen, et al. (2009). 'Prevention of sudden cardiac death with omega-3 fatty acids in patients with coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.' Annals of Medicine 99999/1, 1-10. PMID: 19148838. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19148838. "Fish oil preparations and/or intake of oily fish are recommended as primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and sudden cardiac death. Large, ongoing trials will further elucidate the presumed favorable effects of EPA/DHA in heart failure and diabetes. This review provides a summary of the physiological mechanisms of the action of EPA and DHA and highlights the epidemiological evidence for a reduction in cardiac events and mortality." Pauwels and Kostkiewicz (2008). 'Fatty acid facts, Part III: Cardiovascular disease, or, a fish diet is not fishy.' Drug News Perspect. 21/10, 552/61. PMID: 19221636. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221636
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fish oil / omega 32child intelligencemental health, childrencompound1PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171055http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12509593"This study investigated the effects of omega-3 supplementation in 450 children aged 8-10 years old from a mainstream school population, using a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Participants were supplemented with either active supplements (containing docosahexaenoic acid, DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or a placebo for 16 weeks. Despite the wide range of cognitive and behavioural outcome measures employed, only three significant differences between groups were found after 16 weeks, one of which was in favour of the placebo condition. Exploring the associations between changes in fatty acid levels and changes in test and questionnaire scores also produced equivocal results." Kirby et al (2010). PMID: 20171055."METHODS: Pregnant women were recruited in week 18 of pregnancy to take 10 mL of cod liver oil or corn oil until 3 months after delivery. A total of 590 pregnant women were recruited to the study, and 341 mothers took part in the study until giving birth. All infants of these women were scheduled for assessment of cognitive function at 6 and 9 months of age, and 262 complied with the request. As part of the protocol, 135 subjects from this population were invited for intelligence testing with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) at 4 years of age. Of the 135 invited children, 90 came for assessment. Six children did not complete the examination. RESULTS: Children who were born to mothers who had taken cod liver oil (n = 48) during pregnancy and lactation scored higher on the Mental Processing Composite of the K-ABC at 4 years of age as compared with children whose mothers had taken corn oil. The children's mental processing scores at 4 years of age correlated significantly with maternal intake of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid during pregnancy. In a multiple regression model, maternal intake of DHA during pregnancy was the only variable of statistical significance for the children's mental processing scores at 4 years of age. CONCLUSION: Maternal intake of very-long-chain n-3 PUFAs during pregnancy and lactation may be favorable for later mental development of children." Helland et al (2003). PMID: 12509593."METHODS: The mothers took 10 mL of cod liver oil or corn oil from week 18 of pregnancy until 3 months after delivery. Their children were tested with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children at 7 years of age. RESULTS: We did not find any significant differences in scores on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children test at 7 years of age between children whose mothers had taken cod liver oil (n = 82) or corn oil (n = 61). We observed, however, that maternal plasma phospholipid concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy were correlated to sequential processing at 7 years of age. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that maternal concentration of n-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy might be of importance for later cognitive function, such as sequential processing, although we observed no significant effect of n-3 fatty acid intervention on global IQs." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676533
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fish oil / omega 33.5 depression, mental illnessmental healthcompound3.51PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC533861/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20925595"While far from robust, there is enough epidemiological, laboratory and clinical evidence to suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may play a role in certain cases of depression." Logan (2004). 'Omega-3 fatty acids and major depression: A primer for the mental health professional.' Lipids Health Dis. 3, 25. PMCID: PMC533861.
"Results. Ten articles - three longitudinal cohort studies, five randomized controlled trials and two pilot trials- that met selection criteria were reviewed. Six found no association, two found mixed results, and two found a positive association between omega-3 PUFAs and reduced incidence of maternal perinatal depression. Some of the larger studies and those that found a positive effect were more likely to be using higher doses, close to 2 g of docosahexaeonic acid (DHA)+ eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and began the supplementation earlier in pregnancy. Conclusions. Future RCTs to investigate the role of PUFA supplementation and risk for maternal perinatal depression should begin supplementation early in pregnancy and use a dosage closer to 2 g of DHA + EPA." Wojcicki and Heyman (2011). PMID: 20925595."Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a positive association between omega-3 deficits and mood disorders. As for treatment, there is convincing evidence that add-on omega-3 fatty acids to standard antidepressant pharmacotherapy results in improved mood. There is no evidence that fatty acid monotherapy has a mood-elevating effect, with a possible exception for childhood depression." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19034351"The aim of the current study was to provide an updated meta-analysis of all double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trials examining the effect of omega3 LC-PUFA supplementation in which depressive symptoms were a reported outcome. The study also aimed to specifically test the differential effectiveness of EPA versus DHA through meta-regression and subgroup analyses. [...] Two hundred forty-one studies were identified, of which 28 met the above inclusion criteria and were therefore included in the subsequent meta-analysis. [...] The current meta-analysis provides evidence that EPA may be more efficacious than DHA in treating depression. However, owing to the identified limitations of the included studies, larger, well-designed, randomized controlled trials of sufficient duration are needed to confirm these findings." Martins (2009). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20439549"From full text: ""There is growing evidence that suboptimal intakes of n-3 PUFA may be associated with psychopathology over the lifespan and include highly prevalent disorders that present a growing public health concern. Most clinical trials have been conducted with major depressive illness in adulthood and in childhood disorders; there are growing numbers of interventions with cognitive decline in older adulthood. Although the causes of these mental health problems are complex and multifactorial, even from a nutritional perspective alone, dietary and lifestyle factors including n-3 PUFA present modifiable risk factors that can be accessed relatively easily by individuals. However, findings of clinical trials have been inconsistent and in many cases inconclusive; methodological differences between studies need to be critically evaluated before drawing conclusions about the efficacy or otherwise of n-3 PUFA in alleviating symptoms"" Sinn et al (2010). 'Oiling the Brain: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychopathology across the Lifespan.' Nutrients 2/2,128-70. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/2/2/128/pdf"Epidemiological studies indicate an association between depression and low dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids, and biochemical studies have shown reduced levels of omega-3 fatty acids in red blood cell membranes in both depressive and schizophrenic patients. Five of six double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in schizophrenia, and four of six such trials in depression, have reported therapeutic benefit from omega-3 fatty acids in either the primary or secondary statistical analysis, particularly when EPA is added on to existing psychotropic medication. [...] . The evidence to date supports the adjunctive use of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of treatment unresponsive depression and schizophrenia. [...] However, as the clinical research evidence is preliminary, large, and definitive randomised controlled trials similar to those required for the licensing of any new pharmacological treatment are needed." Peet and Stokes (2005). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15907142."Some positive benefits were found for depressive symptoms " http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005169.html
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fish oil / omega 31Alzheimer's, dementiamental healthcompound1.64PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030655http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18573585"One hundred seventy-four patients fulfilled the trial. At baseline, mean values for the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, MMSE [Mini Mental State Examination], and cognitive portion of the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale in the 2 randomized groups were similar. At 6 months, the decline in cognitive functions as assessed by the latter 2 scales did not differ between the groups. However, in a subgroup (n = 32) with very mild cognitive dysfunction, a significant reduction in MMSE decline rate was observed in the omega-3 fatty acid-treated group compared with the placebo group. A similar arrest in decline rate was observed between 6 and 12 months in this placebo subgroup when receiving omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. CONCLUSION: Administration of omega-3 fatty acid in patients with mild to moderate AD did not delay the rate of cognitive decline [...]. However, positive effects were observed in a small group of patients with very mild AD." Freund-Levy et al (2006). PMID: 17030655.In a double-blinded placebo-controlled study of 23 participants, "There was no significant difference in the cognitive portion of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog) change during follow-up in these two groups. However, the omega-3 fatty acids group showed significant improvement in ADAS-cog compared to the placebo group in participants with mild cognitive impairment, which was not observed in those with Alzheimer's disease." Chiu et al (2008). PMID: 18573585. "There is no evidence that dietary or supplemental omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) reduces the risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in healthy elderly persons without pre-existing dementia". http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005379.htmlIn a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of 295 participants with AD, using DHA only, "Supplementation with DHA compared with placebo did not slow the rate of cognitive and functional decline in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21045096
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fish oil / omega 30Crohn's disease, asthma, diabetesdigestion, diabetes, general healthcompound1Cochranehttp://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006320.htmlhttp://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab003205.html"Omega 3 fatty acids are safe but probably ineffective for maintenance of remission in CD. The existing data do not support routine maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease with omega 3 fatty acids." Turner et al (2009). 'Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1. CD006320."No significant change in or total or HDL cholesterol, HbA1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin or body weight was observed." #
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flaxseed oil1breast cancercancer, womenplant / herb0.571Clinical Cancer Researchhttp://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/11/10/3828.abstractExamination of effects of dietary flaxseed on tumor biological markers and urinary lignan excretion in 32 postmenopausal patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, showed that it has the potential to reduce tumor growth. Thompson et al (2005). 'Dietary Flaxseed Alters Tumor Biological Markers in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer', Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 3828.#
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folic acid5certain birth defectschildrenvitamin10.5Cochrane Reviewhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD007950/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7619926Plain language summary: "This review confirms that folic acid supplementation prevents the first and second time occurrence of NTDs (neural tube defects) and shows there is not enough evidence to determine if folic acid prevents other birth defects. Information about the safety of other current and alternative supplementation schemes and any possible effects on other outcomes for mothers and babies is also lacking. This review of five trials, involving 6105 women (1949 with a history of a pregnancy affected by a NTD and 4156 with no history of NTDs), shows the protective effect of daily folic acid supplementation in doses ranging from 0.36 mg (360 µg) to 4 mg (4000 µg) a day, with and without other vitamins and minerals, before conception and up to 12 weeks of pregnancy, for preventing the recurrence of these diseases. There were insufficient data to evaluate the effects on other outcomes such as cleft lip and palate. More research is needed on different types of supplementation programmes and the use of different types of supplements (such as 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate -5-MTHF), particularly in countries where folic acid fortification of staple foods like wheat or maize flour is not mandatory and where the prevalence of NTDs is still high." De-Regil LM, Fernández-Gaxiola AC, Dowswell T, Peña-Rosas JP. Effects and safety of periconceptional folate supplementation for preventing birth defects. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD007950. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub2.With a case-control study, we investigated whether periconceptional intake of supplemental or dietary folate reduced the risk of having a neural tube defect (NTD)-affected pregnancy. Mothers of 549 (88% of eligible) cases and 540 (88%) controls were interviewed in person about vitamin supplements used in either the 3 months before or the 3 months after conception and also about usual diet in the 3 months before conception. Women with any use of a folic acid-containing vitamin in the 3 months before conception had a lower risk of having an NTD-affected pregnancy. Any level of use in the first 3 months after conception resulted in a lowered risk as well. Reduced risks were less marked for Hispanics and were not observed among women who graduated from college. Modest reduced risks were noted among non-vitamin users whose estimated daily dietary intake of folate was more than 0.227 mg. We observed decreasing risk with increasing folate intake from combined dietary sources and vitamin supplements. A reduction in NTD risk associated with folate intake is consistent with other studies; however, the reduced risk may be particular to subsets of the population, primarily non-Hispanic women and women whose education does not exceed high school. Shaw et al (1995). 'Periconceptional vitamin use, dietary folate, and the occurrence of neural tube defects'. Epidemiology 6/3, 219–26. PMID 7619926.Mulinare et al (1988). 'Periconceptional use of multivitamins and the occurrence of neural tube defects.' Journal of the American Medical Association 260/21, 3141–45. PMID 3184392. ilunsky et al (1989). 'Multivitamin/folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy reduces the prevalence of neural tube defects.' Journal of the American Medical Association 262/20, 2847–52. PMID 2478730.#
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GABA2stress, anxietymental healthcompound1.85PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16971751In two studies of 13 and 8 subjects respectively, "The effect of orally administrated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on relaxation and immunity during stress has been investigated in humans. In conclusion, GABA could work effectively as a natural relaxant and its effects could be seen within 1 hour of its administration to induce relaxation and diminish anxiety. Moreover, GABA administration could enhance immunity under stress conditions." Abdou et al (2006). PMID: 16971751.
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garlic1cancercancerplant / herb1http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/3/816SIn a randomized double-blind trial, administration of aged garlic extract to 50 patients with advanced cancer of the digestive system improved natural-killer cell activity, but caused no improvement in quality of life. Ishikawa et al (2006). 'Aged Garlic Extract Prevents a Decline of NK Cell Number and Activity in Patients with Advanced Cancer', J. Nutr. 136, 816-20S.#
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garlic5blood pressurecardioplant / herb4.81PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18554422http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594781"RESULTS: Eleven of 25 studies included in the systematic review were suitable for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of all studies showed a mean decrease for SBP in the garlic group compared to placebo. Regression analysis revealed a significant association between blood pressure at the start of the intervention and the level of blood pressure reduction. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis suggests that garlic preparations are superior to placebo in reducing blood pressure in individuals with hypertension." Ried et al (2008). PMID: 18554422."DESIGN: A double-blind parallel randomised placebo-controlled trial involving 50 patients whose routine clinical records in general practice documented treated but uncontrolled hypertension. CONCLUSION: Our trial suggests that aged garlic extract is superior to placebo in lowering systolic blood pressure similarly to current first line medications in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension."
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ginger3nausea and vomitingdigestionplant / herb2.66PubMedhttp://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/alternat/AT128.htmlhttp://www.mat.or.th/journal/files/Vol90_No.9_1703_5990.pdf"We have performed a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials for or against the efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting. Six studies met all inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Three on postoperative nausea and vomiting were identified and two of these suggested that ginger was superior to placebo and equally effective as metoclopramide. The pooled absolute risk reduction for the incidence of postoperative nausea, however, indicated a non-significant difference between the ginger and placebo groups for ginger 1 g taken before operation. One study was found for each of the following conditions: seasickness, morning sickness and chemotherapy-induced nausea. These studies collectively favoured ginger over placebo. [...] In summary, we found that ginger is a promising anti-emetic herbal remedy, but the clinical data to date are insufficient to draw firm conclusions. Further rigorous studies are needed to establish whether ginger is efficacious for clinical nausea and vomiting." Ernst and Pittler (2000). 'Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials.' British Journal of Anaesthesia 84/3, 367-67. http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/84/3/367.pdf; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10793599"Conclusion: From the presented data, ginger is as effective as dimenhydrinate in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and has fewer side effects." "CONCLUSIONS: Ginger provides no additional benefit for reduction of the prevalence or severity of acute or delayed CINV (chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting) when given with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and/or aprepitant." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005687
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gingko biloba1dementiamental healthplant / herb0.712http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040554"CONCLUSION: Compared with placebo, the use of G. biloba, 120 mg twice daily, did not result in less cognitive decline in older adults with normal cognition or with mild cognitive impairment." Snitz et al (2009). PMID: 20040554.The effect of ginkgo extract was observed on 45 patients pulmonary interstitial fibrosis showed that occurrence of pulmonary infection was less in ginkgo treated group than that in the control group Ginkgo is effective in treating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. [Article in Chinese] He 2005A randomized double-blind, monocenter study with 66 healthy elderly subjects was carried out to investigate the short-term effect of special ginkgo extract EGb 761 & the results suggest a positive effect of EGb 761 on subjective emotional well-being of healthy elderly persons. [Article in German] Cieza 2003A double-blind study with placebo and Ginkgo biloba in 48 men aged 60 -70 showed a reduction in blood viscosity, improved cerebral perfusion in specific areas and improved global cognitive functioning. Santos 2003Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial with 40 moderate dementia patients found that Ginkgo EGb 4 days per week for 4 weeks improved condition [Article in German] Haase 1996#
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ginseng2cognitive performancemental healthplant / herb2.12http://jop.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/4/357Panax ginseng improved performance and subjective feelings of mental fatigue during sustained mental activity in 30 healthy young adults and this effect may be related to the acute gluco-regulatory properties of the extract. Reay et al (2005). 'Single doses of Panax ginseng (G115) reduce blood glucose levels and improve cognitive performance during sustained mental activity'. J. Psychopharmacol. 19/4, 357-65.In a double-blind study cognitive & mood effects of 75 mg of extract of guarana (12% caffeine), 200 mg of Panax ginseng (G115), & their combination (75 mg/200 mg), were assessed in 28 healthy volunteers which showed that both ginseng & ginseng/guarana combination enhanced speed of memory task. Kennedy 2004Right cerebral blood flow, TCD and CT improved in 96% of 202 patients given Nao Li Shen (ginseng, gastrodia tuber, chuanxiong rhizome and red sage root) Lu 1997Antibody titre after flu vaccination was increased from 171 to 272 and number of flu cases dropped from 42 to 15 in the group taking 100 mg Ginsana for 12 weeks in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind investigation of 227 people Scaglione 1996Exercise work load and maximal oxygen consumption were increased by ginseng in a double-blind, crossover study with 50 men taking, for 6 weeks, a preparation of ginseng extract, dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements Pieralisi 1991#
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glucos-amine1arthritis, joint painmusculoskeletalcompound6.37PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847017http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903416"OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of glucosamine, chondroitin, or the two in combination on joint pain and on radiological progression of disease in osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Results: 10 trials in 3803 patients were included. Conclusions: Compared with placebo, glucosamine, chondroitin, and their combination do not reduce joint pain or have an impact on narrowing of joint space. Health authorities and health insurers should not cover the costs of these preparations, and new prescriptions to patients who have not received treatment should be discouraged." Wandel et al (2010). PMID: 20847017."CONCLUSIONS: There was evidence that glucosamine sulphate shows some clinical effectiveness in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. No trial data came from the UK and caution should be exercised in generalising the findings to the UK health-care setting. Cost-effectiveness was not conclusively demonstrated. There was evidence to support the potential clinical impact of glucosamine sulphate. The value of information analysis identified three research priorities: QoL, structural outcomes and knee arthroplasty. The biological mechanism of glucosamine sulphate and chondroitin remains uncertain and, in particular, the proposal that the active substance may be sulphate should be explored further.""Design, Setting, and Participants: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted at Oslo University Hospital Outpatient Clinic, Oslo, Norway, with 250 patients older than 25 years of age with chronic low back pain (LBP) (>6 months) and degenerative lumbar osteoarthritis (OA). Conclusions: Among patients with chronic LBP and degenerative lumbar OA, 6-month treatment with oral glucosamine compared with placebo did not result in reduced pain-related disability after the 6-month intervention and after 1-year follow-up." http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/304/1/45?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Effect+of+Glucosamine+on+Pain-Related+Disability+in+Patients+With+Chronic+Low+Back+Pain+and+Degenerative+Lumbar+Osteoarthritis:+A+Randomized+Controlled+Trial&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT
"Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (CS), alone or in combination, as well as celecoxib and placebo on progressive loss of joint space width (JSW) in patients with knee OA. Conclusion: At 2 years, no treatment achieved a predefined threshold of clinically important difference in JSW loss as compared with placebo. However, knees with K/L grade 2 radiographic OA appeared to have the greatest potential for modification by these treatments." http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121425887/abstract"Pain: The high quality studies showed that pain improved about the same whether people took glucosamine or fake pills. If all of the studies are examined (including low quality and old studies), then glucosamine improved pain more than fake pills. People who took fake pills had a pain score of 7 points on a 0 to 100 scale. Pain may improve by 10 more points with glucosamine than with fake pills.  Studies testing only the Rotta brand of glucosamine (including low quality and older studies) showed that glucosamine improved pain more than fake pills. People who took fake pills had a pain score of 6 points on a 0 to 20 scale. People who took the Rotta brand of glucosamine rated their pain 3 points lower than people who did not take glucosamine. Function: The high quality studies show that glucosamine improved function more than fake pills when measured by one type of scale, but improved the same amount as fake pills when measured by another scale. Studies testing only the Rotta brand of glucosamine (including low quality and older studies) showed that glucosamine improved function more than fake pills. People who took fake pills had a function score of 22 points on a 0 to 68 scale. People who took the Rotta brand of glucosamine had their ability to function improve by 2 points compared to people who did not take glucosamine." http://www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab002946.html
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goji (wolfberry)1eye healthgeneral healthplant / herb1.72http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604618http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705234"Epidemiological studies provide some evidence that an increased consumption of lutein and zeaxanthin with the diet is associated with a lowered risk for age-related macular degeneration, a disease with increasing incidence in the elderly." Stahl (2005). PMID: 15604618."The aim of this study, which was a single-blinded, placebo-controlled, human intervention trial of parallel design, was to provide data on how fasting plasma zeaxanthin concentration changes as a result of dietary supplementation with whole wolfberries. [...] After supplementation, plasma zeaxanthin increased 2.5-fold. [...] This human supplementation trial shows that zeaxanthin in whole wolfberries is bioavailable and that intake of a modest daily amount markedly increases fasting plasma zeaxanthin levels. These new data will support further study of dietary strategies to maintain macular pigment density." Cheng et al (2005). PMID: 15705234.#
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grape seed extract0wound healing, swellingpainplant / herb0.39PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16546280"PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-six eligible research volunteers with moderate or marked breast induration at a mean 10.8 years since radiotherapy for early breast cancer were randomised to active drug (n = 44) or placebo (n = 22). All patients were given grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) 100 mg three times a day orally, or corresponding placebo capsules, for 6 months. RESULTS: At 12 months post-randomisation, there was no significant difference between treatment and control groups in terms of external assessments of tissue hardness, breast appearance or patient self-assessments of breast hardness, pain or tenderness. CONCLUSIONS: The study failed to show efficacy of orally-administered GSPE in patients with breast induration following radiotherapy for breast cancer." Brooker et al (2006). PMID: 16546280.
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grapefruit seed extract0antibiotic, antifungalinfectionsplant / herb0.609PubMedno human trials
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green tea3cancercancerplant / herb26.1Cochrane reviewhttp://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005004.htmlPlain language summary: "Fifty-one studies with more than 1.6 million participants, mainly of observational nature were included in this systematic review. Studies looked for an association between green tea consumption and cancer of the digestive tract, gynecological cancer including breast cancer, urological cancer including prostate cancer, lung cancer and cancer of the oral cavity. The majority of included studies were of medium to high methodological quality. The evidence that the consumption of green tea might reduce the risk of cancer was conflicting. This means, that drinking green tea remains unproven in cancer prevention, but appears to be safe at moderate, regular and habitual use." Boehm et al (2009). 'Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3.#
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green tea4cholesterolcardioplant / herb26.1PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11897173 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12824094"Consumption of green tea was associated with lower serum concentration of total cholesterol in [13,916] Japanese healthy workers age 40-69 years; however, green tea consumption was unrelated to serum HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides." Tokunaga et al (2002). 'Green tea consumption and serum lipids and lipoproteins in a population of healthy workers in Japan.' Ann. Epidemiol. 12/3 157-65. PMID: 11897173.A study of 240 subjects on a low-fat diet with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia were randomly assigned to receive a daily capsule containing theaflavin-enriched green tea extract (375 mg) or placebo. After 12 weeks, the total cholesterol and LDL in the tea extract group had significantly lowered and HDL had significantly increased. There were no changes in the placebo group. "CONCLUSION: The theaflavin-enriched green tea extract we studied is an effective adjunct to a low-saturated-fat diet to reduce LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic adults and is well tolerated." Maron et al (2003). 'Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial.' Arch. Int. Med. 163/12, 1448-53. PMID: 12824094.#
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hawthorn4blood pressurecardioplant / herb0.442PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16149711?dopt=AbstractKorodin Herz-Kreislauf-Tropfen, a herbal drug containing D-camphor (2.5 %) & fresh hawthorn berries extract (97.3%), was found effective & safe in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension for all age groups (11-102 yrs) in 490 patients & independent of initial blood pressures. [Article in German] Hempel et al (2005). '[Efficacy and safety of a herbal drug containing hawthorn berries and D-camphor in hypotension and orthostatic circulatory disorders/results of a retrospective epidemiologic cohort study].' Arzneimittelforschung 55/8, 443-50. PMID: 16149711.Administration of a hydroalcoholic extract of Crataegus curvisepala in total of 92 men and women with primary mild hypertension, aged 40-60 years, 3 times daily for more than 4 months showed a decrease in both systolic and diastolic BP after 3 months. Asgary 2004A placebo controlled, randomised, multicentre trial in 143 patients with cardiac failure NYHA class II, showed the efficacy and safety of a standardised extract of fresh berries of Crataegus oxyacantha L. & monogyna under long term therapy. Degenring 2003In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study of Crataegus extract WS 1442, standardised to 18.75% oligomeric procyanidines, on 40 outpatients suffering from congestive heart failure NYHA class II revealed that it was clinically effective, safe and well tolerated. Zapfe jun 2001Treatment of Crataegus extract WS 1442 in 1,011 patients with cardiac insufficiency stage NYHA II, showed significant improvement in clinical symptoms like reduced performance in the exercise tolerance test, fatigue, palpitation & exercise dyspnea, ankle edema & nocturia by 83%. [Article in German] Tauchert 1999#
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honey3coughs in childreninfections, childrenother9.72PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091616http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20618098"SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCT) comparing honey given alone or in combination with antibiotics versus nothing, placebo or other over-the-counter (OTC) cough medications to participants aged from two to 18 years for acute cough in ambulatory settings. MAIN RESULTS: One RCT of 108 children with upper respiratory tract infections comparing the effect of honey, dextromethorphan and no treatment on cough and sleep quality for coughing children and their parents was included. Comparing symptoms and sleep quality scores of children that received honey with those that received no treatment showed that honey was more effective in reducing frequency of cough and sleep quality of the child; but did not differ significantly between the honey versus no treatment groups in resolving severity of cough and sleep quality of the parents. Dextromethorphan and honey did not differ significantly on cough frequency; cough severity, bothersome cough and sleep quality of the children or their parents. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found insufficient evidence to advise for or against the use of honey for acute cough in children." Uduwole et al (2010). 'Honey for acute cough in children.' Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD007094."OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to compare the effect of honey, DM, and DPH on the nightly cough and sleep quality of children and their parents. DESIGN: This was a clinical trial study in which 139 children aged 24-60 months suffering from coughing due to URIs were selected and assigned randomly to 4 groups. The first group received honey (HG), the second one DM (DMG), the third DPH (DPHG), but the fourth group or control group (CG) was assigned to a supportive treatment. OUTCOME MEASURES: After approximately a 24-hour intervention, the 4 groups were reexamined and their cough frequency, cough severity, and sleep quality in children and their parents were recorded by using the questionnaire with Likert-type questions. CONCLUSIONS: The result of the study demonstrated that receiving a 2.5-mL dose of honey before sleep has a more alleviating effect on URIs-induced cough compared with DM and DPH doses.""PARTICIPANTS: One hundred five children aged 2 to 18 years with upper respiratory tract infections, nocturnal symptoms, and illness duration of 7 days or less. INTERVENTION: A single dose of buckwheat honey, honey-flavored dextromethorphan (DM), or no treatment administered 30 minutes prior to bedtime. RESULTS: Significant differences in symptom improvement were detected between treatment groups, with honey consistently scoring the best and no treatment scoring the worst. CONCLUSIONS: In a comparison of honey, DM, and no treatment, parents rated honey most favorably for symptomatic relief of their child's nocturnal cough and sleep difficulty due to upper respiratory tract infection. Honey may be a preferable treatment for the cough and sleep difficulty associated with childhood upper respiratory tract infection." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18056558
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horse chestnut seed extract2chronic venous insufficiencycardioOTWplant / herb0.518PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437450http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19247403"OBJECTIVES: To review the efficacy and safety of oral horse chestnut seed extract (HCSE) versus placebo, or reference therapy, for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of HCSE for chronic venous insufficiency. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence presented implies that HCSE is an efficacious and safe short-term treatment for CVI. However, several caveats exist and more rigorous RCTs are required to confirm the efficacy of this treatment option." Pittler and Ernst (2006). PMID: 16437450."A number of clinical trials have shown that horse- chestnut seed extract may be beneficial to patients with mild to moderate chronic venous insufficiency. However, inadequate randomization, short duration and use of different end-points in these trials makes it difficult to conclude regarding effectiveness and safety, especially in long-term use. Horse- chestnut seed extract appears to be a short-term treatment option in patients with mild to moderate chronic venous insufficiency, but more rigorous trials are required to confirm the efficacy of this treatment."
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hyaluronic acid1arthritis (only when injected)musculoskeletalcompound0.673PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14679274In a review of 22 trials, it was found that "Intra-articular hyaluronic acid has a small effect when compared with an intra-articular placebo. The presence of publication bias suggests even this effect may be overestimated. Compared with lower-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid, the highest-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid may be more efficacious in treating knee OA, but heterogeneity of these studies limits definitive conclusions." Lo et al (2003). PMID: 14679274.COCHRANE LINK FOR HYALURONIC ACID INJECTIONS: http://www.thekneedoc.co.uk/docs/Cochrane_HA_2006.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20170770?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=11#
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iodine1.5general healthgeneral healthother0.204PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18590348X"Iodine deficiency is generally recognized as the most commonly preventable cause of mental retardation and the most common cause of endocrinopathy (goiter and primary hypothyroidism). Iodine deficiency becomes particularly critical in pregnancy due to the consequences for neurological damage during fetal development as well as during lactation. The safety of therapeutic doses of iodine above the established safe upper limit of 1 mg is evident in the lack of toxicity in the Japanese population that consumes 25 times the median intake of iodine consumption in the United States. Japan's population suffers no demonstrable increased incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis or hypothyroidism. Studies using 3.0- to 6.0-mg doses to effectively treat fibrocystic breast disease may reveal an important role for iodine in maintaining normal breast tissue architecture and function. Iodine may also have important antioxidant functions in breast tissue and other tissues that concentrate iodine via the sodium iodide symporter." Patrick (2008). 'Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations.' Altern Med. Rev. 13/2, 116–27. PMID 18590348.#
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iron2child development (when not anaemic)children, mental health, general healthmineral10.2PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410098"Our objective was to evaluate the effects of iron supplementation in nonanemic pregnant women and in nonanemic healthy children aged <3 y on the mental performance and psychomotor development of children. [...] Limited available evidence suggests that iron supplementation in infants may positively influence children's psychomotor development, whereas it does not seem to alter their mental development or behavior." Szajewska et al (2010). 'Effects of iron supplementation in nonanemic pregnant women, infants, and young children on the mental performance and psychomotor development of children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.' Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91/6, 1684-90. PMID: 20410098. #
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isoflavones0compound0.313n/a#
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krill oil3PMSwomenother0.079PuMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777162In a study of 70 subjects with PMS, it was found that "Neptune Krill Oil can significantly reduce dysmenorrhea and the emotional symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and is shown to be significantly more effective for the complete management of premenstrual symptoms compared to omega-3 fish oil." Sampalis et al (2003). "Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea". Alternative Medicine Review 8/2, 171–79. PMID 12777162. http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/8/2/171.pdf.#
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L-arginine1.5exercise performancegeneral healthcompound3.27Journal of Applied Psysiologyhttp://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/japplphysiol.00503.2010v1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21399536"In a double-blind, crossover study, nine healthy males (aged 19-38 years) consumed a 500 mL beverage containing 6 g of L-arginine (ARG) or a placebo beverage (PLA), and completed a series of 'step' moderate-intensity and severe-intensity exercise bouts 1 h post-ingestion. In conclusion, similar to the effects of increased dietary nitrate intake, elevating NO bioavailability through dietary L-arginine supplementation reduced the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise and blunted the VO2 slow component and extended the time-to-exhaustion during severe-intensity exercise." Bailey et al (2010). 'Acute L-arginine supplementation reduces the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise and enhances high-intensity exercise tolerance.' Journal of Applied Physiology.
"Twelve trained college-aged men performed 2 trials of exercise separated by at least 1 week. At 4 hours before, and 30 minutes before exercise, a serving of an arginine α-ketoglutarate supplementation (AAKG) supplement or placebo was administered. Resting BP was assessed pre-exercise after 16 minutes of seated rest, and 5 and 10 minutes postexercise. Three sets each of chin-ups, reverse chin-ups, and push-ups were performed to exhaustion with 3 minutes of rest between each set. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and paired t-tests. The AAKG supplementation did not improve muscle endurance or significantly affect the BP response to anaerobic work. Subjects performed fewer total chin-ups and total trial repetitions in the supplement trial. Subjects executed fewer reverse chin-ups during set 2 after receiving the supplement as compared to the placebo. Because AAKG supplementation may hinder muscular endurance, the use of these supplements before resistance training should be questioned." Greer and Jones (2011). PMID: 21399536."OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of l-arginine alpha-ketoglutarate (AAKG) in trained adult men. METHODS: Subjects participated in two studies that employed a randomized, double-blind, controlled design. In study 1, 10 healthy men (30-50 y old) fasted for 8 h and then ingested 4 g of time-released or non-timed-released AAKG. In study 2, which was placebo controlled, 35 resistance-trained adult men (30-50 y old) were randomly assigned to ingest 4 g of AAKG (three times a day, i.e., 12 g daily, n = 20) or placebo (n = 15). CONCLUSION: AAKG supplementation appeared to be safe and well tolerated, and positively influenced 1RM bench press and Wingate peak power performance. AAKG did not influence body composition or aerobic capacity." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16928472
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L-carnitine1.5diabetes, impotencediabetes, sexcompound2.9PubMedhttp://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/18/1/77 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12568837In a study of 15 type 2 diabetic patients and 20 healthy controls, "L-carnitine constant infusion improves insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant diabetic patients; a significant effect on whole body insulin-mediated glucose uptake is also observed in normal subjects. In diabetics, glucose, taken up by the tissues, appears to be promptly utilized as fuel since glucose oxidation is increased during L-carnitine administration." Mingrone et al (1999). "L-Carnitine Improves Glucose Disposal in Type 2 Diabetic Patients". Journal of the American College of Nutrition 18 (1): 77–82. PMID 10067662.In a study of 86 patients, "L-carnitine therapy was effective in increasing semen quality, especially in groups with lower baseline levels. However, these results need to be confirmed by larger clinical trials and in vitro studies." Lenzi et al (2003). 'Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial.'. Fertility and Sterility, 79/2, 292-300. PMID 12569937.#
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L-lysine2herpessex, infectionsOTWcompound0.474PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6435961http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3115841"In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of forty-one patients we found that oral ingestion of 1,248 mg a day of L-Lysine monohydrochloride shows evidence of decreasing the recurrence rate of herpes simplex attacks in nonimmunocompromised hosts. A dose of 624 mg a day was not effective. L-Lysine may also be capable of decreasing the severity of symptoms associated with recurrences. Neither dosage showed any evidence of shortening the healing time compared to placebo." McCune et al (1984).'Treatment of recurrent herpes simplex infections with L-lysine monohydrochloride.' Cutis. 34/4, 366-73. PMID: 6435961."A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of oral L-lysine monohydrochloride for the prevention and treatment of recurrent herpes simplex (HSV) infection was conducted. The treatment group was given L-Lysine monohydrochloride tablets (1,000 mg L-lysine per dose) 3 times a day for 6 months. [...] L-Lysine appears to be an effective agent for reduction of occurrence, severity and healing time for recurrent HSV infection." Griffith et al (1987). PMID: 3115841."Lysine appears to suppress the clinical manifestations of herpesvirus infection. 45 patients with frequently recurring herpes infection were given 312-1,200 mg of lysine daily in single or multiple doses. The clinical results demonstrated a beneficial effect from supplementary lysine in accelerating recovery from herpes simplex infection and suppressing recurrence." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/640102#
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lavender2depressionmental healthplant / herb1.65PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12551734A 4-week double-blind, randomized trial with 45 adult outpatients shows the combination of imipramine and lavandula tincture was more effective than imipramine alone in the management of mild to moderate depression. "The main overall finding from this study is that lavandula tincture may be of therapeutic benefit in the management of mild to moderate depression as adjuvant therapy. A large-scale trial is justified." Akhondzadeh et al (2003). PMID: 12551734.#
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lavender0sleep, relaxationmental healthplant / herb1.65no studies#
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licorice root3dyspepsiadigestionplant / herb0.211PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11505331XIn 60 patients diagnosed with functional dyspepsia, the commercially available herbal preparation STW-5 and its modified dispense STW-5-S, both of which contains licorice root, tested improved dyspeptic symptoms significantly better than placebo. [Article in German]. Madisch (2001). PMID: 11505331. #
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lignans0compound0.09Xn/a#
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lingzhi + san miao san1arthritismusculoskeletalplant / herb0.22http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907228http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873089"To examine the efficacy of popular Chinese herbs used in a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) combination of Ganoderma lucidum and San Miao San (SMS), with purported diverse health benefits including antioxidant properties in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We randomly assigned 32 patients with active RA, despite disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, to TCM and 33 to placebo in addition to their current medications for 24 weeks. [...] CONCLUSION: G lucidum and San Miao San may have analgesic effects for patients with active RA, and were generally safe and well tolerated. However, no significant antioxidant, antiinflammatory, or immunomodulating effects could be demonstrated." Li et al (2007). 'Safety and efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi) and San Miao San supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial.' Arthritis Rheum 57/7, 1143-50. PMID: 17907228."Lingzhi and San-Miao-San capsules might exert a beneficial immunomodulatory effect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis." Xi et al (2006). 'Immunomodulatory effects of lingzhi and san-miao-san supplementation on patients with rheumatoid arthritis.' Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 28/2, 197-200. PMID: 16873089.#
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lutein1eye healthgeneral healthcompound0.576PubMdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11431456Among patients with patients with inherited retinal degeneration, "there was no change in central vision after 6 months of lutein supplementation, but long-term influences on the natural history of these retinal degenerations require further study." Aleman et al. (2001). 'Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome.' Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 42/8, 1873-81. PMID: 11431456.# ^ Richer, S., ARMD--pilot (case series) environmental intervention data. J Am Optom Assoc, 1999. 70(1): p. 24-36. PubMedBerendschot, T.T., et al., Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Oct. 41(11): 3322-6; PubMed Free text# ^ Duncan, J.L., et al., Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in choroideremia. Exp Eye Res, 2002. 74(3): p. 371-81. PubMed#
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lycopene0prostate cancercancer, mencompound0.584PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434593"We evaluated the association between intake of lycopene and specific tomato products and prostate cancer risk [...]. A total of 1,338 cases of prostate cancer were identified among 29,361 men during an average of 4.2 years of follow-up. [...] This large study does not support the hypothesis that greater lycopene/tomato product consumption protects from prostate cancer. Evidence for protective associations in subjects with a family history of prostate cancer requires further corroboration." Kirsh et al (2006). 'A prospective study of lycopene and tomato product intake and risk of prostate cancer.' 15/1, 92-98. PMID: 16434593.#
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magnesium3blood pressurecardiomineral0.37Nutrition in Clinical Practicehttp://ncp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/23/2/142"Magnesium plays a role in a number of chronic, disease-related conditions. [...] A major role for magnesium is in the regulation of blood pressure. While data are not entirely consistent, it does appear that an inverse relationship between magnesium intake and blood pressure is strongest for magnesium obtained from food rather than that obtained via supplements. Hypertension associated with preeclampsia appears to be alleviated when magnesium is administered; in addition, women with adequate intakes of magnesium are less likely to be affected by preeclampsia than those with an inadequate intake." Champagne (2008). 'Magnesium in Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolic Syndrome, and Other Conditions: A Review.' Nutr. Clin. Pract. 23/2, 142-51.#
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magnesium + vitamin B63child ADHDmental health, childrenvitamin2.96PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846100http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16579066Among 40 children with ADHD, in almost all cases "Mg-B6 regimen for at least two months significantly modified the clinical symptoms of the disease: namely, hyperactivity and hyperemotivity/aggressiveness were reduced, school attention was improved. In parallel, the Mg-B6 regimen led to a significant increase in Erc-Mg values. When the Mg-B6 treatment was stopped, clinical symptoms of the disease reappeared in few weeks together with a decrease in Erc-Mg values." Mousain-Bosc et al (2006). 'Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. I. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders.' Magnes Res. 19/1, 46-52. PMID: 16846100.Among 31 children with ADHD, aged 6-12, "It was established that the administration of MAGNE-B6 led to improvements in the behavior, decreased the level of anxiety and aggression, improved both large- and small-scale mobility, decreased the level of synkinesis, increased the characteristics of attention, corrected the magnesium homeostasis, and favored normalization of the blood electrolytes." Nogovitsina and Levitina (2006). PMID: 16579066.#
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melatonin5insomnia in the elderlymental healthcompound0.149PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18036082http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150476/?tool=pubmed" The effects of 3-weeks prolonged-release melatonin 2 mg (PR-melatonin) versus placebo treatment were assessed in a multi-center randomized placebo-controlled study in 170 primary insomnia outpatients aged > or =55 years. Improvements in quality of sleep (QOS) the night before and morning alertness (BFW) were assessed using the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire and changes in sleep quality (QON) reported on five categorical unit scales. Rebound insomnia and withdrawal effects following discontinuation were also evaluated. PR-melatonin significantly improved QOS, QON and BFW compared with placebo. The improvements in QOS and BFW were strongly correlated suggesting a beneficial treatment effect on the restorative value of sleep. These results were confirmed in a subgroup of patients with a greater symptom severity. There was no evidence of rebound insomnia or withdrawal effects following treatment discontinuation. The incidence of adverse events was low and most side-effects were judged to be of minor severity. PR-melatonin is the first drug shown to significantly improve quality of sleep and morning alertness in primary insomnia patients aged 55 years and older-suggesting more restorative sleep, and without withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation."In a 6-12 month open-label study of 244 adults with insomnia, taking prolonged-release melatonin (PRM) significantly improved sleep quality and moderately improved daytime mood. It also passed safety tests. The best results were seen among older adults (55+). "RESULTS: Of the 244 patients, 36 dropped out, 112 completed 6 months of treatment, and the other 96 completed 12 months of treatment. The mean number of nights by which patients reported sleep quality as "good" or "very good" was significantly higher during PRM than before treatment. There was no evidence of tolerance to PRM. Discontinuation of PRM was not associated with rebound insomnia or withdrawal symptoms; on the contrary, residual benefit was observed. PRM was well tolerated, and there was no suppression of endogenous melatonin production. CONCLUSION: Results support the efficacy and safety of PRM in primary insomnia patients aged 20-80 throughout 6-12 months of continuous therapy. PRM discontinuation even after 12 months was not associated with adverse events, withdrawal symptoms, or suppression of endogenous melatonin production."Adult outpatients (791, aged 18-80 years) with primary insomnia, were treated with placebo (2 weeks) and then randomized, double-blind to 3 weeks with prolonged-release melatonin PRM or placebo nightly. PRM patients continued whereas placebo completers were re-randomized 1:1 to PRM or placebo for 26 weeks with 2 weeks of single-blind placebo run-out. Main outcome measures were sleep latency derived from a sleep diary, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Quality of Life (World Health Organzaton-5) Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) and adverse effects and vital signs recorded at each visit. RESULTS: On the primary efficacy variable, sleep latency, the effects of PRM (3 weeks) in patients with low endogenous melatonin regardless of age did not differ from the placebo, whereas PRM significantly reduced sleep latency compared to the placebo in elderly patients regardless of melatonin levels. The effects on sleep latency and additional sleep and daytime parameters that improved with PRM were maintained or enhanced over the 6-month period with no signs of tolerance. Most adverse events were mild in severity with no clinically relevant differences between PRM and placebo for any safety outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate short- and long-term efficacy and safety of PRM in elderly insomnia patients. Low melatonin production regardless of age is not useful in predicting responses to melatonin therapy in insomnia. The age cut-off for response warrants further investigation.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712869
"In 6 double blind, randomised crossover trials, a total number of 95 patients (mean ages: 65-79 yrs) were treated. [...] There is sufficient evidence that low doses of melatonin improve initial sleep quality in selected elderly insomniacs. However, larger randomized controlled trials, with less strict inclusion criteria are necessary to yield evidence of effectiveness (i.e. clinical and subjective relevance) in geriatric patients who suffer from insomnia, before wide-spread use can be advocated." Olde Rikkert and Rigaud (2001). 'Melatonin in elderly patients with insomnia. A systematic review.' Z. Gerontol. Geriat. 34/6, 491-97. PMID: 11828891. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11828891In a study of 30 insomniacs over 50 years old, "the physiologic melatonin dose (0.3 mg) restored sleep efficiency, acting principally in the midthird of the night; it also elevated plasma melatonin levels to normal." Control subjects were unaffected by melatonin. Zhdanova et al (2001). PMID: 11600532. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600532http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9485533http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19584739http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19630367http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21226679
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methionine0compound0.561n/a#
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milk thistle1diabetesdiabetesplant / herb1http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168827897802553600 mg/d silymarin decreased fasting blood glucose levels, mean daily blood glucose levels, daily glucosuria and HbA1c levels after 4 months in a trial with 60 insulin-treated diabetics with alcoholic cirrhosis. Velussi et al (1997). 'Long-term (23 months) treatment with an anti-oxidant drug (silymarin) is effective on hyperinsulinemia, exogenous insulin need and malondialdehyde levels in cirrhotic diabetic patients.' J. Hepat. 26/4, 871-79.#
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milk thistle2hepatitisinfectionsplant / herb0.547http://journals.lww.com/jcge/Abstract/2008/09000/Silybin_Treatment_is_Associated_With_Reduction_in.13.aspxTesting of a standardized silybin and soy phosphatidylcholine complex serum marker of iron status on 37 patients with chronic hepatitis C and Batts-Ludwig fibrosis stage II, III, or IV was associated with reduced body iron stores, especially among patients with advanced fibrosis stage. Bares et al (2008).Legalon showd benefit in a double-blind trial with 180 hepatitis patients for 40 days Tanasescu 1988#
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MSM2arthritis musculoskeletalcompound0.15PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16309928Kim LS, Axelrod LJ, Howard P, Buratovich N, Waters RF. Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006;14(3):286–94. PMID 16309928#
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N-acetylcarnosine (topical application)1cataractsgeneral healthother0.34PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12001824XBabizhayev et al. (2002). "Efficacy of N-acetylcarnosine in the treatment of cataracts". Drugs R D 3 (2): 87–103.Babizhayev MA (Oct 2008). "Ocular drug metabolism of the bioactivating antioxidant N-acetylcarnosine for vision in ophthalmic prodrug and codrug design and delivery". Drug Dev Ind Pharm 34 (10): 1071–89. doi:10.1080/03639040801958413.#
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NAC4mental healthmental healthOTWother0.34PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23369637http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21118657N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) targets a diverse array of factors germane to the pathophysiology of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders including glutamatergic transmission, the antioxidant glutathione, neurotrophins, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and inflammatory pathways. This review summarises the areas where the mechanisms of action of NAC overlap with known pathophysiological elements, and offers a précis of current literature regarding the use of NAC in disorders including cocaine, cannabis, and smoking addictions, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, autism, compulsive and grooming disorders, schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. There are positive trials of NAC in all these disorders, and although many of these require replication and are methodologically preliminary, this makes it one of the most promising drug candidates in neuropsychiatric disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2013 Mar;34(3):167-77. PMID: 23369637Whereas the mechanisms of NAC are only beginning to be understood, it is likely that NAC is exerting benefits beyond being a precursor to the antioxidant, glutathione, modulating glutamatergic, neurotropic and inflammatory pathways. This review outlines the current literature regarding the use of NAC in disorders including addiction, compulsive and grooming disorders, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. N-acetylcysteine has shown promising results in populations with these disorders, including those in whom treatment efficacy has previously been limited. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2011 Mar;36(2):78-86. PMID: 21118657"A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled study of individuals (n = 75) with bipolar disorder in the maintenance phase treated with NAC (1 g twice daily) adjunctive to usual medication over 24 weeks, with a 4-week washout. [...] NAC appears a safe and effective augmentation strategy for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder." Berk et al (2008). 'N-acetyl cysteine for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder--a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial.' Biol. Psychiatry 64/6, 468-75. PMID: 18534556."One hundred forty people with chronic schizophrenia on maintenance antipsychotic medication were randomized; 84 completed treatment. [...] These data suggest that adjunctive NAC has potential as a safe and moderately effective augmentation strategy for chronic schizophrenia." Berk et al (2008). PMID: 18436195.#
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nettle3prostate-related urinary problemsurinary, menOTWplant / herb0.335PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635963http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18038253Therapy with Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) for symptomatic relief of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia in 620 patients showed beneficial effects. Safarinejad (2005). 'Urtica dioica for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.' J. Herb. Pharmacother. 5/4, 1-11. PMID: 16635963.#
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niacin (vitamin B3)5heart diseasecardiovitamin0.201PubMedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20208032http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9915658"CONCLUSIONS: In a meta-analysis of seven trials of secondary prevention [5,137 patients], niacin was associated with a significant reduction in cardiovascular events and possible small but non-significant decreases in coronary and cardiovascular mortality." Duggal et al (2010). 'Effect of niacin therapy on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease.' J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. 15/2, 158-66. PMID: 20208032."Niacin has been studied in 6 major clinical trials with cardiovascular endpoints. The Coronary Drug Project (CDP) was the largest of these trials and the only one to use niacin monotherapy affecting cardiovascular outcomes: recurrent myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events were significantly decreased. After long-term (15 years) follow-up, total mortality was also found to be decreased. The other 5 trials used varying combinations of niacin with other pharmacologic agents, examining coronary and total mortality, coronary events, and angiographic progression/regression. Significant benefit was found in all trials except for one in patients with normal cholesterol levels at entry. Thus, the use of niacin to prevent or treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is based on strong and consistent evidence from clinical trials." Guyton (1998). 'Effect of niacin on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.' Am. J. Cardiol. 82/12A,18U-23U. PMID: 9915658.