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Nazi bomber pilot's photograph helps Russian historians pinpoint mass graves of Stalin's victims
A team of Russian historians and archaeologists have used a Nazi bomber pilot's photograph to help them pinpoint the location of mass graves in Moscow containing the remains of thousands shot by Stalin's secret police.
The existence of a mass grave in the Kommunarka district in southwestern Moscow first came to light in the dying days of the Soviet Union when the KGB opened up its archives.
It was one of three killing fields in the city used by Stalin's NKVD secret police in the 1930s.
Historians believe at least 6,609 people were shot and thrown into mass graves in Kommunarka between 1937 and 1941.
The gated forested area was once used by NKVD chief Genrikh Yagoda, who had a holiday cottage there. But he fell foul of the regime and was removed from his post in 1936 and shot in 1938 - with his body most likely also disposed of in Kommunarka.
Until recently, the mass graves were believed to be located in one area of the forest, where victims' relatives put up a memorial.
But historians now believe the graves' location was misidentified.
No serious archaeological work has been done before in Kommunarka, said Roman Romanov, director of Moscow's Gulag History Museum, who co-led the investigation.
The area remains much less investigated than a larger Stalin-era killing field in Moscow's Butovo district, Romanov said.
But with a planned opening of a new memorial at Kommunarka, he said historians wanted to check exactly where the bodies were.
Romanov said they used ground-penetrating radar and historic photos to examine the area.
"We had volunteers working to clear the area and a geo-radar following us looking for anomalies in the ground," he said.
An aerial shot of Kommunarka taken by a Nazi pilot flying over Moscow in 1942 - when the graves were "fresh" - was key to the investigation.
Crucially, it showed the height of the trees in the area at the time.
Historians came to the conclusion that some of the trees had been planted over fresh graves - a tactic often used by the NKVD to cover up its executions.
Yan Rachinsky, a senior member of rights group Memorial that documents Stalinist crimes, estimates that around 30,000 people were shot in Moscow alone during Stalin's Great Terror between 1937 and 1938. High-ranking officials and scientists were among those shot and hastily buried in Kommunarka.
Rachinsky said that over a thousand of those believed to be buried in Kommunarka remain unidentified after the Russian security services closed access to Soviet-era files.
"The state is responsible for what happened here and it struggles to define its position," said historian Sergei Bondarenko, whose great-grandfather was shot in Kommunarka.
He predicted that only a "middle-ranking" government official would attend the opening of a new memorial this month.
"In my view it should be the president, because this was one of the biggest killing fields in Moscow," he said.