Cleopatra VII’s father was Ptolemy XII. However, her mother has been unknown. We propose that (1) Hypsicratea, the concubine and then sixth wife of Mithridates VI, was Cleopatra VII’s grandmother and/or (2) either Mithridatis or Nyssa, two daughters of Mithridates VI and Hypsicratea or a different concubine, was Cleopatra VII’s mother, in part because one of those daughters was betrothed to Cleopatra’s father, Ptolemy XII.

In myth, Amazons were archenemies of Greek heroes such as Heracles and Achilles, but Greek and Roman historians also described historical, legendary, and contemporary warrior women of Eurasia with lives and exploits like those of Amazons. Greeks were not the only ancient culture to tell stories about warlike women and thrill to accounts of legendary and historical female warriors. The ancient Medes and Persians fought Scythians from the north and Saka tribes on the eastern frontiers of their empires. Beyond the Greek-influenced world, one can find intrepid horsewomen-archers in oral traditions, art, and literature of Egypt, Arabia, Persia, the Caucasus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Central Asia, and India.

Thee romantic liaison between the great Amazon warrior queen Thalestris and Alexander, conqueror of the known world, has long been the subject of controversy. But was such a delicious pairing plausible? This paper investigates the legendary accounts in the historians of Alexander's campaign.

Historical, Archaeological, Tribal, and Ethnic Affiliation Evidence: In this section we addressed the Historical, Archaeological and Historical Tribal Entities Evidence to derive at a plausible outcome. The scientific evidence presented in this research is concluded as follow: 1) It was proved that not all current history taught today is accurate. 2) The Ten Tribers were known as Saka and Gimira or by their eponyms, in Assyrian, Medo-Persian, Babylonian Grecian and Roman Empire historiography. 3) The Saka and Gimira are undoubtedly the Scythians and Cimmerians. 4) Some of the Scythians and Cimmerians migrated north and west, away from the areas they were deported to, while others stayed behind in these areas as suggested in point 2. 5) As they migrated, new sub-tribes and clans were formed, but all were from the same foundational group of people. 6) There were many sub-tribes and clans under the umbrella of the Scythians and Cimmerians, one of the more important ones is known as the "Parthians" which became vary prominent at a later stage. 7) These Scythians, Cimmerians and their various affiliated sub-tribes and clans eventually penetrated the Caucasus region as well as the mysterious "Arsareth" area south of the Greater Caucasus Mountains. 8) The Caucasus Scythians and Cimmerians established themselves in the Caucasus region and conquered and eventually dominated the areas and kingdoms around them. 9) The Caucasus Scythians and Cimmerians later grew so big that they dominated the trade industry with all the trade routes via land and sea in the Near East. 10) The Caucasus Scythians and Cimmerians later dominated the entire Near East’s geographical area as far as India, China and Egypt for many centuries; this includes the modern-day Georgia’s geographical area as well as from where they controlled the trade routes – Mstkheta. 11) The vast Scythian and Cimmerian Empire was not recognized by other historians because they were Greek, Persian or Roman historians and they promoted their own ideologies and empires. They, however, gave selected factual information regarding certain matters, and by amalgamating these evidences, the facts arrived at an accurate outcome. 12) The deported Scythians and Cimmerians that stayed behind in the Assyrian and Persian Empires eventually followed the modus operandi of their Caucasus Scythian and Cimmerian brothers who migrated before, and their actions birthed the Parthian Empire from within the Persian Empire’s geographical area. 13) The Parthian Empire grew very powerful and dominated the Near East for 400 years and eventually destroyed the mighty Roman Empire. 14) The Georgian histories, with their kings, are directly connected to the Parthian Lineage, which then directly links them to the Bible as a "very important and special Biblical people". 15) One Georgian chronicle claims "Azo", a mystical figure with no historical evidence, to be their "first king" while the other chronicle states "Pharnavaz" was the "first king". One chronicle is clearly inaccurate. 16) King Pharnavaz is an Arsaca kingship name and is undoubtedly linked to the Parthians, which connects the people to a Biblical "Hebrew", and not Roman mindset and history. 17) Azo is a "Greek" mystical figure and St Nina is from a "Roman" background, "a daughter of a Roman". The Greek and Roman perceptions of Georgia’s history were written only from the 9th to the 14th century, a colossal thousand years plus after the actual events Herodotus, Strabo, Justin and the other historians wrote about. 18) Rome started a Papal system and Georgia founded their own Papal systems with the arrival of St Nina, both created these in the 4th century 300 years after the events of the crucifixion of Yeshua (Jesus) in Jerusalem. 19) Herodotus, Strabo, Justin, Josephus and many other credible historians gave factual information about the Scythians, Cimmerians and Parthians that they indeed controlled the Near East, Iberia/Colchis and Mstkheta. 20) The researcher specially focused on "non-Hebrew" related historians’ recorded facts, so as to ensure the outcome is not biased. Their historians promote a Scynthian Empire that controlled the entire Near east. 21) Iranian, Assyrian, Grecian, Roman and Georgian historical records were all consulted. 22) The conclusion is that the Georgian records contradict themselves in some areas, and also do not mention anything as to what Herodotus, Strabo, Justin and the many other historians recorded about the Scythians and Parthians in their own country. 23) The researcher’s opinion is that there are a vast amount of people in Georgia, mostly beloved Christians, unaware of the fact that their history and ancestry are actually firmly rooted in Hebrew origin, and not Greek or Roman. This fact should strengthen this Christian nation and make their Biblical beliefs even stronger. 24) Destiny of Ten Tribers:  Group 1: The Ten Tribers moved to the Caucasus and were known as the "Caucasus Scythians" who were absorbed by their brothers of the "Parthian Empire" whose name later changed to the "Gothians" and they eventually migrated into the various Europe nations and from there to the rest of the world.  Group 2: The part of the Ten Tribers that moved to the Caucasus, known as the "Scythians/ Cimmerians", were taken over by the "Parthians" who are know as the "Arsace Dynasty"; they controlled Iberia/Colchis (Georgia) and Armenea and many were eventually converted to Christianity who became like Yosef. End result: Many of the Armanean and Iberian Arsacid Empires were absorbed into Christianity. 25) Most of the Ten Tribers today sit in Christian Churches, looking like Yosef of Egypt, and do not appear like Jews in dress, conduct and manners. The ones desiring to return to their Hebrew roots are from Ephraim, a synonym for the Ten Tribes. We have mainly focused on the Historical, Archaeological and Historical Tribal Entities Evidence. When Strabo, Herodotus, Justin, Josephus, etc. are all thoroughly studied together in contexts, they prove undoubtedly that some later and present historians are inaccurate in their perception of history. Combine the Historical, Archaeological and Historical Tribal Entities Evidence with the Biblical Evidence of Part 4; adds so much weight that some history as presented today, must be re-examined. The headings in this part cover the following areas: 1) Historical, Archaeological and Tribal Evidence 2) Holistic Overview of the Formation of the Nations. 3) Meshech, Tubal, and Togarmah Revealed. 4) Truth and History. 5) Historical Timeline of the Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews In the Greater Caucasus Area as Well as Their Eventual Whereabouts. 6) Timeline starting from 4000 BCE till present, presenting Assyrian, Iranian, Roman, Greek and Jewish historiography to prove that the Israelites dominated the known world at one stage, but modern historians fail to present the truth. 7) Historical facts and evidence are presented to prove that the Israelite deportees and the Scythians/Parthians/Cimmerians are indeed related. 8) That these Scythians/Parthians/Cimmerians moved into Europe and from there into the rest of the world.

Having gained control of almost the entire circuit of the Black Sea including the Bosporan Kingdom, Mithradates VI Eupator strove for a fundamental strengthening of his kingdom. The rising power of Pontos led inevitably to a conflict of interests with Rome that aspired to an absolute hegemony in Asia Minor. At that time, there was another military and political power in Western Asia which must be properly taken into account, namely the Arsakid Parthian empire. Sources point to the existence of strong connections between Eupator and the Arsakid Empire under Mithradates II (123-87 BC), one of the greatest Parthian kings. Roman military expansion posed a threat to the Arsakid domination in Transcaucasia, Mesopotamia and northern Syria. In 95 BC a new political constellation, initiated by Arsakid Iran, and embracing Pontos, Armenia and Parthia, was formed in Asia. Through diplomacy and skilfull policy, Mithradates Eupator expanded Pontos’ network of foreign connections. Creating bilateral and multilateral coalitions was to ensure favorable balances of power and thereby attain regional objectives at less cost that otherwise would be possible. The decisive Parthian support prompted Eupator to wage an open war on Rome in 89 BC. Initially, the prospects for Pontos were good but the civil war in Parthia in which Tigranes was involved, annihilated the previous political constellation of the 90s and early 80s, in which Pontos, Armenia and Parthia constituted a mighty alliance. After Armenia’s defeat at the hands of Lucullus and Pompey, and after the failure of his own military efforts, Eupator found a strategic sanctuary in the Crimea and Bosporos. There, he tried to gain Sirakoi and Aorsoi but his plans were shattered by a rebellion of his son Pharnakes. Keywords: Mithradates Eupator, Pontos, Black Sea peoples, Parthia, Armenia, Sarmatians, Aorsoi, Sirakoi

In the present book the author considers some issues related to Iberia-Colchology, studying history and archaeology of Georgia. The book accumulates essays published in the past and also written lately. The book is designated for the specialists and also for the readers concerned with history and archaeology of Georgia (in Caucasus). In this book there are artistic reconstructions from written sources and archaeological data. The book accumulates scientific articles and essays: 1) The archaeology in Georgia. 2) The land of Colchis and the city of Phasis. 3) On the Evolution the Colchian Amporae (the 4th c. BC to the 3rd cent. AD). 4) Colchian Amphora With Stamp from Poti-Phasis. 5)Two silver phytons from west Georgia (Mtisdziri & Gomi) 6) About the military - political situation in Iberia-Colchis (Georgia) in the 4th cent. BC - 2nd cent.AD. 7) Sinopean and Colchian amphorae with Greek Graffiti in the context of the town of Phasis. 8) Stamps of Roman military units and political situation in the Colchis & Iberia. 9) Hydro archaeology in the Colchian littoral. 10) About Petroleum transportation in Phasis & The "Medea's Oil" according to the archaelogical data. 11) A version of protojews in Georgia. 12) Zur Identifikation Der Kolcherin Medea Auf Einem Stelenrelief Von Suchumi. 13) The process of globalistic Romanization and Iberia-Colchis. 14) Scheme of a model of the historical development of society. 15) On the Influence of Bio-Geo-Environment on the process of the Colchis history development. 16) Problems and prospects of Georgia's classical and early Medieval Archaelogy. 17) Information about the topoarchaelogical dictionary of Kartlis Tskhovreba. 18) List of works by G. Gamkrelidze (1976 - 2010).