Volume 5, Issue 5, May – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Impacts of Body Area Network IEEE802.15.6 MAC

Protocols on Medical Sensors Performances
EDDABBAH MOHAMED AITZAOUIAT CAHARF EDDINE
MOUSSAOUI MOHAMED LATIF ADNANE
LAAZIZ YASSINE LABTIM ENSA Marrakech,
LABTIC. ENSA Tangier Cadi Ayyad University
Abdelmalek Essaadi University Marrakech, Morocco
Tetouan , Morocco

Abstract:- IEEE802.15.6 is one of the most appropriate condition and error prone channel. In a protocols
candidate to perform remote patient health monitoring. performances study [5] authors studied the effect of
WBAN. However for the special context of medical contention-based access, pooling-based access, and
exploitation, IEEE 802.15.6 has many challenge to schedule-based access on MAC performances. And in order
complet Thus, this protocol should have a high to increase MAC energy efficiency authors in [6] propose a
reliability and very low energy consumption. In this sleeping mechanism for CSMA/CA access. Authors in [7]
paper, we analyze IEEE802.15.6 MAC polling they analyze different real sensors characteristics and
mechanism performances. The study is based on WBAN priorities of IEEE 802.15.6 MAC that should be adjusted. In
IEEE802.15.6 protocol specifications for standardized [8] authors study the IEEE 802.15.6 coexistence strategies
data rates under two Narrow Band frequencies. Finding and interference mitigation, a reference scenario; time
results shows the originality of this study by shared, random channel CSMA/CA, is also done. Authors in
recommending decisive factors to select the appropriate [9] compare the IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6 MAC
medical sensor Data Rate in order to decrease packets performances, for medical applications for particular
loss ratio and consequently improve reliability. medical sensors data rate. Authors in [10] propose an
Moreover, our presented recommendations decrease adaptive priority-based MAC (AP-MAC) protocol with
energy consumption and consequently increase sensors transmission opportunities for IEEE 802.15.6 WBSNs. To
lifetime for medical sensors exploitation. improve WBAN reliability and energy efficiency Authors in
[11] present two novel and generic TDMA based
Keywords:- Polling; WBAN; IEEE802.15.6; Energy techniques. In [12][13] for nodes carrying emergency data
consumption, Medical Sensors. frames authors propose and analyze an efficient channel
access scheme, to compute the average delay and reliability
I. INTRODUCTION they also present an analytical model. In [14] to maximize
WBAN sensors lifetime authors develop a methodology in
Wireless sensors networks (WSN) are the best two steeps, maximizing batteries capacity, and saving this
candidate to perform medical patient remote monitoring capacity by using low-power wireless sensor technologies
[1][3], then performances evaluation are required to provide and MAC mechanisms to minimize current consumption.
a high QoS medical systems. IEEE802.15 working group All those studies provides an important insights into WSN
offers several standard for WSN, each standard has specific MAC protocols performances evaluation and improving
advantages in term of bandwidth, data rate, coverage, and principally IEEE802.15.6 MAC protocol, but these studies
energy consumption, the IEEE802.15.6 specifications and simulations would have been more useful if they had
provide one MAC layer and three possible PHY layer; based on standards specifications and parameters and data
Ultrawide-Band PHY layer, Narrowband PHY layer and rates. In this paper we study IEEE802.15.6 MAC protocols
Human Body Communication layer[1][2]. Current literature using OMNet++ Castalia simulator and taking into
on WBAN gives particular attention to protocols consideration possible Data Rates and frequency band for
performances simulation and evaluation [4]-[9]. However, Narrowband physical layer. Our simulations are based on
some studies remain narrow in focus, while dealing only IEEE802.15.6 std specifications , the rest of this paper is
with simulator default protocols parameters. WBAN is organized as fellow, section 2 gives a brief overview of
intended to hold patients data, therefore a powerful IEEE802.15.6 std, then section 3 begins by laying out the
performances study is important; authors in [4] use an theoretical parameters of our simulations, and the results
analytical model to analyze contention-based CSMA/CA discussion in the section 4, in the end we conclude the
mechanism performance of IEEE 802.15.6 under saturation paper.

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II. AN OVERVIEW OF THE IEEE 802.15.6 A. PHY Layers Specification
STANDARD  Narrowband PHY (NB)
The Narrowband PHY is responsible for radio
The IEEE802.15.6 standard defines one MAC layer for transceiver activation/deactivation and CCA (Clear Channel
different PHY layers, namely; NB (Narrowband), UWB Assessment). The PPDU (Physical Protocol Data Unit)
(Ultra-wideband), and HBC (Human Body frame of is composed of PLCP (Physical Layer
Communications) layers. The choice of a PHY depends on Convergence Procedure) preamble, a PLCP header, and a
the use case, in this section we give a summary of the PHY PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU) as given in Fig 1.
and MAC layers specifications.

Fig 1:- NB PPDU structure

In the timing synchronization and carrier-offset recovery the receiver uses the PLCP preamble which is the first transmitted
component. For a successful packet decoding, the PLCP header transmits necessary information. The PLCP header is transmitted in
the operating frequency band using the given data rate in the header. The PPDU is the last component of the PSDU which consists
of a MAC header, MAC frame body and FCS (Frame Check Sequence). The PPDU is transmitted after PLCP header using default
data rates in the operating frequency band. A WBAN node must support transmission and reception in one of the frequency bands
reviewed in Table1.

Table 1:- NB Frequency Bands Specifications

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The table shows the data-rate and the modulations such as packet structure, modulation, preamble/SFD, and the
parameters for PSDU and PLCP header. In narrowband rest. Fig. 3 describes the PPDU structure of EFC. The PPDU
physical layer, the standard uses DBPSK (Differential is composed of a preamble, SFD, PHY header and PSDU.
Binary Phase-shift Keying), DQPSK (Differential The preamble and SFD are fixed data patterns. The
Quadrature Phase-shift Keying), and D8PSK (Differential 8- preamble and SFD are pre-generated and sent ahead of the
Phase-shift Keying) modulation techniques, except for 420- packet header and payload. The preamble sequence is
450 MHz frequency that uses a GMSK (Gaussian minimum transmitted four times to ensure packet synchronization. The
shift keying) technique [19]. SFD is transmitted only once. The preamble sequence
shows the start of the packet When the packet is received,
 Ultra-Wideband physical layer (UWB) and then SFD indicate the start of the frame.
UWB physical layer uses a low band and a high band.
The low band uses 3 channels (1-3). However the high band
uses 8 channels (4-11). All channels are characterized by a
bandwidth of 499.2 MHz. Fig. 2 shows the Ultra-Wideband
PPDU, composed of a SHR (Synchronization Header), a
PHR (PHY Header), and PSDU. The SHR contains a
preamble and an SFD (Start Frame Delimiter). The PHR
contains the data rate of the PSDU, length of the payload
and scrambler seed. The PHR is used to decode the PSDU.
The SHR is contains a repetitions of Kasami sequences of Fig 3:- IEEE802.15.6 EFC PPDU structure
length 63. Usual data rates range from 0.5 Mbps up to 10
Mbps with 0.4882 Mbps as the mandatory one. B. MAC Layer Specifications
IEEE802.15.6 standard specifications divided channel
into super frames. Super frame is comprised of beacons. All
beacons have the same size. The hub selects the beacon
period boundaries, transmits a beacon frame at every super
frame beacon period. To inactive super frames the
corresponding beacon transmission time is shifted, this
process is done including a beacon Shifting Sequence field
in the beacons of inactive super frame sequences. The hub
Fig 2:- IEEE802.15.6 UWB PPDU structure transmits a beacon at every allocation time. The IEEE
802.15.6 MAC layer works under 3 modes, beacon mode
 Human Body Communications physical layer (HBC) with beacon period super frame boundaries, non-beacon
HBC physical layer operates in 2 frequency bands mode with super frame boundaries, and non-beacon mode
centered at 16 MHz and 27 MHz with a bandwidth of 4 without super frame boundaries.
MHz [18]. HBC physical layer uses EFC (Electrostatic Field
Communication), that covers the entire WBAN protocols,

Fig 4:- Beacon mode with beacon period super frame boundaries

Fig 5:- Non- beacon mode with super frame boundaries

Fig 6: Non-beacon mode without super frame boundaries

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Volume 5, Issue 5, May – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Beacon mode with beacon period SF (super frame) varies from CWmax to CWmin. Then the counter
boundaries: The hub transmits a beacon frame in each decremented constantly till a CSMA slot is equal to
beacon period during the issue of a SF but remains pCSMASlotLength. Data is transmitted When the
inactive otherwise. The SF structure of IEEE 802.15.6 counter reaches zero. The CW will be doubled and the
consists of the following phases beacon, EAP1, EAP2 channel will be busy if the counter reaches CWmax
(Exclusive Access Phase), RAP1, RAP2 (Random (higher priority).
Access Phase), Type I/II phase, Exclusive Access and a  Slotted Aloha access: This access mechanism is based
CAP (Contention Access Phase). (Figure 4) on contention probability. Based on this probability a
 Non-beacon mode with SF boundaries: The hub can node can obtains a new allocation in an Aloha slot. A
have SF only one in type I or II access phase. The node has privileges similar to CSMA/CA mechanism.
transmission time is attached to the current SF start,  Unscheduled access: To send polls or posts a hub uses
given by timed frame T-Poll. The T-poll is an equivalent unscheduled polling and posting access at any time
to the Poll frame that contain a transmit timestamp for across the frame. The active bit of the node will be set to
SF boundary synchronization. The hoop can improvise 1 and the node will stay active making itself available
in terms of post and poll allocation of the time frames. for grant polled or post allocations which may be even
(Figure 5) unscheduled.
 Non-beacon mode without SF boundaries: The hub can  Improvised access: Unscheduled polling and posting
provide only unscheduled type II polling access method. access can be used by the hub. In both polling and post
In this mode there are no SF boundaries. (Figure 6) allocations, it has the privileges of a RAP.

 Access mechanisms III. SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS ANALYSIS

The allocations in EAP, RAP and the CAP are more
confined, CSMA/CA and slotted aloha access are the access A. simulation platform overview
methods that are used to get the allocations. If a hub or a Among the existing simulators, we chose the Castalia
node try to send data types frames in an emergency access simulator to test the functioning and performance of our
phase with a high priority the hub attains allocation right at model in situations more in line with reality. Castalia [15] is
the start of the phase of EAP without affecting the a simulator for sensor networks which have very limited
CSMA/CA or slotted aloha access mechanisms. If the hub resources such as wireless body networks. It is based on the
wants to transmit data either in the random access phase or OMNeT ++ platform which is a simulation environment
the contention access phase, The allocation is constrained based on the C ++ language, is an open source application
and does not have the pre-emptive privilege of an EAP. under the GNU license [15]. It is widely used to test
algorithms and protocols in real wireless communication
 CSMA/CA: This access mechanism uses a back off modules, with realistic behavior. Castalia offers the
counter and a CW (contention window) to get a new possibility of manipulating different layers of the OSI
allocation. A node has the privilege to initiate, use, model. Indeed, it is possible to define MAC, Network and
modify, abort or end a contended allocation. The node Application layers, thus making it possible to create
use its counter to a random integer value between one networks of static or mobile nodes. Figure 7 shows how a
and a CW. CW varies depending on the user priority it simulation works on Castalia.

Fig 7:- Node composite module

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Volume 5, Issue 5, May – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
B. Simulations Parameters  4  c
In this study, we consider a BAN network deployed on PL0  20 log 10   
the human body where the position of the nodes is fixed, as   , f (2)
presented in Figure 8, we consider 6 nodes placed on the
right wrist, the left wrist, right ankle, left ankle, chest and η is the exponent of the path weakening, it depends on
left hip. the environment.
Here, Xσ is a random variable that describes fading
(shadowing) with a lognormal distribution with mean µ = 0
and standard deviation σ.

The distribution function of the variable Xσ, is defined

by [81]:
 X2 
f X  
1
exp  2 
2   2  (3)

In the case where the path loss model of equation 1

does not give good results, we use an option given by the
Castalia simulator, which explicitly defines a path loss map
of all the nodes in A file. This means that the file contains
the values of the path loss between each pair of nodes. In
our simulation model, we defined 5 nodes and a coordinator
(node 0), Table 3 shows the path loss values in dB between
each pair of nodes from the experimental tests.

Node 0 1 2 3 5 5
Node
0 0 56 40 59 54 58
1 56 0 52 52 58 61
2 40 52 0 58 54 61
3 59 52 58 0 50 63
Fig 8:- Model of a BAN network deployed on the human 4 54 58 54 50 0 63
body 5 58 61 61 63 63 0
Table 2:- Values of the Lowering of the DB Route Between
The Path-Loss model used in the simulations is derived the Nodes
from experimental channel measurements performed by the
NICTA group [16]. However, for each simulation scenario, Another very important aspect of the radio channel is
the parameters of the path loss model must be properly the temporal variation. In our simulation, we are based on
adjusted to reflect the simulation scenarios as closely as the model implemented in the Castalia simulator drawn
possible. from experimental measurements [17]. The model is based
on the Gamma distribution of probability density function:
The path fading PL (d) in dB as a function of the 1 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥|𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎−1 𝑒𝑥𝑝 { } (4)
distance between two nodes can be modeled as a 𝑏 𝛤(𝑎) 𝑏
combination of the mean path loss PL0 (d) and the Γ(.) is the gamma function
shadowing and is written as follows:
In the Castalia simulator, we have introduced the radio
parameters of the Narrow-band physical layer of the IEEE
d 
PL(d )  PL0 (d 0 )  10 log 10    X  (1) 802.15.6 standard for two frequency bands 902Mhz-
928Mhz and 2.4Ghz-2.4835Ghz, These parameters are: the
 d0 
frequency band, the bit rate, the modulation type, the
PL0 (d 0 ) number of bits per symbol, the bandwidth, the sensitivity
Where , is the path loss in free space
(Equation1) at a reference distance d0 generally equal to 1 and the power consumed. Tables 3 and 4 give the different
meter, it depends on the frequency radio parameters defined in the band 2.4-2.4835 GHz and in
the band 902-928MHz respectively.

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Bit rate 242,9 Kb/s 485,7 Kb/s 971,4 Kb/s

Modulation D-BPSK D-BPSK D-QPSK

Number of bits per symbol 1 1 2
Bandwidth (MHz) 1 1 1
Sensitivity (dbm) -90 -87 -83
Power consumption (mw) 3,1 3,1 3,1
TxOutputPower (dbm) 15 15 15
Table 3:- Radio Parameters Defined In the Band 2.4-2.4835 GHz

Bit rate 202,4 Kb/s 404,8 Kb/s 607,1 Kb/s

Modulation D-BPSK D-QPSK D-8PSK

Number of bits per symbol 1 2 3
Bandwidth (MHz) 0,4 0,4 0,4
Sensitivity (dbm) -91 -87 -82
Power consumption (mw) 3,1 3,1 3,1
TxOutputPower (dbm) 15 15 15
Table 4:- Radio Parameters Defined In the Band 902-928 MHz

The other parameters used in the simulation model are It is also assumed, in all simulation scenarios, that the
listed in Table 5 packet rate of each node varies between 0.1k packets / s and
250k packets /s.
Slot allocation length (ms) 10
Mac Buffer 48 The narrowband physical layer (“Narrowband”, NB) is
Number of Slots allocation 32 (RAP length= 32- intended for the communication of sensors worn or
EAP length) implanted on the human body. It works mainly on three
Noise Floor (dBm) -104 aspects, namely, activation and deactivation of the radio
Table 5:- Simulation Parameters transceiver, Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) and data
transmission / reception
In this simulation model, routing is not used, because
on the one hand, we use a star network managed by a Two hundred and thirty channels have been defined in
coordinator. And on the other hand, we want to evaluate the seven operating frequency bands:
performance of the MAC layer without influence of the  402 ~ 405 MHz (10 channels);
upper layers.  420 ~ 450 MHz (12 channels);
 863 ~ 870 MHz (14 channels);
C. IEEE 802.15.6 MAC performances Simulations  902 ~ 928 MHz (60 channels);
The base MAC layer, of an IEEE802.15.6 BAN  950 ~ 958 MHz (16 channels);
network, divides time into BI (beacon intervals). Each tag  2360 ~ 2400 MHz (39 channels);
interval consists of several access phases: EAP1, RAP1,  2400 ~ 2483.5 MHz (79 channels).
type I / II access phase, EAP2, RAP2, the type I / II access
phase and the CAP. The hub or node can obtain time slots in Our study covers two frequency bands: 902 ~ 928
EAP1 and EAP2, valid per access instance, only if it wants MHz (60 channels), and 2400 ~ 2483.5 MHz (79 channels).
to send data type frames with the highest user priority. The
access method can be either CSMA / CA or Slotted Aloha.  Bande de fréquence 2.4-2.4835 GHz
In the MAP access phase, access to the channel is managed
by the hub, which plans the allocation of slots. The polling
access method is used in the MAP I / II access phase. The
polling mechanism in the MAC base layer of the 802.15.6
standard is illustrated in Figure 9.

In this work, we are study the polling mechanism used

by the MAC layer of the IEEE802.15.6 standard, we
analyze, in particular, the impact of transmission rate and
frequency band on performance of the BAN 802.15.6
network in the physical layer NB (Narrow Band) in terms of
lost packets and energy consumption.
Fig 9:- energy consumption for the nb frequency 2.4-2.4835
ghz.

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 Packets loss ratio:
Knowing that a BAN must communicate critical
information from a patient, therefore a high packets loss
ratio will delay communication and have a negative impact
on quality of service [21]. The fewer the number of
retransmissions, the better the reliability of data
transmission. Retransmission occurs when a sending device
does not receive an acknowledgment from the recipient
(Figure 13). There are different reasons for not receiving the
acknowledgment, i.e. loss of data packets due to collision on
the receiving side, lost acknowledgment, late receipt of
acknowledgment , etc. The high number of retransmissions
Fig 10:- packet loss rate for the nb frequency 2.4-2.4835
guarantees reliability, but at the same time causes delays in
ghz.
network performance because retransmissions involve
access of the same packet to the channel and bandwidth,
 Bande de fréquence 902-928 MHz
which will affect the performance of other nodes, and cause
additional energy consumption.

In our simulation the nodes send packets for 50

seconds. Thus, if the reception is perfect, we will reach 2000
packets per node for the case of 40 packets / s / node.

So;
Np (ideal) = (packet rate) * (simulation time) (5)
Np (ideal): Number of packets received in ideal
communication cases.
Fig 11:- energy consumption for the nb frequency 902-928 During a simulation scenario the receiver receives a number
mhz of Np packets (received).
Np (received) <Np (ideal) (6)

In this case the packet loss ratio can be calculated by

the following formula:

TPP = (Np (received)) / (Np (ideal)) (7)

The following diagrams explain the packet interactions

between a transmitter and a receiver.

Fig 12:- packet loss rate for the nb frequency 902-928 mhz

D. Results Analysis
The MAC layer is responsible for the process by which
each node has access to shared resources during a given
period. The shared resource in this case is the wireless
channel. There are different approaches, some are better
suited than others, depending on the application. In general,
they all try to achieve a low power consumption and a low
packet loss ratio.

A BAN body network must interconnect sensors

around or inside the human body, these sensors measure
parameters predefined by a medical team, which implies
different sending frequencies and subsequently different
data rates. The NarrowBand layer standardizes several data
rates and several frequency bands which makes it the most
Fig 13:- Paquet perdus avec absence d’ACK .
suitable for implementing a network of body sensors.
However, the choice of data rates and frequency band
T_ACK=C/(data rate) (8)
impacts the of packets loss ratio and the energy
consumption.

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IV. CONCLUSION
 Energy consumption
The energy consumed must be determined in each WBAN performances evaluation is essential, if not
decision taken when designing a medical remote monitoring primordial when the network transmit patients data, the
system [20], for example, if the nodes must wait for an communication delay, the packet loss and the power
acknowledgment from the base station before they can go to consumption should be estimated to design a remote patient
standby, this means more power consumption, more return health monitoring platform with high QoS. Thus in our
of lost packets, less battery life time. study we was interested more in the Narrowband physical
layer possible data rates, for two important WSN QoS
Energy consumption is also important, since a sensor / parameters; energy consumption and packet loss ratio.
actuator implanted inside the human body must save its Running several simulations under tow frequency band
energy consumption in order to avoid surgical procedures 902MHz-928MHz and 2.4GHz-2.4835GHz, our study
for batteries replacement. highlight an important issue about real data rate used by
Narrowband physical layer. further works are needed for
The IEEE802.15.6 standard operates in the other physical layers
narrowband frequencies 2.4-2.4835GHz, in our analysis we
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