Purpose of review: Visual examination of the uterine cavity and contextual operative facilities have provided the gynecologist with the perfect 'diagnostic' tool, making it possible to examine the cavity and biopsy suspected areas under direct visualization.
Recent findings: The approach used to insert the scope, together with the diameter of the hysteroscope and the distention of the uterine cavity, are of extreme importance in reducing patient discomfort to a minimum during an outpatient examination. The vaginoscopic approach (without speculum or tenaculum) has definitively eliminated patient discomfort related to the traditional approach to the uterus. One of the major problems for endoscopists is passing through the internal cervical os; the new generation of hysteroscopes, with an oval profile and a total diameter between 4 and 5 mm, are strictly correlated to the anatomy of the cervical canal. Miniaturized instruments have enabled the physician not only to perform targeted hysteroscopic biopsies, but also to treat benign intrauterine pathologies, such as polyps and sinechiae, without any premedication or anesthesia. This has been defined as a 'see & treat' procedure: there is no longer a distinction between the diagnostic and operative procedures, but a single procedure in which the operative part is perfectly integrated in the diagnostic work-up.
Summary: Diagnostic hysteroscopy has long paid the price of being a purely visual method of investigation. Today, thanks to recent advances in instrumentation and to modified techniques related to the simultaneous use of the scope and of instruments, hysteroscopy is finally achieving the full accuracy that has been awaited for the last 20 years.