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Volume 5, Issue 5, May – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Analyzing Disposal Methods of Crop Residue (Parali)


Namra Fatima Awadhesh Chandramauli
Scholar, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology Assistant Professor, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology
Uttaranchal University Uttaranchal University
Dehradun, India Dehradun, India

Nishima Chaddha
Assistant Professor, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology
Uttaranchal University
Dehradun, India

Abstract:- We know India is a second largest agro-based III. COMPOSITION OF PARALI


economy. Thus obviously producing the agricultural
waste, (in local terms parali). Deliberately burning down Table-1 below shows mainly crop residuals due to
of the straw stubble, the remaining sections after grain, production of cereal crops and sugar cane. This is
similar to paddy, wheat, and so on, have been harvested, conventional practice to use these residuals i.e. parali for
has become a big natural phenomenon that causes soil stabilization along with the fertility of the soil. But due
medical issues almost as much as it adds for global to hug amount, to burn surplus crops is a normal practice in
warming. There are various possibilities of turning a some of countries especially in Asia. But burning these
'squander' object (parali) into an important thing. It residuals have its environmental issues and require some
could be achieved by generating power from biomass, a technical assistance for burning safely in the environment.
feed hotspot for domesticated animals, helping to
manage disintegration, or even essential final results Source Composition
such as health products, drugs, and composts. The goal Rice Husk, Bran
of this paper is to explore elective eco-friendly disposal Wheat Bran, Straw
technique to be adopted in India. Maize Strover, Husk, Skins
Millet Strover
Keywords:- Parali, Parali Burning, Effects, Pollution,
Sugarcane Sugarcane tops, bagasse, molasses
Pyrolysis.
Table-1: Waste Produced By Main Crops
I. INTRODUCTION
Plant biomass consists primarily of cellulose,
Parali is the lower part of the paddy crop which is left hemicellulose, and lignin with lesser quantities of pectin,
after harvesting the upper part of the crop, which is not of protein extractives, carbohydrates, and phosphorus,
any use for the farmers. The farmers have to evacuate the chlorophyll, and inorganic waste. Lignin provides the
fields to plant the next crop, so the farmers set fire to the rest structural protection relative to cellulose and hemicellulose
of the crop i. e. dry parali. It is known as “straw”. It is used and is nearly impermeable. Lignin prevents fermentation,
as feed for ruminants and for others, various uses such as since it is extremely chemical resistant and biodegradation.
excrement, covering, paper mash, liquor, mats, poultry litter Some components of crops like stalks, straw and husk had
and production of mushrooms. In addition, rice produces been categorized as lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the
rice clean, rice wheat and rice husk alongside the paralytics. lignocellulosic biomass is compensated for by large
On a regular course. There are 20% husks, 10% straw, 3% agricultural crops cultivated around the world— maize,
polishings, 1-17% split rice and 50-66% washed rice. wheat, corn, and sugarcane, respectively. Hemicellulose and
lignin are considered as valuable commodity due to its
ample abundance as a raw material for biofuel processing.
II. OBJECTIVE

There are many ways to turn a' waste' commodity (i.e. IV. BURNING OF CROP RESIDUES IN INDIA
straw) into something worthwhile.
India being the second major populated country in the
The objectives of this paper are to: world also having history in agriculture, produces vast
quantities of food grains such as rice and wheat for domestic
 Investigate alternative uses of parali
consumption and export. According to data provided by
 Identify the best likely alternative to be adopted around
government agencies, production of major crops in 2012-13
the world
is shown in table 2. Among the various crops cultivated,
 Investigate alternative disposal method of parali majority crop residue of rice, wheat, and sugarcane are
 Identify eco-friendly disposal mode of parali burnt. These crops have significant returns on investment
 Reduce the rate of pollution which makes it extremely difficult for farmers to find
alternative crops that yield lower residues from crops.

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Volume 5, Issue 5, May – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Crop Production(Mt) V. POSSIBLE PROBLEMS DUE TO BURNING OF
Sugarcane 361 PARALI
Rice 105
Wheat 94 Some of the possible problems raised due to burning
Cotton 35 of parali are:
Oil seeds 30  Pollution and greenhouse gases emission.
Pulses 17  Nutritional deficiency e.g. N, P, K, S.
Jute 11  Hardness of soil and degradation with no shelter.
Table-2: Production Major Crops In India  Smoke and soot particles.
 Death of beneficial bacteria found in soil.
NPMCR provides data of crop residual statistics (state-
wise) produced and excess residue burned out. On the basis VI. HARM ON HEALTH
of NPMCR, it has been seen that crop residue production is
the highest in Uttar Pradesh state (60 Mt) followed by Ozone layer is bursting with carbon monoxide and
Punjab (51 Mt) and Maharashtra (46 Mt) with a total of 500 carbon dioxide gases in the smoke that comes out of the
Mt per year of which 92 Mt was burnt. Rice and wheat make burn, due to which the ultraviolet rays, which can prove
up about 70% of crop residues. Some amount of the fatal to the skin, reach the ground directly. Its smoke causes
accumulated waste is burnt and the remaining amount are irritation in the eyes. There is a problem of breathing and
left in the field. In crop residual, major contribution was of lung diseases are also occurring. The time period of burning
rice (approx.43%) after that wheat (approx.21%), sugarcane parali is also the time of Diwali which increases the level of
(19%) and oil seed crops (approx. 5%). pollution and hence results in severe air quality. Figure 2
shows the air quality index on Diwali night i.e. 27 October
For air pollution in Delhi, burning of parali (in Punjab 2019, in Delhi.
and Haryana) has been considered as responsible. In the
above mentioned states, every year at the end of September
and October, generally farmers burn tonnes of grain waste
after harvesting a low-cost straw disposal method to
minimize the processing period between harvesting and
seeding. Smoke produced after this burning creates a haze of
contaminants which create a ‘toxic atmosphere’ in Delhi
causing an emergency from air pollution. One research
estimated that 149 million tons of CO2, 9 million tons of
CO, 0.25 million tons of SOx and 1.28 million tons of PM
were emitted by crop residue burning. Figure 1 shows the air
pollution map of India on 04 November, 2019.

Fig. 2:- Pollution level in Delhi on Diwali night

VII. METHODS AND MATERIALS

 R.B.Singh et al, (1995) identified that the quantity of rice


straw supplied per hectare was largely dependent on the
variety used and the rehearsals obtained from
administration. Despite these factors, the quality of rice
straw is profoundly influenced by the storage technique.
Rice straw has historically been a significant source of
feed for cows and wild oxen in low-and high-info
cultivation systems throughout its numerous
applications.

 Ruihong Zhang et al (1999) used a high-rate anaerobic


Fig.1:- The Air Pollution Map of India absorption system, anaerobic-staged solids digester
system (APS-digester framework) to turn rice straw into
biogas. Smelling salts are used as an add-on nitrogen
hotspot for assimilation of rice straw. The impacts of the
specific pretreatment approaches, Physical (mechanical),

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Volume 5, Issue 5, May – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
warm and synthetic (smelling salts) therapy, a  Niveta Jain et al (2014) presented the state-wise
mesophilic temperature of 35ºC for rice straw estimates of air pollutants emitted from field burning of
assimilation was investigated. The most notable biogas crop residues in India.
yield was a combination of granulating (IO-mm length),
warming (ll0ºC) and smelling salt treatment (2%), 0.47 1  R.R. Romasanta et al (2017) led two analyses straw
ggl VS-' has been taken care of, which is 17.5 percent consuming trial utilizing ignition chamber and field
higher than the untreated whole straw biogas yield. probe straw consolidation to dissect the effect of
Temperature of pretreatment greatly impacts straw consuming of rice straw on CH4 and N2O discharges.
edibility. The Emission Factor of CH4 acquired with generally dry
straw (10% dampness content) surpassed the IPCC
 Olivier C. Devevre, William R Howarth, (2000) default an incentive by a factor of 2.1. Despite the fact
portrayed that anaerobes reused aging waste items during that the Emission Factor of N2O was practically
the long haul hatching bringing about a lower net indistinguishable from the IPCC esteem, CH4 was the
buildup C mineralization in overflowed frameworks fundamental supporter of the all outflows and GWP.
contrasted with non-overwhelmed conditions. This commitment will even be bothered given the normal
Accordingly, we watched comparative microbial creation increment in CH4 Emission Factors as a component of
under overwhelmed and non-overflowed conditions dampness substance as detailed in different
despite the fact that anaerobes decayed less straw-C than examinations.
aerobes. These outcomes show that a lot of disintegration
happened under overwhelmed conditions, but since  Camilia El-Dewany, et al, (2018) expected to archive the
substrate use proficiency was higher, less straw-C was issues happen from rice straw consuming like possibly
mineralized contrasted with high-impact conditions. destructive consequences for individuals' wellbeing,
Active examinations of C mineralization bends affirmed particularly for those with touchy eyes and respiratory
that the C mineralized in the overflowed treatment was issues, ecological effects spoke to by expanding of
primarily from labile pools with noteworthy sums worldwide methane discharge rates from rice fields and
originating from progressively stubborn pools, for arrangements spoke to by best administration practices
example, cellulose and lignin relying upon temperature. ought to be applied for rice straw every year delivered
under national and universal scales.
 Ayse E. Putun et al (2004) evaluated that when the
warming rate was 5 K/min the impact of pyrolysis  S. Bhuvaneshwari et al (2019) expressed that crop
conditions on item yields and bio-oil organization. buildups are one part of horticultural squanders that have
Pyrolysis temperature, molecule size, clearing gas stream presented particular difficulties because of their immense
rate and steam speed were the trial parameters. They also volume and absence of abilities to oversee them. Large
concluded that the temperature and atmosphere of yield intake produces CO2, CO, N2O and NOx in the soil
pyrolysis had considerable effect on the bio-yield and which has caused impressive visible changes around
composition, but the size of the molecule had a slight pollution. The Indian Government has endeavored
influence on the yields of products. numerous intercessions to abridge the measure of yield
buildup consuming various battles. Be that as it may,
 W.T.Tsai et al. (2006) performed rapid pyrolysis in a there is little proof in the distribute writing to help the
fixed-bed acceptance warming system on three biomass viable control of the circumstance, in all likelihood
squanders like rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, and because of the absence of instruction, mindfulness
coconut shell. The yield of fluid tar factor from projects, and partner commitment in the execution of the
sugarcane bagasse was found to be higher than that of approaches and activities. The genuine purposes for the
rice straw and coconut shell. Using a higher pyrolysis yield buildup consuming have more financial roots as
temperature of > 500 8C, a quicker heating rate of > 200 opposed to horticultural or squander the executive ones.
8C / min, and a longer holding time of > 2 min, the Not only is the issue associated with the horticultural
pyrolysis tar yield was roughly half the limit. component, but it is also a worrying concern in the fields
of environment, culture, social angles and teaching.
 Yu-Fong Huang, Pei-Te Chiueh , Wen-Hui Kuan ,
Shang-Lien Lo (2013) stated that at higher microwave  Niti Gupta (2019) led a study and installed minimal
power levels, the products obtained are more gaseous effort sensors across four regions in Punjab to screen
and less solid residues while liquid production remained PM2.5 discharges; talked with ranchers to comprehend
same i.e. 50% wt. their difficulties and what they see as the arrangement;
and gathered and broke down satellite data to
 Rob Bakker, et al, (2013) evaluated qualities, comprehend the pattern of paddy buildup copying in
shortcoming, opportunities and danger investigation of Punjab.
different parts of rice straw and wheat straw, when
utilized as a feedstock for the bio-based economy.

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Volume 5, Issue 5, May – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
In view of conversations with ranchers and applicable  Along with the above mentioned government steps,
partners, she made the accompanying key suggestions to NPMCR(launched by Ministry of Agriculture of India)
address the paddy buildup consuming issue. have the following purposes:
 Make paddy buildup the executives advancements 1. To develop the methods for optimum utilization and in-
accessible situ management of crop wastage, to restrict the losing of
 Promote brief term rice assortments soil nutrients, and the uses of crop residual in
 Raise rancher mindfulness commercial purposes.
 Monitor fire tallies and country air quality 2. Developing and promoting advanced crop machinery for
 Give ranchers impetuses to move away from the rice- farming. And to introduce various discount schemes and
wheat development cycle incentives to purchase various sowing machinery like the
 Set up systems to gather paddy buildup happy seeder, turbo seeder, etc.
 Use paddy buildup to deliver biofuels 3. To promote the satellite-based remote sensing
 Strengthen least help value tasks. technologies to monitor crop residual management with
some of government agencies such as NRSA and CPCB.
 Pratika Chawla, H.A.S. Sandhu (2020) stated that during 4. To provide financial aid and fund mobilization for
2014-18, the stubble burn area in Patiala and Ludhiana beneficial ideas and proposals to support above.
was reduced by 32% and 40% whereas the pollutant  Few policies to monitor and empowering the schemes
level slightly increases. The amount of SO2 emitted was provided by the central government along with the state
higher in comparison to RSPM and NOx. government. We can see in Punjab in which efforts made
for identifying and locating the correct locations of
 National Schemes and Policies to reduce crop residue burning crop. Government agencies had used remote
burning: operating system for the same.
 With the beneficial steps taken by government, we can
 The Indian government has advised to National Thermal check reduction of crop stubble burning in Punjab (38%)
Power Corporation (NTPC) for mixing residual of crop and Haryana (25%). Many farmers were awarded and
(approx. 10%) with coal for generating power. The got rewards and subsidies for taking part in these type of
farmers got benefit of monetary return of approx. Rs government policies.
5500 for 1 ton of crop residual. Farmers can exploit
profitably after these beneficial action.  Equipments and Machines Identified for Promotion
under the Scheme:-
 Similar type of measures are taken by the Indian
government like Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yogna (RKVY), In the concept notice for the programme, the Sub-
Committee of the Task Force under the chairmanship of the
State Plan Scheme of Additional Central Assistance
Secretary (Department of Agriculture Research and
which was launched in August 2007. Some useful
Education) and the Director General (Indian Council of
training program demonstration and were arranged in
some of villages of Uttar Pradesh. Many farmers have Agricultural Research) separated the executives from the
been given the required training of bio-conversion of corresponding machines and gear forms for in-situ crop
agricultural wastage and bio-compost production which build-up.
supported them in gaining economic benefits.

Happy Seeder Hydraulic Reversible Rotary Mulcher


Super Straw Management
M. B. Plough
System

Shrub Master Paddy Straw Chopper Rotavator Zero Till Seed cum Fertilizer
/Shredder Drill
Fig.3:- Different machines for harvesting and seeding of crops

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Volume 5, Issue 5, May – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 According to the report of the Committee on Review of the Scheme-“Promotion of Agricultural Mechanisation for In-Situ
Management of Crop Residue in States of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and NCT of Delhi, subsidies provided by the
government on these machines are shown in table 3.

S. No Machine Maximum price of subsidy Maximum permissible


including GST @ 12% (Rs) subsidy per machine (Rs)
1 Super Straw Management System (Super 1,12,000 56,000
SMS) to be attached with Combine Harvester
2 Happy Seeder
a) 09 tine 1,45,600 72,800
b)10 tine 1,51,200 75,600
c)11 tine 1,56,800 78,400
3 Paddy Straw Chopper/Mulcher /Shredder
a) Mounted type (Straw Chopper & Mulcher)
i) 5 ft 1,34,400 67,200
ii) 6 ft 1,45,600 72,800
iii) 7 ft 1,56,800 78,400
iv) 8 ft 1,68,000 84,000
b) Trailed type 2,52,000 1,26,000
c) Combo type 2,80,000 1,40,000
4 Shrub master/ cutter cum spreader 44,800 22,400
5 Hydraulic Reversible M.B. Plough
a) Two bottom 1,40,000 70,000
b) Three bottom 1,79,000 89,500
6 Rotary Slasher 44,800 22,400
7 Zero Till Drill
9 tine 42,560 21,280
11 tine 48,160 24,080
13 tine 53,760 26,880
15 tine 56,000 28,000
8 Rotavator
5 ft 84,000 42,000
6 ft 89,600 44,800
7 ft 95,200 47,600
8 ft 1,00,800 50,400
Table 3:- Subsidies Available For Various Agricultural Equipments

VIII. CONCLUSION REFERENCES

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ABBREVIATIONS

CO Carbon Monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
K Potassium
N Nitrogen
NOx Oxides of Nitrogen
N2O Nitrogen dioxide
NPMCR National Policy for Management of
Crop Residue
NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency
P Phosphorus
PM Particulate Matter
S Sulphur
SOx Oxides of Sulphur

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