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羅馬洋甘菊(Roman chamomileChamaemelum nobile / Anthemis nobilis)

 

菊科(Asteraceae / Compositae)洋甘菊屬(Chamaemelum)

學名:Chamaemelum nobile / Anthemis nobilis

羅馬洋甘菊.jpg

圖:羅馬洋甘菊(Chamaemelum nobile / Anthemis nobilis

 

chamomile源自希臘文的Khamaimelon,分別代表地上和蘋果。英文俗名chamomile可以是指德國洋甘菊、羅馬洋甘菊、杭菊(Chrysanthemum morifolium)、田春黃菊(Anthemis arvensis)和春黃菊(Anthemis tinctoria)。德國和羅馬洋甘菊的藥用史已逾千年,能追溯至古埃及、希臘和羅馬時期,原生長於東歐和南歐。[1-3]

 

【生理活性】

 

根據歐洲藥典標準,洋甘菊花需至少含0.4%精油和0.25%的芹菜素-7-葡萄糖苷(apigenin-7-glucoside),實際上精油含量也普遍在0.4-2.0%之間[1]。羅馬洋甘菊活性成分有萜類的沒藥醇(bisabolol)和天藍烴(chamazulene);類黃酮的木犀草素(luteolin)、芹菜素(apigenin)、槲皮素(quercetin);香豆素(coumarins)的東莨菪素-7-葡萄糖苷(scopoletin-7-glucoside);以及白芷酸(angelic acid)和甘菊花酸(tiglic acid)形成的酯類[1]。乾燥過程中,產生的兒茶素(catechins)會使花色褐化[4]

 

法國羅馬洋甘菊精油組成有白芷酸異丁酯(isobutyl angelate32.1%)、白芷酸-2-甲基丁酯(2-methylbutyl angelate16.2%)、異丁酸異丁酯(isobutyl isobutyrate5.3%)2-甲基丁酸甲酯(methyl 2-methylbutyrate1.9%)[5]

 

伊朗羅馬洋甘菊地上全株精油成分為天藍烴(27.80%)β-蒎烯(β-pinene7.93 %)、桉葉油醇(1,8-cineole7.51 %)α-蒎烯(α-pinene5.94 %)α-沒藥醇(α-bisabolol5.76 %)[2]

 

民俗療法

 

羅馬洋甘菊茶能緩和胃疾和噁心感[6]。治焦慮、失眠,能鎮靜、調解壓力、抗痙攣,26國藥典收錄洋甘菊花為官方用藥[2-47]。冷浸液或精油可改善腸胃不適和脹氣;熱煮液能發汗、催吐,也可止吐、鎮靜,緩解經痛、因受寒引起的感冒[8]。摩洛哥的Tafilalet地區利用水萃液治療糖尿病和心血管疾病[9]

 

外用可緩解皮膚搔癢、擦傷、凍傷或蟲咬等不適,也可處理眼睛刺激,或當作漱口水,減少口腔和喉嚨發炎[4]

 

抗氧化

 

DPPH˙的抗氧化試驗顯示[2],於濃度100 μg/ml時,羅馬洋甘菊精油的抗氧化力是抗氧化劑BHT的一半,德國洋甘菊精油則約為BHT80%。還原力試驗也表現類似趨勢。

 

一篇探討地中海區域常見11種香草的研究表示[10],羅馬洋甘菊精油對脂質的抗氧化力效果最好,在亞麻油酸和β-胡蘿蔔素的測試中最能保色。使用的11種香草皆生長於義大利,羅馬洋甘菊精油組成為白芷酸丁酯+乙酸己酯(n-butyl angelate + hexyl acetate28-37%)、白芷酸異戊酯(isoamyl angelate19-30%)2-甲基丁酸-2-甲基丁酯(2-methylbutyl 2-methylbutyrate6-8%)

 

抗菌

 

精油對抗藥性甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)所產生的抑菌圈可達19 mm [11],相較於德國洋甘菊的0 mm,顯示對此病原菌的抑制力非常優異。

 

羅馬洋甘菊精油和萃取物能有效抑制牙周病致病菌牙齦卟啉單胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis)30 μL的萃取物和精油(19稀釋)觀察到的抑菌圈分別為13.3 ± 2.520 ± 1.8 mm [12]

 

殺蟲

 

濃度0.00470.0093 μg/ml的羅馬洋甘菊精油,能有效殺死寄生於芭樂、玫瑰的溫室粉蝨(Trialeurodes vaporariorum)幼蟲,但對成蟲和蛋無效[13]

 

抗發炎

 

英國鼠尾草(Salvia officinalis)葉片和羅馬洋甘菊地上部分的68% (w/w)酒精萃取物於濃度5 μg/ml50 μg/ml時,分別和人類前脂肪細胞(fibroblastic preadipocytes)或人類神經瘤母細胞(SK-N-SH)共同培養424小時。結果鼠尾草能顯著降低發炎因子IL-6SAAICAM-1;羅馬洋甘菊可減少MCP-1 ICAM-1VCAM-1的分泌,整體來說,24小時後,羅馬洋甘菊在2種細胞試驗中表現出較廣泛且更有效的抗發炎特性[14]

 

羅馬洋甘菊花中的辛柄糖酸(octulosonic acid)衍生物研究證實可活化過氧化體增殖劑活化受體-γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gammaPPAR-γ) [15],而能活化PPAR-γ的物質具有潛在抗發炎能力[16]。羅馬洋甘菊精油裡的天藍烴[17]能抑制花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid)發炎過程中,環氧合酵素-2 (cyclooxygenase-2COX-2)的活性,中斷發炎路徑[18]

 

NF-κB掌控多個關於發炎的基因,研究推測[19]羅馬洋甘菊能抑制NF-κB的活化,阻止後續發炎反應。德國洋甘菊的水萃物和酒精萃取物也有類似功效和抑制機制[19-20]

 

止痛

 

1小時前口服180 mg/kg b.w. 南非羅馬洋甘菊花水蒸餾精油的小鼠和大鼠[21],能更有效抑制熱源刺激引起的疼痛,以及醋酸造成的耳朵腫脹發炎。使用的精油含α-沒藥醇(50.03%)、金合歡烯(farnesene5.35%)、匙葉桉油烯醇(spathulenol2.56%)

 

降血壓、利尿

 

每日口服摩洛哥羅馬洋甘菊水萃物劑量140 mg/kg持續3周的高血壓大鼠,在第8天發現可顯著降低收縮壓,到第16天減少最多;排尿在第12天時明顯增加,之後持續增加到第20[9]。利尿劑也是其中一種降血壓藥。

 

降血糖、抗糖尿病

 

每日口服摩洛哥羅馬洋甘菊地上全株水萃物劑量20 mg/kg持續15天的健康或糖尿病大鼠,從第2天開始到第15天皆能有效降低血糖,而在單次口服時,1小時後也能觀察到血糖下降[22]。只是大鼠血液中胰島素濃度並沒有變化,顯見功效機制應和胰島素分泌無關。

 

抗凝血

 

精油可抑制豚鼠血液的凝結,且呈劑量關係,但對血塊的收縮無效(clot retraction) [423]

 

可能風險

 

小鼠口服5000 mg/kg b.d. 的羅馬洋甘菊精油,在30分鐘後觀察並追蹤14天,結果並沒有任何行為上異樣或死亡,LD50 大於5000 mg/kg b.d. 的物質可視為無毒性物[21]。美國FDA將德國和羅馬洋甘菊萃取物或精油列為公認安全物質[7]。但高劑量有催吐性[8]

 

【芳療功效】

 

持續14天暴露7小時於擴香Robert Tisserand Ltd.羅馬洋甘菊精油(400 μL)的大鼠[3],在強迫性游泳憂鬱實驗模型中,顯著增加探索距離、站立次數(rearing times),以及減少靜止時間,證明能有效抗憂鬱、排除情緒失落。

 

103位具有焦慮、緊張、疼痛或失落的成人,隨機分成2組分別接受每周1次全身甜杏仁油按摩或全身甜杏仁油+羅馬洋甘菊精油按摩持續3周,結果無論有無精油,僅單純的按摩便能明顯減少焦慮,精油則能增進按摩效益,並改善涵蓋身心靈整體生活的品質[24]

 

13位平均21歲的女學生吸聞羅馬洋甘菊精油後腦波圖顯示,會減緩頂葉和後側顳葉(posterior temporal lobe) α-1(7.5-9HZ),並覺得愉悅和舒適,同樣作用的還包含真正薰衣草精油和丁香油酚(eugenol),但若不喜歡這些氣味的人,則α-1波不會變化[25]。這表示我們對特定精油的好惡也許能從α-1波的變化客觀得知。

 

36位患有慢性支氣管氣喘的病患,每天1次吸嗅伊拉克羅馬洋甘菊或黑種草(Nigella sativa)劑量100 mg/kg熱煮時產生的蒸氣5-10分鐘持續3周,結果羅馬洋甘菊可使患者的肺活量(forced vital capacity)2.38增加到2.75,第一秒吐氣量(forced expiratory volume in first second)77.4179.33。不過黑種草的表現更好,分別從1.36提升到3.5453.8074.91[26]

 

 

參考資料:

(1)CHIȘ, M. S., PĂUCEAN, A., MAN, S., POP, A., MUREȘAN, A. E., FOSTOC, G., & MUSTE, S. A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW REGARDING THE BOTANICAL ORIGIN, MEDICINAL USES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ROMAN AND GERMAN CHAMOMILE.

(2)Farhoudi, R. (2013). Chemical constituents and antioxidant properties of Matricaria recutita and Chamaemelum nobile essential oil growing wild in the south west of Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 16(4), 531-537.

(3)Kong, Y., Wang, T., Wang, R., Ma, Y., Song, S., Liu, J., ... & Li, S. (2017). Inhalation of Roman chamomile essential oil attenuates depressive-like behaviors in Wistar Kyoto rats. Science China Life Sciences, 60(6), 647-655.

(4)European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2012). Assessment Report on Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All., flos.

(5)Bail, S., Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Denkova, Z., Slavchev, A., Stoyanova, A., ... & Geissler, M. (2009). Antimicrobial activities of roman chamomile oil from France and its main compounds. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 21(3), 283-286.

(6)Gilligan, N. P. (2005). The palliation of nausea in hospice and palliative care patients with essential oils of Pimpinella anisum (aniseed), Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce (sweet fennel), Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile) and Mentha x piperita (peppermint). International Journal of Aromatherapy, 15(4), 163-167.

(7)Sharafzadeh, S., & Alizadeh, O. (2011). German and Roman chamomile. Journal of applied pharmaceutical science, 1(10), 01-05.

(8)Al-Snafi, A. E. (2016). Medical importance of Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile)-a review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, 6(2), 89-95.

(9)Zeggwagh, N. A., Moufid, A., Michel, J. B., & Eddouks, M. (2009). Hypotensive effect of Chamaemelum nobile aqueous extract in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 31(5), 440-450.

(10)Piccaglia, R., Marotti, M., Giovanelli, E., Deans, S. G., & Eaglesham, E. (1993). Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Mediterranean aromatic plants. Industrial crops and Products, 2(1), 47-50.

(11)Chao, S., Young, G., Oberg, C., & Nakaoka, K. (2008). Inhibition of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 23(6), 444-449.

(12)Saderi, H., Owlia, P., Hosseini, A., & Semiyari, H. (2003, February). Antimicrobial effects of chamomile extract and essential oil on clinically isolated Porphyromonas gingivalis from periodontitis. In III WOCMAP Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-Volume 6: Traditional Medicine and Nutraceuticals 680 (pp. 145-146).

(13)Choi, W. I., Lee, S. G., Park, H. M., & Ahn, Y. J. (2004). Toxicity of plant essential oils to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Journal of economic entomology, 97(2), 553-558.

(14)Russo, C., Edwards, K. D., Margetts, G., Kleidonas, S., Zaibi, N. S., Clapham, J. C., & Zaibi, M. S. (2021). Effects of Salvia officinalis L. and Chamaemelum nobile (L.) extracts on inflammatory responses in two models of human cells: Primary subcutaneous adipocytes and neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 268, 113614.

(15)Zhao, J., Khan, S. I., Wang, M., Vasquez, Y., Yang, M. H., Avula, B., ... & Khan, I. A. (2014). Octulosonic acid derivatives from Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) with activities against inflammation and metabolic disorder. Journal of natural products, 77(3), 509-515.

(16)Martin, H. (2010). Role of PPAR-gamma in inflammation. Prospects for therapeutic intervention by food components. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 690(1-2), 57-63.

(17)Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: a herbal medicine of the past with a bright future. Molecular medicine reports, 3(6), 895-901.

(18)Ramadan, M., Goeters, S., Watzer, B., Krause, E., Lohmann, K., Bauer, R., ... & Imming, P. (2006). Chamazulene carboxylic acid and matricin: a natural profen and its natural prodrug, identified through similarity to synthetic drug substances. Journal of natural products, 69(7), 1041-1045.

(19)Bhaskaran, N., Shukla, S., Srivastava, J. K., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: an anti-inflammatory agent inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by blocking RelA/p65 activity. International journal of molecular medicine, 26(6), 935-940.

(20)Erjaee, H., Rajaian, H., & Nazifi, S. (2017). Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Parameters of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Roman chamomile in mice. Turk J Pharm Sci.

(21)Aremu, O. O., Tata, C. M., Sewani-Rusike, C. R., Oyedeji, A. O., Oyedeji, O. O., & Nkeh-Chungag, B. N. (2018). Phytochemical composition, and analgesic and antiinflammatory properties of essential oil of Chamaemelum nobile (Asteraceae L All) in rodents. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 17(10), 1939-1945.

(22)Eddouks, M., Lemhadri, A., Zeggwagh, N. A., & Michel, J. B. (2005). Potent hypoglycaemic activity of the aqueous extract of Chamaemelum nobile in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 67(3), 189-195.

(23)Tognolini, M., Barocelli, E., Ballabeni, V., Bruni, R., Bianchi, A., Chiavarini, M., & Impicciatore, M. (2006). Comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity. Life sciences, 78(13), 1419-1432.

(24)Wilkinson, S., Aldridge, J., Salmon, I., Cain, E., & Wilson, B. (1999). An evaluation of aromatherapy massage in palliative care. Palliative medicine, 13(5), 409-417.

(25)Masago, R., Matsuda, T., Kikuchi, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Iwanaga, K., Harada, H., & Katsuura, T. (2000). Effects of inhalation of essential oils on EEG activity and sensory evaluation. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 19(1), 35-42.

(26)Al-Jawad, F. H., Al-Razzuqi, R. A., Hashim, H. M., & Ismael, A. H. (2012). Broncho-relaxant activity of Nigella sativa versus anthemisnobilis in chronic bronchial asthma; a comparative study of efficacy. IOSR J Pharmac, 2, 81-83.

 

圖:Thalluri, G. S. K., & Srinu, P. (2018). Role of Chamomile in Cancer Treat-ment. J Pathol Clin Med Res, 1(001).

 

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