Although the majority of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) respond well to behavioral techniques, pharmacotherapy, or combinations of these two approaches, a small percentage of patients remain refractory and are severely disabled by their symptoms. Such patients may well be helped by neurosurgical interventions. This article reviews the selection guidelines, indications and contraindications, available procedures, probable outcome, hazards involved, preoperative work-up, and the rationale behind neurosurgery in OCD.