Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Estimation of Link Loss Budget for

Transmission with Optical Fiber Project in Yaesagyo
Dr. Tin TinHla
Department of Electronics Engineering
Mandalay Technological University, Mandalay, Myanmar

Abstract:- The optical fiber transmission system include Windows Wavelength Loss
a light source and a light detector and optical fiber. This
paper is detailed estimated link loss budget along optical 1st wavelength 850nm 3dB/km
fiber cable between source and destination at
2nd wavelength 1310nm 0.4dB/km
YAESAGYO Township in Myanmar. Firstly Losses in
optical fiber links, cable loss connector loss and splice 3rd wavelength 1550nm (C band) 0.2dB/km
loss are explained and typical standard values defined th
by IEEE are shown in this paper. The link loss budget is 4 wavelength 1625nm (L band) 0.2dB/km
the total amount of losses, insertion loss along the optical Table 1:- There are four special wavelengths that they can be
cable. It is estimated by calculating the losses of all the used for fiber optic transmission with low optical loss levels.
devices through along the cable to get the estimated total
end-to-end loss along the fiber. In this paper the  Overhead Fiber Cable
minimum link loss of optical cable, 12 cores 4wire are Overhead fiber optic cables can be used in optical fiber
designed and calculated for repeaterless optical communication of light signal over a long distance by using
transmission system in YAESAGYO Township in GHz frequency range. Overhead cables are fixed on utility
Myanmar. poles and they are coated with PE jacket to protect the inner
part from various environmental factors such as rain, sun,
Keywords:- Minimum Link Loss Budget, Cable Loss, dust etc. Under the sheath, there is a metallic buffer tube
Connector Loss, Splice Loss. which contains 1-12 fibers.

I. INTRODUCTION

The optical fiber communications system consists of a

light source, LED or laser devices and a optical
demodulator. The source and destination are separated by
numerous components, connector, splicer that are caused
various amounts of loss or gain to the optical light signal as
it transmits through the fiber. Figure 1 shows two typical
fiber optic transmission system configurations. Figure 1a
shows a optical repeaterless transmission system which Fig 2:- Structure of Overhead Fiber Optic Cables [4]
means that the source and destination are interconnected
through the optical fiber cable. With a optical repeaterless  Underground Fiber Cable
system, there is no amplifier or regenerator between the Underground optical fiber communication system can
light source and light detector. bury direct burial underground cables without requiring
additional protection. These cables are built to protect
moisture, heat, soil acidity and other environmental factors.
Their reliable performance will be supported for many
voices, data, video and imaging applications. The direct
Fig 1:- Optical repeatreless communications systems burial fiber optic cable is appropriate for many
communication systems.
To measure optical loss, the two units, dBm and dB
can be used. While dBm is the actual power level that is
reference in 1 milliwatts input power, dB (decibel) is the
difference between input powers and output powers.

 Optical Fiber Types

Single mode (SM) and multi mode (MM) fibers are
the mainstream fibers that are manufactured and marketed
today.
Fig 3:- Structure of Underground Fiber Optic Cable [4]

IJISRT19MY687 www.ijisrt.com 1161

Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
II. LINK LOSS BUDGET  Cable Loss
Loss in optical fiber cables in transmission between
The attenuation along the fiber cable is calculated light source and light detector is one of the most important
between a light source and a light detector in a optical characteristics of the fibers. It can reduce the system
repeaterless system. The transmitter consists of LED or bandwidth, transmission rate, optical power efficiency, and
laser source, and the receiver contains a light detector such overall system capacity. The Absorption loss Material, or
as an APD. Light source is connected by optical fiber with a Rayleigh, scattering losses Chromatic, or wavelength,
connector and also a light detector is connected by optical dispersion, Radiation losses, Modal dispersion, and
fiber with connector. Therefore, the link loss budget Coupling losses are the predominant factors of the optical
consists of attenuation or gain of connector between power fiber cable loss.
source and cable and also connector loss or gain between
optical fiber cable and light detector. Typical Losses in  Absorption Losses
optical fiber links consist of the following: Absorption losses in optical fibers are the power
dissipation in copper cables; very high the absorption
Cable losses: Cable length, material, and material purity are coefficients of the fiber material absorb the light and convert
the main important factors that cause the optical fiber cable it to heat. A typical value of absorption loss is from 1dB/km
loss. Typical values of optical fiber loss are given in dB/km to 1000 dB/km. There are three factors that cause the
and can vary several dB per kilometer. absorption loss in optical fibers: ultraviolet absorption,
infrared absorption, and ion resonance absorption.
Connector losses: Optical fiber connectors are used to
connect two sections of cable. When two sections of cables
are connected, light energy can escape, cause loss in optical
power. Connector losses typical value of connector loss
vary from a few tenths of a dB to as much as 2 dB for each
connector depending on the fiber type and transmitting data
rate

Source-to-cable interface loss: In the transmitter side, the

light source launch the optical power into the cable is not
perfect. Therefore, a small percentage of optical power is Fig 4:- Absorption losses in optical fibers [1]
not coupled into the fiber cable depending on LED or laser
aperture and the core size of the optical cable. A typical  Material, or Rayleigh, Scattering Losses
value of light source to fiber cable loss is several tenths of a During manufacturing, glass is stretched into long
dB. fibers to obtain very small diameter. In this process, the glass
is in a plastic state. The tension force applied to the glass
Cable-to-light detector interface loss: In the receiver side, causes the cooling glass to irregularities. When light rays
the mechanical interfacing between the light detector and propagating down a fiber strike one of these unpurified
the cable is also not perfect and, therefore, a small material, it cause diffraction of the light signal into many
percentage of the power cannot leave the cable from directions. The diffraction of light rays result in reduction of
entering the light detector. A typical value of the loss is a lignt signal represents a loss in light power. This is called
few tenths of a dB for the system. Rayleigh scattering loss. Figure 5 shows the graphical
relationship between wavelength and Rayleigh scattering
Splicing loss: If the cable connects to each other cable, loss.
cable sections can be fused together. The splicing of two
cables are not perfect that cause the loss to the system. A
typical value of the loss range from a few tenths of a dB to
several dB

Cable bends: If an optical cable bends at large an angle, the

internal features of the cable can change. In the optical fiber
cable light can propagate by the law of total internal
reflection. Bending of the fiber optic cable cause refraction
in the core/ cladding surfaces. A typical value of the loss by
refraction is a few tenths of a dB to several dB.
Fig 5:-Rayleigh scattering loss as a function of
wavelength[1]
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 − 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
Where, Pr = power received (dBm)
Pt =power transmitted (dBm)  Chromatic, or Wavelength, Dispersion
Losses = sum of all losses (dB) Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emit light with different
frequencies. Monochromatic light signal travels at a different
velocity when propagating through glass. Light rays are

IJISRT19MY687 www.ijisrt.com 1162

Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
simultaneously emitted from an LED and coupled down an  Coupling Losses
optical fiber at the same time, resulting chromatic In imperfect physical connections cause the coupling
distortion. Chromatic distortion occurs only in a single loss. In fiber cables, there are three types of optical junctions
mode fibers with transmission. can be occurred coupling loss: light source (LED or Laser)-
to-fiber connections, fiber-to-fiber connections, and fiber-to-
 Radiation Losses photo detector (APD or Demodulator) connections. Lateral
Small bends and kinks in the fiber cause the radiation misalignment, gap misalignment, angular misalignment, and
loss. There are two types of bends: microbends and imperfect surface finishes cause the junction loss.
macrobends. Microbending occur the fiber core deviate
from the fiber axis as a result of differences in the thermal III. FIBER OPTIC CONNECTORS
contraction rates between the core and the cladding
material. A microbend is a geometric imperfection along the The optical fiber cables are terminated in the switch
axis of the fiber cable cause Rayleigh scattering. A typical with fiber optic connectors. There are many types of
value of microbending loss is less than 20% of the total connectors, but the most common are SC/PC and LC/PC
attenuation in a fiber. A large bend in the fiber cause macro connectors.
bending and more than a 2 mm radius.
 Connector Types
 Modal Dispersion There are many types of connectors in circulation. The
The difference in the propagation times of light rays most popular connector was the ST type, a bayonet
cause the modal dispersion or pulse spreading and it takes connector that has shown to be unstable. These connectors
different paths down a fiber. Multimode fibers can be cannot get certified anymore. If we used a ST connector in a
occured modal dispersion. By using graded index fibers can local area network, and if the installation is no longer stable,
reduce and by using single-mode step-index fibers can the connector may very well be the reason for the instability.
remove the modal dispersion. A pulse of light energy to
spread out in time can be caused a modal dispersion as it
transmits down a fiber. In multimode step-index fibers, the
least amount of time to travel the length of the fiber is taken
a light ray propagating straight down the axis of the fiber.
The largest number of total internal reflections will be
undergone by a light ray that strikes the core/cladding
interface at the critical angle and, take the longest time to
travel the length of the cable. A bandwidth length product Fig 9:- ST Connector [4]
(BLP) or bandwidth distance product (BDP) can express for
multimode propagation The SC connector is very popular because it can be
produced at a low price and because it actually works. The
only disadvantage of this connector is the size.

Fig 6:- Light propagation down a multimode step-index

fiber [2]
Fig 10:- SC Connector[4]

The successor to the SC and ST types is the LC, or

Lucent, connector. It is so small, that if there is room for one
Rj-45 connector, there will be room for two LC connectors,
at the same place. Besides that, it is simple and stable, and it
Fig 7:- Light propagation down a single-mode step-index is produced by many manufacturers. The LC connector is
fiber[2] available in multi mode (beige), single mode (blue) and
furthermore, in a non-reflective design (green). The use of
this connector type is becoming more and more widespread.
But again, the biggest advantage of the LC is the small size.
In a 43H rack there is room for 1920 LC connectors. There
are some problems, though, with the outgoing patch cables,
Fig 8:- Light propagation down a multimode graded-index due to the many connectors.
fiber [2]

IJISRT19MY687 www.ijisrt.com 1163

Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Within the world of tele communications the E-2000 is
being widely used. It is a high-quality type of connector and
among other qualities, it is good at handling the high power
in analog tv installations. E-2000 is born with a protection
cap, shielding against the very dangerous laser light.

Fig 11:- LC Connector [4]

Fig 16:- E-2000

 Pre-polished Connectors
There are many plug types and many connection
Fig 12:- Rack with LC Connectors. Notice the patch cables method. The pre-polished connectors can be used to make a
on their way to the active equipment [4] small number of terminations only.

Fig 17:- Pre-polished Connectorfrom Belden

Fig 13:- The Passive Section [4]

The MT-Rj connector was, for some time, predicted to

be the FTTD (Fiber to the Desk) connector, having two
fibers and being just as small as a Rj45 connector. But now
it is not so popular anymore.

Fig 18:- A Pigtail, that is, a connector with 1 meter of fiber

attached.

Fig 14:- MT-Rj connector [4]

The connector shown on figure 7, the FC-PC

connector, was earlier on regarded as one of the best
connectors, but now going out of use. Fig 19:- Patch cable, terminated by a splicing cassette[4]

Fig 15:- FC-PC Connector[4] Fig 20:- 3 types of SC Connectors[4]

IJISRT19MY687 www.ijisrt.com 1164

Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
thus enabling light to pass from one fiber into the other. A
typical value of splicing loss is 0.3 dB)

 Fusion Splicing:
In fusion splicing, a precisely alignment of the two
fiber ends are connected by using the machine then the two
glass ends are "fused" or "welded" together using some type
of heat or electric arc. A continuous connection between the
Fig 21:- 2 types of LC Connectors[4] fibers ends cause very low loss light transmission. A Typical
value of the splicing loss is 0.1 dB.
Fusion Splicing MethodAs Ffusion splicing is a connecting
of two or more optical fiber cables that have been
permanently affixed by an electric welding

V. ESTIMATE A POWERE BUDGET

Fig.23 shows the power loss model of an optical fiber

link. The power is lost in the fiber, connectors and splicing.

Fig 22:- LC and SC ConnectorLC is half size[4]

IV. FIBER OPTIC SPLICING

The two fiber optic cables can join together by using

splicing method. Fiber splicing cause light power loss and
back reflection. When the cable operates too long for a
single length of fiber or when joining two different types of
cable together, such as a 48-fiber cable to four 12-fiber Fig 23:- The Power Loss Model of an Optical Fiber Link
cables. To restore fiber optic cables splicing is used when a
buried cable is accidentally severed. There are two methods The fiber loss depends upon the wavelength and also
of fiber optic splicing, fusion splicing & mechanical the physical conditions of the fiber.
splicing
Table.2 The following chart shows the different fiber
 Mechanical Splicing: optic standards as defined by the IEEE [5]
Mechanical splices are simply alignment devices, the
two fiber ends in a precisely aligned position is designed

Standard Data Rate Cable Type IEEE Standard Max.Distance

(Mbps)
10Base-FL 10 Multi-mode: 850 nm; 50/125μm or 2 km
62.5/125μm
100Base-FX 100 Multi-mode: 1300 nm; 50/125μm or 2 km
62.5/125μm
100Base-SX* 100 Multi-mode: 850 nm; 50/125μm or 300m
62.5/125μm
100Base-LX 100 Single-mode: 1310nm, 1550nm, 9/125μm 100 km
1000Base-SX 1000 Multi-mode: 850 nm; 62.5/125μm 220m
Multi-Mode; 850 nm; 50/125μm 550m
1000Base-LX 1000 Multi-mode: 1300 nm; 50/125μm or 550 m
62.5/125μm 2 km
Single-mode; 1310 nm; 9/125μm
1000Base-LH* 1000 Single-mode: 1550 nm; 9/125μ 70km
Table 2

IJISRT19MY687 www.ijisrt.com 1165

Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table.3 The numbers listed are averages, and are standard for new fiber [5]

Wavelength/Mode Fiber Core Attenuation Attenuation Attenuation Modal

Diameter per Kilometer* per Splice Per Connector Bandwidth (MHz-km)
850 nm multi-mode 50 μm 2.40 dB 0.1 dB 0.75 dB 500
850 nm multi-mode 62.5/125 μm 3.0dB 0.1 dB 0.75 dB 200
1300 nm multi-mode 50 μm 0.70 dB 0.1 dB 0.75 dB 500
1300 nm multi-mode 62.5/125 μm 0.75 dB 0.1 dB 0.75 dB 500
1310 nm single-mode 9 μm 0.35 dB 0.01dB 0.75 dB N/A
1550 nm single-mode 9 μm 0.22dB 0.01dB 0.75 dB N/A
Table 3

 Estimate Total Link Loss [(−8𝑑𝐵) − (−34𝑑𝐵)] −

This calculation will estimate the total link loss [0.01𝑑𝐵 × 5] −
through a particular fiber optic link where the fiber lengths, 𝐹𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = { }
[0.75𝑑𝐵 × 2] −
as well as the number of splices and connectors, are known. [3.0𝑑𝐵]
This calculation is simply the sum of all worst-case loss ÷ [0.4𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚]
variables in the link:
𝐹𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 53.625km
Link Loss = [𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑘𝑚) ×
𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚] + VI. PROJECT ACTIVITIES
[𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠] +
[𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]  Yaesagyo Fiber (48 Core Fiber)
+ [𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛]

For a 10km single mode link at 1310nm with a

connector pairs (sc/upc) and 6 slices (3km/drum):

Link Loss = [(10𝑘𝑚) × 0.4𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚] + [0.01𝑑𝐵 × 5] +

[0.75𝑑𝐵 × 1]+3dB
= 7.8dB

In this project, an estimated 7.8dB of power would be Fig 30:- Map of the Project
required to transmit across the link.
 MGY0011-MGYM0129
It is very important to measure and verify the actual
link loss values once the link is established to identify any Trenching Length - 4.67 km
potential performance issues. Cable Length - 5 km
No of Joints - 1
 Estimate Fiber distance Termination at Tower side - 1
This calculation will estimate the maximum distance Work schedule - 15
of a particular fiber optic link given the optical budget and Nov 2017 to 22 Dec 2018
thenumber of connectors and splices contained in the link: Total working Days - 24
days
[𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑡] − [𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠] Trenching/Digging works - 15 days
𝐹𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠/𝑘𝑚 Cable laying works - 3 days
Splicing/Jointing/testing - 1 day
𝐹𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ Backfilling & Warning Tape laying - 4 days
[(𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑇𝑋 𝑃𝑊𝑅) − (𝑅𝑋 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦)] − Construction of Manhole & Marker Pole - 7 days
[𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠] − (working in parallel while cabling/backfilling)
= Acceptant Test/Commissioning - 1 day
[𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠] −
{ [𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛] }
÷ [𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠/𝑘𝑚]  Power Loss Budget calculation
Single mode optical cable length = 5km (3km/drum)
For a Fast Ethernet Single Mode Link at 1310nm with Number of connector =2 (SC/UPC)
connector pairs and 5 splices: Number of splices =1
Using wavelength λ= 1310nm

Link Loss = [𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑘𝑚) ×

𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚] +

IJISRT19MY687 www.ijisrt.com 1166

Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠] + Link Loss = [𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑘𝑚) ×
[𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠] 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚] +
Link Loss = [(5𝑘𝑚) × 0.35𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚] + [0.01𝑑𝐵 × 1] + [𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠] +
[0.75𝑑𝐵 × 2] [𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]
= 3.26dB Link Loss = [(3.52𝑘𝑚) × 0.22𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚] + [0.01𝑑𝐵 × 1] +
[0.75𝑑𝐵 × 2]
If we consider the Safety margin (3dB) = 2.2844dB
Link Loss = [𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑘𝑚) × If we consider the Safety margin (3dB)
𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚] + Link Loss = [𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑘𝑚) ×
[𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠] + 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚] +
[𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠] [𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠] +
+ [𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛] [𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]
Link Loss = [(5𝑘𝑚) × 0.35𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚] + [0.01𝑑𝐵 × 1] + + [𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛]
[0.75𝑑𝐵 × 2]+3dB Link Loss = [(3.52𝑘𝑚) × 0.22𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚] + [0.01𝑑𝐵 × 1] +
= 6.26dB [0.75𝑑𝐵 × 2]+3dB
= 4.2844dB
 MGY0011-MGYM0130
Trenching Length - 3.25 km  Power Loss Budget calculation for FIO02
Cable Length - 3.52 km Single mode optical cable length = 3.52km (3km/drum)
No of Joints - 1 Number of connector =2 (SC/UPC)
Termination at Tower side - 1 Number of splices =1
Work schedule - 15 Using wavelength λ= 1310nm
Nov 2017 to 22 Dec 2018 Link Loss = [𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑘𝑚) ×
Total working Days - 13 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚] +
days [𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠] +
Trenching/Digging works - 7 days [𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]
Cable laying works - 2 days Link Loss = [(3.52𝑘𝑚) × 0.35𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚] + [0.01𝑑𝐵 × 1] +
Splicing/Jointing/testing - 1 day [0.75𝑑𝐵 × 2]
Backfilling & Warning Tape laying - 3 days = 2.742dB
Construction of Manhole & Marker Pole - 7 days If we consider the Safety margin (3dB)
(working in parallel while cabling/backfilling) Link Loss = [𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑘𝑚) ×
Acceptant Test/Commissioning - 1 day 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚] +
(work in parallel with 129 route) [𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠] +
[𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]
Power Loss Budget calculation + [𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛]
Single mode optical cable length = 3.52km (3km/drum) Link Loss = [(3.52𝑘𝑚) × 0.35𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚] + [0.01𝑑𝐵 × 1] +
Number of connector =2(SC/UPC) [0.75𝑑𝐵 × 2]+3dB
Number of splices =1 = 5.742dB
Using wavelength λ= 1310nm
Link Loss = [𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑘𝑚) × Single mode optical cable length = 3.52km (3km/drum)
𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚] + Number of connector =2 (SC/UPC)
[𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠] + Number of splices =1
[𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠] Using wavelength λ= 1550nm
Link Loss = [(3.52𝑘𝑚) × 0.35𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚] + [0.01𝑑𝐵 × 1] + Link Loss = [𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑘𝑚) ×
[0.75𝑑𝐵 × 2] 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚] +
= 2.742dB [𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠] +
If we consider the Safety margin (3dB) [𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]
Link Loss = [𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑘𝑚) × Link Loss = [(3.52𝑘𝑚) × 0.22𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚] + [0.01𝑑𝐵 × 1] +
𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚] + [0.75𝑑𝐵 × 2]
[𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠] + = 2.2844dB
[𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠] If we consider the Safety margin (3dB)
+ [𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛] Link Loss = [𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑘𝑚) ×
Link Loss = [(3.52𝑘𝑚) × 0.35𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚] + [0.01𝑑𝐵 × 1] + 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚] +
[0.75𝑑𝐵 × 2]+3dB [𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠] +
= 5.742dB [𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠]
+ [𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛]
Single mode optical cable length = 3.52km (3km/drum) Link Loss = [(3.52𝑘𝑚) × 0.22𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚] + [0.01𝑑𝐵 × 1] +
Number of connector =2 (SC/UPC) [0.75𝑑𝐵 × 2]+3dB
Number of splices =1 = 5.2844dB
Using wavelength λ= 1550nm

IJISRT19MY687 www.ijisrt.com 1167

Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
CABLE MEASUREMENT RECORD (48 cores)

Date 22.7.2017

Cable Link :MGY0011-MGYM0129 No of Mobile Cable

1 Hand Over
2 After Pull Cable

3 Finish hanging Cable

Estimated
Length Actual loss Error
No Fiber No Estimated Loss Loss include Note
(km)
safety margin

1 FIO 01 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19% 1310nm

2 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 02
3 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 03
4 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 04
5 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 05
6 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 06
7 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 07
8 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 08
9 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 09
10 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 10
11 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 11
12 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 12
13 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 13
14 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 14
15 FIO 15 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
16 FIO 16 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
17 FIO 17 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
18 FIO 18 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
19 FIO 19 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
20 FIO 20 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
21 FIO 21 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
22 FIO 22 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
23 FIO 23 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
24 FIO 24 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
Table 4

IJISRT19MY687 www.ijisrt.com 1168

Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
CABLE MEASUREMENT RECORD
Date 22.7.2017

Cable Link :MGY0011-MGYM0129 No of Mobile Cable

1 Hand Over
2 After Pull Cable
3 Finish hanging Cable

Estimated Loss
Estimated Actual loss Error
No Fiber No Length (km) include safety Note
Loss
margin

25 FIO 25 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19% 1310nm

26 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 26
27 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 27
28 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 28
29 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 29
30 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 30
31 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 31
32 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 32
33 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 33
34 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 34
35 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 35
36 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 36
37 FIO 37 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
38 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 38
39 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 39
40 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 40
41 FIO 41 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%

42 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%

FIO 42
43 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 43
44 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 44
45 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 45
46 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 46
47 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 47
48 5.034 3.26dB 5.26dB 3.2719dB 1.19%
FIO 48
Table 5

IJISRT19MY687 www.ijisrt.com 1169

Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
CABLE MEASUREMENT RECORD
Date 21.7.2017

Cable Link :MGY0011-MGYM0130 No of Mobile Cable

1 Hand Over
2 After Pull Cable
3 Finish hanging Cable
Length (km) Theoritical
result Estimated Loss
Actual loss Error
No Fiber No include safety Note
margin

1 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7441dB

FIO 01 0.21% 1310nm
2 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 02
3 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 03
4 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 3.7441dB 0.21%
FIO 04
5 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 3.7441dB 0.21%
FIO 05
6 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 3.7441dB 0.21%
FIO 06
7 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 3.7441dB 0.21%
FIO 07
8 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 08
9 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 09
10 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 10
11 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 11
12 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 12
13 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 13
14 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 14
15 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 15
16 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 16
17 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 17
18 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7441dB 0.21%
FIO 18
19 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7441dB 0.21%
FIO 19
20 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7441dB 0.21%
FIO 20
21 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 21
22 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 22
23 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.21%
FIO 23
24 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
FIO 24
Table 6

IJISRT19MY687 www.ijisrt.com 1170

 Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
CABLE MEASUREMENT RECORD
Date 21.7.2017
Cable Link :MGY0011-MGYM0130 No of Mobile Cable
1 Hand Over
2 After Pull Cable
3 Finish hanging Cable
Estimated Loss
Actual loss Error
No Fiber No Length (km) Estimated Loss include safety Note
margin
25 FIO 25 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28% 1310nm
26 FIO 26 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
27 FIO 27 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
28 FIO 28 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
29 FIO 29 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
30 FIO 30 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
31 FIO 31 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7441dB 0.21%
32 FIO 32 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
33 FIO 33 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7441dB 0.21%
34 FIO 34 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7441dB 0.21%
35 FIO 35 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
36 FIO 36 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
37 FIO 37 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
38 FIO 38 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
39 FIO 39 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
40 FIO 40 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
41 FIO 41 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7441dB 0.21%
42 FIO 42 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
43 FIO 43 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7441dB 0.21%
44 FIO 44 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
45 FIO 45 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
46 FIO 46 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
47 FIO 47 3.528 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7448dB 0.28%
48 FIO 48 3.526 2.742dB 5.742dB 2.7441dB 0.21%
Table 7

VII. WORK ACTIVITIES ON MGY0011-MGYM0129

Fig 33
Fig 31:- Cable route on map

Fig 32:- Digging Works

Fig 34

IJISRT19MY687 www.ijisrt.com 1171

Volume 4, Issue 5, May – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig 35:- Man Hole

Fig 40:- Cable route on map

VIII. CONCLUSION

The optical transmission power loss budget is

Fig 36 calculated according to the theoretical formula and the data
are shown in the cable measurement results. And then the
actual power losses are calculated from the actual fiber
length for transmission in Yaesagyo. The estimated data and
actual data that are calculated from the optical fiber length
are shown in the results table. For 5km power cable, the
power loss budget is -3.26dB although the maximum actual
loss is -3.2719dB that does not include the safety margin.
The actual power loss is more than the estimated loss. But
Fig 37:- Cabling Works the error is 1.19% for fiber length 5.034km, 0.21% for fiber
length 3.526km and 0.28% for the fiber length 3.528km. so
that the transmission system is acceptable for this error in 4G
transmission system.

REFERENCES

[1]. Advanced electronic communications Systems wayne

tomasi sixth edition, 2014
[2]. Dwdm link design and power budget Calculation ,
international journal of advanced research in electrical,
Electronics and instrumentation engineering (an iso
3297: 2007 certified organization) Vol. 4, issue 4, april
2015
[3]. Fiber optic cables in overhead transmission corridors,
m.ostendorp, g.gela,november 1997
Fig 38:- Warning Tape Laying [4]. Thesis report on practical aspect of power budget and
qos analysis of wdm network, manish kumar agarwal
Khumukcham rajeshwar singh, 14/05/2011
[5]. Power Budgets and Loss Budgets, Internet source

Fig 39:- Marker Poles

IJISRT19MY687 www.ijisrt.com 1172