Volume 4, Issue 7, July – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Community Participation in Community-Based

Drinking and Sanitation Programme
(Study in the Village of Bandung Jaya Kaba Wetan District Kepahyang Bengkulu Province)
1
Surjadi
1
Badan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia Provinsi Bengkulu
Jl. Raya Padang Kemiling Km. 14 Kelurahan Pekan Sabtu Kecamatan Selebar,
Kota Bengkulu, Bengkulu, 38216

Abstract:- This research aims to identify form and level behavior through community empowerment (Pamsimas,
of community's participation in the Pamsimas 2016).
programme in Bandung Jaya village as a belonging to
the community and can be managed sustainably. The Development through community empowerment is a
research's data were collected by interviewing model of human centered development which emphasizes
community's members, BP-SPAMS councils, the village that development is not only increasing economic growth
councils and board members of the Kepahyang district and national income and fulfilling basic needs of the
PMD. Documents study included documenting village community, but also in efforts to improve the quality of
regulations, Pamsimas administration book such as human beings in order to increase participation
guest book, member book and Note of BP-SPAMS significantly in various life activities to encourage the
Mandiri Jaya Financial Statement. The result showed creation of high-value productive activities (Muslim, 2007).
that the most dominant type of community's The participation approach places the community as the
participation was manpower manifested in mutual party who knows best about what is good for the
cooperation activities and ideas/notions outlined in community itself. Political decisions made and
community's meeting. In addition, the community also implemented by the government concern and influence the
participated in the form of materials and funds. The lives of citizens so that the community has the right to
level of the participation of the community of Bandung participate in determining a decision (Wijayanti and
Jaya village in Pamsimas programme are considered Sariffuddin, 2014 in Adi and Rahdriawan, 2016).
high. In the initiation and planning phase of the
programme, the community's participation was in the Bengkulu Province became a participant in the
shared control level and in the implementation, Pamsimas II program which was held in 2013 until 2015
supervision and maintenance phase, the community's and continued to the Pamsimas III program which began
participation was in the full control level. The result of from 2016 to 2019. The program is spread in 9 districts.
this research provided contribution in effort to increase South Bengkulu Regency, Kaur, Rejang Lebong and
the success of Pamsimas through the community's Kepahiang were included in the Pamsimas II program
participation. while Bengkulu Utara, Lebong, Seluma, Mukomuko and
Bengkulu Tengah Districts were included in the Pamsimas
Keywords:- Participation, Pamsimas, Bandung Jaya, III program (Cipta Karya, 2019). Until 2017, in Bengkulu
Clean Water. Province there were 217 village locations implementing the
Pamsimas program. Kepahyang Regency is the district with
I. INTRODUCTION the largest number of villages receiving the Pamsimas
program, namely as many as 22 villages where one of the
The national development program 'Universal Access villages is Bandung Jaya Village which is able to manage
to Water and Sanitation' stipulates that Indonesia in 2019 the Pamsimas program in a sustainable manner.
can provide safe drinking water and proper sanitation
services for all Indonesians (RPJMN, 2014; Bappenas, Desa Bandung Jaya is based on the 2015 village
2015). Until 2017, households that have access to new program sustainability data with the December 2018
sources of drinking water are available to 72.04% of the reporting period sourced from the Community Based Water
total population of Indonesia, while households that have Supply and Sanitation Information System (Cipta Karya,
access to new decent sanitation are available for 67.89% of 2019), which is still active with access to adequate drinking
the total population of Indonesia (BPS, 2017). The water facilities, namely 100% and healthy toilet access is
Community-Based Water Supply and Sanitation Program also 100% of the total population. The data is much
(Pamsimas) has become one of the national flagship improved compared to the data in 2015 when the Pamsimas
programs (Central and Regional Governments) to increase program was proposed, which was only 73% of the total
rural population access to adequate water and sanitation population of the village who had access to healthy latrines.
facilities with a community-based approach. The Pamsimas Besides that, in Bandung Jaya Village there were open
program aims to improve access to drinking water and defecation habits before the Pamsimas program was
sanitation services for the poor, rural and urban suburbs as implemented.
well as improve clean and healthy living values and

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Volume 4, Issue 7, July – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Pamsimas requires community involvement from previous research this study aims to identify the form and
planning, implementation and supervision to maintenance. level of community participation in the Pamsimas program
Failure in the implementation of projects where the in Bandung Jaya Village so that Pamsimas belongs to the
community is placed as an object of development has community and can be managed sustainably.
resulted in the community not feeling ownership. The role
of participation was marginalized by the top down planning II. METHOD
policy so that in turn many of the facilities and
infrastructure built were damaged before their time and The study was conducted in Bandung Jaya Village,
were not maintained by the community. The study of Kaba Wetan Subdistrict, Kepahyang Regency, Bengkulu
community participation in pamsimas has been carried out Province with consideration of Bandung Jaya village as a
before. Meithasari and Ari (2016) examined the failure of village that achieves a 2016 ODF (Open Defecation Free)
BP-SPAMS in Kebongulo Village, Musuk District, certificate and Bengkulu Province rank I Bakhti Gotong
Boyolali District to indicate that Pamsimas in the village Royong Month in 2018. Research this uses a qualitative
had not been able to increase community capacity and local approach. Techniques for collecting data through
institutions. The community is only the recipient of a interviews and document review. The research data was
program where there is no community involvement in collected through interviews with community parties, BP-
making proposals for the plan to meet needs. Likewise, SPAMS administrators, village government and PMD
Faza and Suwiti (2017) Pamsimas in Tegal Regency, district officials in Kepahyang. Review documents such as
Central Java, are still having problems in several aspects village regulation documentation, Pamsimas administration
due to the lack of communication between the books such as guest books, member books and BP-SPAMS
implementing organization and the beneficiaries so that the Mandiri Jaya financial records.
success of pamsimas has not been found. In contrast to

Fig 1:- Continuum of Local Institutions, by Sector (Uphoff, 1992)

Refer to the opinion of Uphoff (1992) about local The level of participation for each individual (group
institutions where community participation studied covers 2 member) can be measured through membership in the
(two) sectors, namely the public sector and the participation organization or institution, attendence in meetings held,
sector. In both sectors the form and level of participation of donations / contributions provided, membership in the
the people of Bandung Jaya Village were analyzed. Forms management, activities followed in the planned program
of community participation can be: a) mind, b) energy, c) stage, activeness in discussions at each meeting held
expertise, d) goods and e) money. This form of community (Surotinojo, 2009).
participation is carried out in various ways, namely; a)
consultation, usually in the form of services, b) Stages of activities are a series of sequential and
spontaneous contributions in the form of money and goods, interrelated activities. The relationship between stages and
c) establishing projects that are independent and funded by levels of community participation in Pamsimas through
the community themselves, e) contributions in the form of sector analysis can be seen in Figure 2. Categorization is
work, f) mass action, g) holding development in the family divided into 3 (three), namely low, sufficient and high.
and h) building autonomous community projects
(Surotinojo, 2009).

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Volume 4, Issue 7, July – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Low categories include no (none) to indirect (indirect) (consultative) and high categories of participation including
participation, adequate categories include consultative shared control and full control.

Fig 2:- Levels of Participation and Stages of the Program (adaptation from Hamdi and Goethert, in Surotinojo, 2009)

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION stated that the Pamsimas program was preceded by
socialization activities from relevant agencies, both from
 Participatory Form the sub-district and district levels. Through a multi-tiered
The form of participation shown by the community at deliberation forum, starting from hamlet 1 to hamlet 4, it
the initiation stage is the understanding of the community's later became the village's decision on how the ideas and
good Pamsimas program. This was also supported by the ideas of the community could fulfill the need for drinking
interviews of all BP-SPAMS Mandiri Jaya administrators water / clean water.
(Figure 3), community leaders and Village Heads who

Fig 3:- Review of the organization and interviews with the management of BP-SPAMS Mandiri Jaya and review of the conditions
of the Pamsimas infrastructure that are still well maintained.

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Volume 4, Issue 7, July – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
The form of community participation at the planning large tanks / dividers / collectors whose labor comes from
stage begins with the involvement of the community at the villagers without compensation. The form of community
type of facility to be constructed. Community involvement participation at the supervision stage from the results of the
is also evidenced by the existence of a unanimous voice in research shows that the supervision carried out by the
planning the right technological options according to community is quite varied. Most of the active community
people's choices and consideration of technical feasibility. to conduct supervision in the distribution of water to each
The piping system as a technology option was agreed upon household, some actively supervise the condition of the
by all communities as a form of community participation in reservoir and some people are directly involved in
determining the types of facilities to be built. Besides the monitoring the pipeline network conditions.
agreement on technology options, the community is also
continuously involved in determining the zero point where To ensure the sustainability of the Pamsimas program,
it will be used for the construction of physical construction, especially in terms of utilizing the facilities and
which is a divider / reservoir that requires 2 (two) 6x7 m2 infrastructure that have been built and to ensure that the
land. The land used for the purpose of constructing needs of drinking water and environmental sanitation in
drinking water facilities in the Pamsimas program in this Bandung Jaya village can take place continuously and rely
village is purely unknown compensation. The activity of on community strength, the form or form of community
the community in the process of determining the location of participation is proven by being involved all family heads
development always puts the opinion of the deliberation as become members of BP-SPAMS Mandiri Jaya. The
the highest decision. independence of the community for Pamsimas also stated
that all family heads were willing to give contributions
The form of participation carried out by the Bandung regularly every month amounting to 10,000 rupiahs where
Jaya village community at the implementation stage is a the direct deposit system was handed over to the BP-
description of activities that show the characteristic of SPAMS management Mandiri Jaya where money was
mutual cooperation as a village community power. The collected through recitations group meetings or deposited
manifestation of community participation in the form of directly with administrators through the treasurer. From the
mutual cooperation is evidenced by the involvement of all results of the financial receipts it is used for maintenance if
components of the village population. Regularly scheduled there is damage in addition to network development.
work together. The division of time and location is applied Through the inclusion of village funds in 2018 BP-SPAMS
through alternating systems. Villages that consist of 4 Mandiri Jaya received an injection of funds of 10,000,000
hamlets in an agreement through village meetings rupiah used for the purchase and installation of water
determine the categorization of mutual cooperation. Mutual meters. In the same year as community self-help, Bandung
cooperation for parents, charisma and children. Especially Jaya rebuilt 2 Water Reservoirs with a total fund of
for charisma and children are given responsibility for solid Rp.50,000,000.
waste cooperation. So if the total implementation of mutual
cooperation is converted with the week gained on average The form of Bandung Jaya village community
every week mutual cooperation is carried out. From the participation in Pamsimas is summarized in Table 1. The
types of activities, community participation in mutual most dominant form of participation is the energy that is
cooperation is divided into mutual cooperation to build manifested in mutual cooperation activities and ideas /
connections to households, work together in the installation ideas as outlined in community meetings.
of pipelines and mutual cooperation in the construction of

Stages of Pamsimas Form of Participation

Initiation stage Attendance at socialization
Understanding of the Pamsimas program
Planning Phase Deliberations of the types of facilities to be built
Deliberation to determine the construction site
Land for making reservoirs
Implementation Phase Cooperate with Home Connections
Mutual Assistance for the Construction of Reservoirs / Dividers
Mutual Cooperation Unit
Supervision Stage Supervision of Reservoirs
Piping operational supervision
Water distribution arrangements to households
Maintenance Phase Become a KKM member
Willingness to provide contributions
Table 1:- Forms of Bandung Jaya Village Community Participation in Accordance With the Stages

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 Participatory Level government interact with each other and jointly engage in
decision making.
 Initiation stage
At the beginning of the Pamsimas activity, the BP-  Implementation Phase
SPAMS institution was formed by mentoring village In the implementation phase, the level of community
facilitators from government / cadre elements. In carrying participation is at the highest level, namely the level of full
out its duties and functions, BP-SPAMS which has an control. Determining the level of full control at the stage of
organizational structure of a chairperson, secretary, program implementation is based on the fact that in this
treasurer and assisted by a technical team, supervisory process the community dominates all activities and decision
team, operational complaints team activities are managed in making. The role of the local government and facilitator as
an orderly manner. In the program initiation stage, an outsider is only enough to make observations or give
community participation is at the level of shared control. In something technically helpful when needed.
this stage the community formed a Self-Help Group (KSM)
or BP-SPAMS organization that was prepared to manage  Supervision Stage
the Pamsimas development funds, so that the community In the supervision phase, the level of community
and the government (outsiders) interacted and were jointly participation is at the highest level, namely the level of full
involved in decision making. control. Determining the level of full control at the program
supervision stage is the same as the implementation stage,
 Planning Phase which is based on the fact that the community dominates all
In the planning stage, starting at the process of activities and decision making.
deliberation on the type of facilities to be built, deliberation
on determining the construction site, as well as the  Maintenance Phase
contribution of land for making reservoirs, the role and In the maintenance phase, the level of community
participation of the community are at the level of shared participation is also at the highest level, namely the level of
control. The role of the government and facilitator as an full control due to the fact that the community dominates
outsider is still important enough to direct and assist in the all activities and decision making.
planning processes, so that the community and the

Participation Level Initiation Planning Implementation Supervision Maintenance

There is no
Indirect
Consultative
Joint Control V V
Full Control V V V
Table 2:- The level of community participation in Bandung Jaya Village in the Pamsimas stage

Bandung Jaya Village, Kaba Wetan Subdistrict, In line with this, 2 (two) tanks of water reservoirs
Kepahyang Regency, Bengkulu Province is a village were drained from a spring with a piping system with a
located in the hills and directly adjacent to a protected distance of up to 3 km from the source of the spring to the
forest. Bandung Jaya Village has a population of 537 village. Through the Pamsimas program the entire
people with 134 families. Bandung Jaya Village is led by a population has taken advantage of clean water as a whole
female village head named Supriyanti. Initially the which can be realized because of the combination of the
sanitation conditions and the environment of the Bandung availability of programs from the government and
Jaya village, especially the living behavior of the community participation to meet the needs of clean water
community, did not use the latrine as a whole, namely there independently.
were 20 heads of households who did not have latrines and
20 family heads in latrines damaged This condition is Interviews with community leaders and with BP Jaya
exacerbated by defecation habits carried out in the back SPAMS / Mandiri Self-Help Groups (KSM) and Pamsimas
garden of houses and ponds for houses that have fish ponds. recipient communities, a form of participation carried out
by the Bandung Jaya village community is an illustration of
Along with the inclusion of the Pamsimas program, in activities that characterize mutual cooperation as a village
2015 the strengths and initiatives of the community, community power. From the zero-point process, namely the
through the decision of the community consultation, carried establishment of the location of the construction of a large
out the construction of family latrines independently of 20 reservoir of water from a spring, distribution of water to the
families with arisan patterns. Besides that, every family household of the villagers, including management of
head in cash contributes Rp. 75,000 and in kind in the form community contributions which is Rp 10,000 per month per
of labor, so that in total the calculation in 2015 of head of household, the whole is carried out for citizen
Pamsimas assets in the village is 210 million rupiah. participation concern for programs managed through BP-
SPAMS Mandiri Jaya.

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The Pamsimas program in Desa Bandung Jaya for a The level of participation of the Bandung Jaya Village
period of 5 years (2015-2019) is integrated into the Village community in the Pamsimas program is high. In the stage
Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMDesa) while of the initiation program and planning stage, community
ensuring that this program will become a sustainable participation is at the level of shared control, in the stages
program. The regulation is the result of a community of implementation, supervision and maintenance,
consultation agreement that regulates that this program can community participation at the level of full control.
continue. The Pamsimas program in Bandung Jaya Village
is able to authentically realize this. This is evidenced by the The form and level of participation of the Bandung
positive intention and enthusiasm of the community to Jaya Village community is an important learning for all
uphold the rules in utilizing, maintaining, and developing parties considering that participation is built from a process
advice on infrastructure that has been built. The real that is not easy and simple. Pamsimas can proceed in a
manifestation produced by Desa Bandung Jaya is the sustainable manner thanks to the participation of the people
issuance of the Village Regulation (Perdes) Number 10 of who place the decisions of the community deliberations as
2015 concerning Regulations for the Devices and the foundation for village development under the auspices
Communities of the Village of Bandung Jaya and of village regulations.
Customary Provisions and Indigenous Sanctions. The rules The role of the Bengkulu Provincial Government and
regarding Pamsimas are contained in Chapter I point D. the Regency Government in facilitating the development
BP-SPAMS Mandiri Jaya has produced several phase of the Pamsimas program in the form of training for
planning and program implementation documents village apparatus HR and technical personnel managing
including: BP-SPAM facilities should be a priority scale. Village
communities need technical training such as drinking water
 Medium-Term Plan for Water Supply, Health and packaging methods so that the village is expected to have
Sanitation (PJM-Pro-AKSI) Program in Bandung Jaya its own drinking water packaging business as a form of
Village; village income.
 Book member of BP-SPAMS Mandiri Jaya, Desa
Bandung Jaya; The success of Pamsimas in Bandung Jaya Village,
 BP-SPAMS Mandiri Jaya Daily Cashbook, Desa Kaba Wetan Subdistrict, Kepahyang Regency, Bengkulu
Bandung Jaya; Province needs to be reviewed as one of the success models
 Help Books for Monthly Contributions to BP-SPAMS of Pamsimas in Indonesia.
Mandiri Jaya, Bandung Jaya Village.
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