Skip to main content
Log in

The origin of angiosperms

  • Interpreting Botanical Progress
  • Published:
The Botanical Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The claim of monophyletic origin of angiosperms arose from the confusion of phylogenetic and taxonomic concepts. Unpreconceived studies of extant angiosperms point to more than one archetype. Several lines of angiosperms have simultaneously entered the fossil record; the monocotyledons, proto-Hamamelidales, proto-Laurales and “proteophylls” (possibly ancestral to the Rosidae) are recognized among them. Three groups of Mesozoic seed plants — the Caytoniales, Czekanowskiales and Dirhopalostachyaceae — are distinguished as major sources of angiosperm characters (proangiosperms). Other Mesozoic lineages probably also contributed to the angiosperm character pool. Angiospermization is related to Mammalization and other processes involved in development of the Cenozoic lithosphere and biosphere.

РЕФЕРАТ

Представление о моно филетическом происх ождении покрытосеменных сло жилось в результате смешения филогенети ческих и таксономиче ских принципов. Непредвзя тый анализ современн ых цветковых указывет н а более чем один архетип. Несколь ко линий покрытосеме нных одновремено появили сь в палеонтологичес кой летописи, среди них на иболее важны однодольные, прото-га мамелидовые, протола вровые и “протеофиллы” (возм ожно, предки розоцветных). Главным источником ангиоспе рмных признаков могли быть три группы мезозойск их семенных растений — к ейтониевые. чекановс киевые и диропалостахиевые (проангиоспермы). Другие группы также, в озможно внесли свой вклад в “фонд при знаков”. Ангиосперми зация сопряжена с маммализ ацией и другими процессами, ведущими к формированию литос феры и биосферы.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature Cited

  • Ashlock, P. D. 1974. The uses of cladistics. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.,5: 81–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bate-Smith, E. C. 1972. Chemistry and phylogeny of the angiosperms. Nature,236: 353–354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, W. A. 1957. Flora of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geol. Surv. Can. Mem.,293: 1–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behnke, H. D. 1973. Sieve-tube plastids of Hamamelididae, electron microscopic investigations with special reference to Urticales. Taxon,22: 205–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, E. W. 1914. The Upper Cretaceous and Eocene floras of South Carolina and Georgia. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper,84: 161 p.

  • -. 1916. The Upper Cretaceous floras of the world. Maryland Geol. Survey, 183–314.

  • — 1919. Upper Cretaceous floras of the eastern Gulf region in Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper,112: 1–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1922. The flora of the Woodbine sand at Arthurs Bluff, Tex. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper,129G: 153–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhandari, N. N. 1971. Embryology of the Magnoliales and comments on their relationships. Jour. Arnold Arboretum,52: 285–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blagovestchenskij, A. V. 1975. Seed proteins and the phylogeny of the Angiospermae. Bull. Mosc. Soc. Natur., Biol.,80: 87–92 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosellini, A., andH. J. Hsü. 1973. Mediterranean plate tectonics and Triassic palaeogeography. Nature,244: 144–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boulter, D. et al. 1972. A phylogeny of higher plants based on the amino acid sequences of cytochrome “c” and its biological implications. Proc. Roy. Soc.,181B: 441–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brink, A. 1973. Paramutation. Ann. Rev. Genet.,7: 129–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burakova, A. T. 1971.Sogdiania abdita from the Middle Jurassic of Central Asia — probable ancestor of flowering plants.In: Problems of paleontology,4: Leningrad: 3–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, H. L. 1975. The genetics of speciation at the diploid level. Am. Natur.,109: 83–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronquist, A. 1968. The evolution and classification of flowering plants. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 396 pp.

  • Dettmann, M. E. 1973. Angiosperm pollen from Albian to Turonian sediments of eastern Australia. Geol. Soc. Austral. Spec. Publ.,4: 3–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dilcher, D. L. 1974. Approaches to the identification of angiosperm leaf remains. Bot. Rev.,40: 1–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dingle, R. V., andR. A. Scruton. 1974. Continental breakup and the development of post-Paleozoic sedimentary basins around southern Africa. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.,85: 1467–1474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. A. 1969. Cretaceous angiosperm pollen of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and its evolutionary significance. Jour. Arnold Arbor.,50: 1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1973. Fossil evidence on early evolution of the monocotyledons. Quart. Rev. Biol.,48: 399–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, andL. J. Hickey. 1972. Coordinated evolution in Potomac Group angiosperm pollen and leaves. Am. Jour. Bot.,59: 660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine, W. M. 1889. The Potomac or Younger Mesozoic flora. U.S. Geol. Survey Monogr.,15: 1–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gambarian, P. P. 1970. Again on the numerical taxonomy. Jour. Gen. Biol.,31: 410–414 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Göppert, H. R. 1854. Die Tertiärflora auf der Insel Java. Elberfeld, 162 S.

  • Harris, T. M. 1951a. The relationships of the Caytoniales. Phytomorphology,1: 29–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1951b. The fructification ofCzekanowskia and its allies. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London,235B: 483–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1954. Mesozoic seed cuticles. Svenska Bot. Tidskr.,48: 281–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1964. The Yorkshire Jurassic flora, pt. 2. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London, 185. pp.

  • -,W. Millington, and J. Miller, 1974. The Yorkshire Jurassic Flora, IV. Ginkgoales and Czekanowskiales. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London, 150 pp.

  • Heer, O. 1876. Beiträge zur Jura-Flora Ostsibiriens und des Amurlandes. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersb.,22: 1–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heslop-Harrison, J. 1958. The unisexual flower — a reply to criticism. Phytomorphology,8: 177–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollick, A. 1930. The Upper Cretaceous floras of Alaska. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper,159: 1–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howells, W. W. 1950. Origin of the human stock: concluding remarks of the Chairman. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.,15: 79–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, N. F. 1961. Fossil evidence and angiosperm ancestry. Sci. Progr.,49: 84–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1976. Palaeobiology of angiosperm origins. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 242 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huxley, J. 1942. Evolution: the modern synthesis. New York, Harper, 645 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, E. M. 1968. Probable angiosperm pollen from British Barremian to Albian strata. Palaeontology,11: 421–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khokhrjakov, A. P. 1975. Somatic evolution of the monocotyledons, Nauka, Moscow, 196 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Knobloch, E., undZ. Kvaček. 1965.Byttneriophyllum tiliaefolium (Al. Broun) Knobloch et Kvač ek in den tertiären Floren der Nordhalbkugel. Sbornik geol. věd, Reihe P,5: 123–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowlton, F. H. 1917. Fossil floras of the Vermejo and Raton Formations of Colorado and New Mexico. U.S. Geol. Survey. Prof. Paper,101: 223–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krassilov, V. A. 1967. Early Cretaceous flora of South Primorye and its bearing on stratigraphy. Nauka, Moscow, 248 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1968. Czekanowskiales — a new group of gymnosperms. Rep. Acad. Sci. USSR,178: 492–495 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1971a. New data on the structure and evolution of the reproductive organs of ancient angiosperms. Rep. Acad. Sci. USSR,196: 1449–1451 (Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1971b. Evolution and systematics of conifers (critical review). Paleontol. Jour.,1: 7–20 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1972. Mesozoic flora of the Bureja River. Nauka, Moscow, 151 pp. (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1973a. The Jurassic disseminules with pappus and their bearing on the problem of angiosperm ancestry. Geophytology,3: 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1973b. Mesozoic plants and the problem of angiosperm ancestry. Lethaia,6: 163–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 1973c. Cuticular structure of Cretaceous angiosperms from the Far East of the USSR. Palaeontographica,142B: 105–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1975. Paleobotanical evidence on the origin of Japan Sea. Pacific Geol.,10: 43–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1975a. Evolution of the Late Cretaceous vegetation of the western Pacific coast in response to climatic changes and tectonic events.In: V. A. Krassilov (ed.), Fossil floras of the Far East. Proc. Inst. Biol. and Pedol.,27(130): 30–42.

  • —. 1975b. Dirhopalostachyaceae — a new family of proangiosperms and its bearing on the problem of angiosperm ancestry. Palaeontographica,153B: 100–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • -. 1976. Contributions to the knowledge of the Caytoniales. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. (in press).

  • Kryshtofovich, A. N. 1958. The Cretaceous flora of the Anadyr basin. Acta Inst. Bot., ser. 8, Palaeobotanica,8: 8–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • -,and T. N. Baikovskaja. 1960. Cretaceous flora of the Sakhalin. Acad. Sci. USSR, Leningrad, 122 pp. (in Russian).

  • Larson, R. L., andJ. W. Ladd. 1973. Evidence for the opening of the South Atlantic in the Early Cretaceous. Nature,246: 209–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lesquereux, L. 1874. Contributions to the fossil flora of the Western Territories, I. The Cretaceous flora. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey. Terr. Rept.,6: 1–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1876. On some new species of fossil plants from the lignitic formations. U.S. Geol. Geogr. Survey Terr., Bull.1: 363–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesquereux, L.. 1892. The flora of the Dakota group. U.S. Geol. Survey Mon.,17: 1–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillegraven, J. A. 1974. Biogeographical considerations of the marsupial-placental dichotomy. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.,5: 263–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur, R. H., andE. O. Wilson, 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 203 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari, H. K., andS. V. Meyen. 1975.Cladostrobus and the systematics of Cordaitalean leaves. Lethaia,8: 103–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meeuse, A. D. J. 1970. The descent of the flowering plants in the light of new evidence from phytochemistry and from other sources. Acta Bot. Neerl.,19: 61-72, 133–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1972. Facts and fictions in floral morphology with special reference to the Polycarpicae, 1–2. Acta Bot. Neerl.,21: 113–127 and 235–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyen, S. V. 1971. Parallelism and its significance for the systematics of fossil plants. Geophytology,1: 34–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, H., and N. Uhl. 1973. The Monocotyledons: their evolution and comparative biology. Quart. Rev. Biol.,48(3).

  • Muller, J. 1970. Palynological evidence on early differentiation of angiosperms. Biol. Rev. Cambridge Phil. Soc.,45: 417–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nathorst, A. G. 1890. Über die Reste eines Brotfruchtbaums,Artocarpus dicksoni, n. sp. aus den Cenomanian Kreideablagerungen Grönlands. K. Svensk. Vet-Akad. Handl.,24: 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newberry, J. S. 1898. The later extinct floras of North America. U.S. Geol. Survey Mon.,35: 1–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacltová, B., andM. Konzalová-Mazancová. 1970. Some conclusions of the palynological research in the Upper Cretaceous of the Bohemian Massif. Paläontol. Abh.,3B: 567–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallas, P. S. 1766. Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succinctas descriptiones. Hagae-Comitum.

  • Pant, D. D., andD. D. Nautiyal. 1960. Some seeds and sporangia ofGlossopteris flora from Raniganj coalfield, India. Palaeontographica,107B: 41–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, P. A. 1970. Controlling elements and mutable loci in maize: their relationship to bacterial episomes. Genetica,41: 33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philipson, W. R. 1974. Evolutionary lines within the dicotyledons. New Zealand Jour. Bot.,13: 73–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratter, J. A., andC. Milne. 1973. Chromosome numbers of some primitive angiosperms. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh,32: 423–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmusen, B., M. M. Green, andB. M. Karlsson. 1974. Genetic instability inDrosophila melanogaster. Molec. gen. Genet.,133: 237–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reymanowna, M. 1973. The Jurassic flora from Grojec near Kraków in Poland, pt. 2. Caytoniales and anatomy ofCaytonia. Acta Palaeobot.,14: 45–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Römer, A. Sh. 1949. Time series and trends in animal evolution.In: G. L. Jepsen et al. (eds.), Genetics, paleontology and evolution. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton: 120–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saporta, G. de. 1894. Flora fossile du Portugal. Acad. Roy. Sci., Lisbon, 288 pp.

  • -,et A. F. Marion. 1876. Recherches sur les végétaux fossiles de Meximieux. Lyon-Geneve-Bale.

  • Scott, R. A., andE. S. Barghoom. 1958.Phytocrene microcarpa — a new species of Icacinaceae based on Cretaceous fruits from Kreischville, New York. Palaeobotanist,6: 25–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sporne, K. R. 1972. Some observations on the evolution of pollen types in dicotyledons. New Phytologist,71: 181–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Surange, K. R., andH. K. Maheshwari. 1970. Some male and female fructifications of Glossopteridales from India. Palaeontographica,129B: 178–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takakashi, K. 1974. Palynology of the Upper Aptian Tanohata Formation of the Miyako Group, Northeast Japan. Pollen et Spores,16: 535–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takhtajan, A. L. 1966. Systema et phylogenia Magnoliophytorum. Nauka, Moscow, 611 pp. (in Russian).

  • Thien, L. B. 1974. Floral biology ofMagnolia. Amer. Jour. Bot.,61: 1037–1045.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, H. H. 1925. The Caytoniales, a new group of angiospermous plants from the Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London,231B: 299–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tikhomirov, V. N. 1972. On the reflection of some feature of angiosperm evolution in the phylogenetic classification. Bull. Moscow Soc. Natur. Res., biol. ser.,77: 73–87 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Trofimov, B. A., andV. Yu. Reshetov. 1975. Asia as a centre of development of mammals. Priroda,8: 32–43 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vakhrameev, V. A. 1952. Stratigraphy and fossil flora from the Late Cretaceous of the Western Kazakhstan. Trans. Geol. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR, 1, Moscow, 340 pp. (in Russian).

  • —. 1973. Angiosperms and the Lower-Upper Cretaceous boundary.In: Palynology of Mesophyte. Proc. III Internat. Palynol. Conference, Nauka, Moscow: 131–134 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Veevers, J.J., J. G. Jones, andJ. A. Talent. 1971. Indo-Australasian stratigraphy and the configuration and dispersal of Gondwanaland. Nature,229: 383–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Velenovský, J. et L. Viniklár. 1926–1931. Flora cretacea bohemiae. Czechoslovakia Statn. Geol. Ustav Rozpravy, pt. 1– 4: 1–54,1–51,1–31 and 1–112.

  • Williams, C. A. 1975. Sea-floor spreading in the bay of Biscay and its relationship to the North Atlantic. Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett.,24: 440–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Krassilov, V.A. The origin of angiosperms. Bot. Rev 43, 143–176 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860852

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860852

Keywords

Navigation