Volume 6, Issue 9, September – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

A Study to Assess of Knowledge and Perception of

Women Regarding Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
and its Impact on Daily Routine Work
Dr. Ashok Kumar Dhanwal (Ph.D. Nursing)
Mr. Rajendra Kumar Sahu, M.Sc. (N), Nursing officer-
A, Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Cancer Centre BHU Campus, Varanasi Uttar Pradesh

Abstract:- of physical or emotional symptoms that most often occur

Background: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) about 5 to 11 days before a woman starts her monthly
is a women’s health problem similar to premenstrual menstrual cycle. In most cases, the symptoms stop when, or
syndrome (PMS) but is more serious than PMS. PMDD shortly after, her period begins (1) PMDD affects up to 5%
causes severe irritability, depression, or anxiety in a of women of childbearing age. Many women with PMDD
week or two before menstruation starts. Symptoms may also have anxiety or depression. (1). Between 20 and 40
usually go away two to three days after starting of percent of women experience moderate to severe
menses. PMS refers to a wide range of physical or premenstrual symptoms (PMS). Between 3 and 8 percent of
emotional symptoms that most often occur about 5 to 11 these experience symptoms that prevent them from
days before a woman starts her monthly menstrual cycle. functioning in normal daily life. This is premenstrual
PMDD affects up to 5% of women of childbearing age. dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (2). PMDD involves a set of
Aims and objectives: To assess knowledge and physical and psychological symptoms that affect daily living
perception of women about premenstrual syndrome and and threaten the individual’s mental wellbeing (2). Severe
premenstrual dysphoric disorder and their impact on stress and emotional upheaval are symptoms of PMDD that
daily routine work. Material and Methods: Cross- can affect working life and relationships. The exact cause of
sectional survey research design was adopted in the PMDD is unclear but changes in hormonal level throughout
study. Sample collection was done by using the the menstrual cycle may play a role (1). The hormone
Probability Random Sampling Technique. Where 60 changes can cause a serotonin deficiency which is found
women’s participated in this study. Self-structured naturally in the brain and intestines that narrows blood
knowledge questionnaires were used for data collection. vessels and can affect mood and cause physical symptoms.
Results: The results of the study show that majority of The prevalence of PMS in college students found 18.4%
women 53% (32) having moderate knowledge, 30% (18) where Moderate to severe PMS was 14.7% and PMDD was
having adequate knowledge, and 17% (10) having 3.7% (3) The symptoms commonly reported in Indian study
inadequate knowledge about PMS and PMDD. The are fatigue/lack of energy, decrease interest in work, and
mean score was 6.4 and the standard deviation was 1.98. anger/irritability (3). Banerjee N et al (2000) reported a
Regarding Perception majority of the woman 55 % (33) 6.4% premenstrual dysphoric disorder prevalence in 62
having favourable perceptions, 42% (25) having a women (4). Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and
moderate level of perception, and 3% (2) having premenstrual dysphoric disorder in medical students
unfavourable perceptions. Conclusion: This study reported 65% where 12% of the study population reported
concluded that PMS and PMDD affect daily routine PMDD. Impact of PMS and PMDD on their academic and
work and need more medical attention for symptomatic social performance reported 12% of absenteeism in class
or complete medical management of PMS and PMDD. and 32% avoidance of joining social functions (5). In the
study 4.8%. Prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Keywords:- Knowledge, PMS, PMDD, Premenstrual in school-going adolescent girls has been seen (6).
Problems. Association of PMDD with lifestyle factors, such as sleep,
physical activity, total tea/coffee intake, and change in
I. INTRODUCTION tea/coffee and food intake under stress has been seen in
medical students residing in a hostel (7). Anitha Durairaj et
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a al reported 14.3% moderate to severe PMS and PMDD 3.7%
women’s health problem similar to premenstrual syndrome prevalence in college girls. Impairment of college efficiency
(PMS) but is more serious than PMS. PMDD causes severe or productivity was seen in 82.66% and 100% of students
irritability, depression, or anxiety in a week or two before with moderate to severe PMS and PMDD respectively.
menstruation starts. Symptoms usually go away two to three Awareness about PMS was found 80% in students of Delhi
days after starting of menses. Women with PMDD need NCR but 43.8%) females knew about PMDD. The majority
medicine or other treatment to reduce symptoms (1). The 90% of female students think that PMS is an important issue
symptoms of PMDD are more severe than those seen with that should be discussed but 40.8% did nothing to relieve
premenstrual syndrome (PMS). PMS refers to a wide range their premenstrual symptoms (8). Cross-Sectional Study

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Volume 6, Issue 9, September – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
about Knowledge, Attitudes, and Severity of Symptoms of Regarding marital status 27% (16) were married and
Premenstrual Syndrome calls for an education program 77 % (44) were unmarried. Regarding Area of living 37%
related to PMS and menstrual-related disorders to provide (22) are from Rural and 67% (38) are from urban areas.
information and support to adolescents (9). Seema R
Deshpande et al reported 57% of female students' studies Regarding Family type 47% (28) belong to nuclear
were affected due to PMS. Drinking hot/cold beverages type family, 43% (26) belong to Joint family, and 10% (6)
were the most commonly used coping technique (10). belong to Extended family.

Objectives Regarding the source of knowledge 45% (27) receives

1. To assess knowledge and perception of the woman about Information from Healthcare professionals, 35% (21) from
the premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric the Internet or other online platform and 20% (12) from friends.
disorder and its impact on daily routine work.
2. To assess the impact of daily routine work due to The analysis was made based on objectives.
physical symptoms. Knowledge and perception of a woman regarding the
3. To assess the impact of daily routine work due to premenstrual dysphoric disorder and its impact on daily
psychological symptoms routine work was the first objective that was assessed in the
4. To find association of Sociodemographic variable with study found. Results revealed that the majority of women 53
knowledge and impact of daily routine work. % (32) had moderate knowledge, 30% (18) had adequate
knowledge and 17% (10) had inadequate knowledge
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS regarding PMDD. The mean score was 6.4 and the standard
deviation was 1.98.
Research Approach: Exploratory research approach with
the use of a Cross-sectional survey design is used in the Regarding Perception majority of the woman, 55 %
study. (33) had favourable perceptions, 42% (25) had a moderate
Sampling - In the present study sample collection was done level of perception and 3% (2) had unfavourable
by Probability Random Sampling Technique. Where 60 perceptions.
females participated in this study.
Inclusion Criteria Impact of emotional symptoms - 95 % of women’s was
1. Women’s age between 18- 45 Years of age. agreed that their daily routine work and social functioning
2. Participants who are willing to participate in the study. affected due to emotional symptoms of the premenstrual
dysphoric disorder.
Exclusion Criteria
1. Women who are unable to read Hindi or English. Impact of Physical symptoms - 90 % of women’s was
Tools - Self-structured knowledge questionnaire, consisted agreed that their daily routine work and social functioning
from 2 sections, Socio-demographic data (Includes affected due to physical symptoms of the premenstrual
Sociodemographic information of sample population) and dysphoric disorder.
Self-structured knowledge questionnaire (includes
Knowledge and perception), Content validation done by There was an association of family type with
subjects experts. knowledge score found where calculated chi-square value
16.86 value is greater than critical value 9.48 at 0.05
III. RESULTS significance level.

The Sociodemographic distribution in this study was There was an association of age group and education
followings – level found with a perception of women’s where calculated
The majority of women’s 83.5 % (50) belongs to the chi-square value 18.72 and 12.5 is greater than the critical
age group of 20 – 30 Years, 13.5 % (8) belongs to 31 – 40 value (df4) 9.48 at 0.05 level of significance.
Years age, and 3% (2) belongs to above 41 years of age.
IV. DISCUSSION
Regarding the level of education, 60% (36) were
graduates, 20% (12) were Post-Graduate, 20 % (12) having The result of the present study revealed that the majority of
education up to (10+2). women 53 % (32) had moderate knowledge, 30% (18) had
adequate knowledge and 17% (10) had inadequate
Regarding Occupation 40 % (24) were Govt. knowledge regarding PMDD. Results of a study done by
employees, 22% (25) had small own occupation and daily Surbhi Teotia et al done revealed that 80% of female
wages workers, and 18% (11) were Private employees. participants knew about PMS while only (43.8%) knew
about PMDD (8). Regarding Perception majority of the
Regarding Monthly Income 37 % (22) having income woman, 55 % (33) had favourable perceptions, 42% (25)
below 10000 Rupees, 28% (17) having income between had a moderate level of perception and 3% (2) had
11000 – 20000 Rupees, 35 % (21) having income above unfavourable perceptions. In this study 95 %, women’s was
21000 Rupees. agreed that their daily routine work and social functioning
affected due to emotional symptoms of the premenstrual

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Volume 6, Issue 9, September – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
dysphoric disorder, and 90 % of women’s was agreed that Priyanka Yadav. 2015, Ind Psychiatry J., pp. 150–
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