Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Physical and Chemical Properties of Organic

Fertilizer from Banana (Musa Paradisiaca)
Leaf and Stem with Effective Microorganism
Activactors (EM4)
Yuanita , F.Silvi Dwi Mentari, Roby, Riama Rita Manullang, Faradilla, Haryatie Sarie
Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Samarinda
Kampus Gunung Panjang Jl. Samratulangi Samarinda 75131
telp. 0541-260421/fax 0541-260680

Abstract:- Organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from through an engineering process, in solid or liquid form, can be
weathering of organic matter in the form of plant residues, enriched with minerals or microbes that are useful for
animal waste and can come from household waste or increasing nutrient content and soil organic matter and
industrial waste. One of the organic materials that can be improving physical properties, chemistry, and soil biology.
used as solid organic fertilizer is banana leaves and stems.
The process of making solid organic fertilizer with the Banana tree trunks have many benefits, one of which is
addition of dissolved effective microorganisms (EM 4) to fertilize plants. Therefore, banana tree trunks can be
accelerates the composting process well. processed into organic fertilizer which has a very large role for
soil fertility. Banana tree trunks can be processed into solid
This study aims to observe the physical properties of organic fertilizer, or used as a compost mixture by chopping it
fertilizers (color, aroma, shape and temperature) and into fine pieces, then mixed with other organic materials to be
chemical properties (pH, N, P, K, C-Organic and C/N processed into compost. Banana leaves can also be processed
Ratio or analyze the nutrient content of organic fertilizers into fertilizer and as organic material and used as a planting
from banana leaves and stems with Bioactivator Effective medium. Especially the leaves that have been dried and
microorganism (EM4). mashed to be used as a planting medium for ornamental plants,
as well as for vegetables (Abdul, 2021).
This research was conducted at the Production
Laboratory of the Plantation Cultivation Study Program Given the importance of the function and role of organic
and the Laboratory of Soil Science, Samarinda State matter for the soil and the increasingly intensive use of
Agricultural Polytechnic. inorganic fertilizers by farmers, it is very important to make
efforts to return organic matter to the soil. Minded chemical
The results of research on the physical properties of terms among farmers should be slowly changed. Awareness of
organic fertilizer from banana leaves and stems as a basic the importance of soil fertility in the future and the negative
ingredient of fertilizer are accelerated using EM 4 solution impact of using inorganic fertilizers must be understood by
for 25 days until ripe, visible from the black color, odorless, every farmer. Chemicals can harm health and the environment.
crumb form (crushed when squeezed) and normal For this reason, it is necessary to find an alternative
temperature (26OC). and chemical properties, pH 8.11, combination of the use of organic production facilities
nutrient content N 0.392 %, P 0.211 %, K 0.105 %, C- (organic farming technology packages) so that the production
Organic 12.492%, C/N 31.87 in accordance with the that can be achieved will not be much different from the use
compost quality standard SNI 19-7030-2004 of inorganic materials.

Keywords:- Organic Fertilizer, Leaves, Banana Stems, Effective Microorganism Solution (EM4) is a material in
Effective Microorganisms (EM4) the form of a fermenting liquid and consists of four main
groups, namely photosynthetic bacteria, Lactobacillus sp,
I. INTRODUCTION Streptomyces sp, and yeast (yeast). In addition to accelerating
the fermentation process, EM4 can add soil nutrients by
According to Funk (2014) organic fertilizers are pouring it on the ground and spraying it directly on the leaves
materials that contain carbon and one or more nutrients other of the plants (Susetya, 2015).
than H and O which are essential for plant growth, which do
not contain prohibited substances and are derived from natural This study aims to observe the physical properties of
materials, namely from plants or animals, which are applied to fertilizers (color, aroma, shape and temperature) and chemical
plants as a source nutrient. properties (pH, N, P, K, C-Organic and C/N Ratio or analyze
the nutrient content of organic fertilizers from banana leaves
Organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from dead and stems with Bioactivator Effective microorganism (EM4)
plants, animal waste or other organic wastes that have gone

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Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
II. RESEARCH METHODS 2. Manufacture of fertilizer:
a. First, prepare 20 kg of banana leaves and 25 kg of banana
A. Time and Place stems. Then the material is chopped using a chopping
machine.
1. Research Time b. After the banana leaf peels and banana stems are chopped,
This research was conducted for 2 months, from add the bran and rice husk, stir until well mixed, then flush
September 2021 to November 2021, the fermented EM4 solution evenly or until the fertilizer is
moist, namely by holding it with a fist, it has formed and
2 Research Place is solid until you feel water flowing from your grip. hand.
This research was conducted in two places, namely: c. After mixing and watering, cover the organic fertilizer
a. Fertilizer production is carried out at the Agronomy tightly using a tarpaulin. What if the hot fertilizer is done
Laboratory of the Samarinda State Agricultural by reversing the fertilizer, it can be done every day. During
Polytechnic. the decomposition process lasting ± 1 (one) week, the
b. Nutrient testing was carried out at the Soil Laboratory of temperature is maintained by regular turning. Maintain the
the Samarinda State Agricultural Polytechnic. temperature of the mound of dough at 40 – 50oC, if the
temperature is over 50oC the mound of dough is turned
B. Tools and Materials over, then covered again with a tarpaulin.
The tools used include machetes, sacks, rakes, sacks, D. Data Processing
digital scales, measuring cups, buckets, plastic sheeting, The research data included physical observations (color,
rulers, chopping machines, cameras, thermometers, rulers, pH odor, texture, and temperature), measurements were made
meters, and stationery. every day, and chemical properties by observing pH, N
(Nitrogen), P (Phosphorus), K (Potassium), C-Organic and
The materials used are banana leaves (25 kg), banana C/ N Ratio
stems (25 kg), EM4 (100 ml), brown sugar (1 kg), water (10 l)
and bran (10 kg), rice husk (10 kg).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
C. Research procedure
Making organic fertilizer from banana peels and mucuna A. Physical Properties
bracteata includes the following steps: The time needed to make organic fertilizer from banana
leaves and stems is 25 days by observing the color, aroma,
1. Preparation of EM4 solution shape and temperature. Formation of mature fertilizer is
a. The brown sugar is mashed by being beaten with a hammer characterized by a black or black color, odorless, crumb shape
after which the sugar is dissolved in 10 l of water (crushed when squeezed) and temperature. normal (26oC)
b. The sugar and water solution that has been mixed is filtered The results of physical observations of banana leaf and
through a filter and put into a bucket, add 100 ml of EM4 stem fertilizers with EM4 composting were carried out for 25
solution, stir until smooth or mixed, then cover the bucket days, the results of mature fertilizers were characterized by
and let it stand for 1 week color, smell, shape and temperature can be seen in Table 1
c. After 1 week the bucket was opened and it was seen that below;
the solution was dark brown in color, smelled of tape, and
you could see white threads, ready to use

Table 1. Daily data on changes in color, odor, form and temperature of fertilizer from banana peel and mucuna bracteata waste
Day Color Scent Form Temperature
To- (0C)
1 Greenish White No smell yet Rough 30
2 Greenish White No smell yet Rough 40
3 Greenish White No smell yet Rough 42
4 Yellowish White Smelled Rough 40
5 Yellowish White Smelled Rough 37
6 Yellowish White Smelled Rough 35
7 Yellowish White Smelled Rough 32
8 Yellowish White Smelled Little crumbs 32
9 Yellowish White Smelled Little crumbs 30
10 Light brown Less smelly Little crumbs Little 30
11 Light brown Less smelly crumbs 30
12 Light brown Less smelly Little crumbs 29
13 Light brown Less smelly Little crumbs 29
14 Light brown Less smelly Little crumbs Little 29
15 Light brown Less smelly crumbs 29
16 Light brown Less smelly Little crumbs 28
17 Light brown Less smelly 28

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Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
18 Light brown No smell Little crumbs Little 27
19 Light brown No smell crumbs 27
20 Dark brown No smell Crumb 27
21 Dark brown No smell Crumb 26
22 Dark brown No smell Crumb 26
23 Dark brown No smell Crumb 26
24 Dark brown No smell Crumb 26
25 Dark brown No smell Crumb 26
Crumb

Table 1 shows the time needed to make organic fertilizer from banana leaves and stems is 25 days by observing the color,
aroma, shape and temperature. The formation of fertilizer takes 25 days. crumbs (crumbles when crushed) and normal temperature
(260C)

B. Chemical Properties
The results of laboratory tests for nutrients contained in the raw materials for fertilizers from research that have matured
compared with the nutrients in standard fertilizer quality SNI 19-7030-2004 can be seen in table 2.

Table 2. Organic Fertilizer Nutrient Content

Compost
Parameter Unit Research result SNI 19-7030-2004
Min Maks
pH - 8,11 6,8 7,49
Nitrogen (N) % 0.398 0,40 -
Phosfor (P) % 0.211 0,10 -
Kalium (K) % 0.105 0,20 -
C-Organik % 12.492 9,8 32
C/N - 31.87 10 20
Source : Soil and Water Laboratory, Samarinda State Agricultural Polytechnic

gives off a pungent aroma but emits a weak aroma like the
smell of earth or the smell of forest humus. While the initial
Table 2 shows the manufacture of organic fertilizer from smell of the composting process does not smell, it still smells
banana leaves and stems which have been composted for 25 of the banana leaves and stems themselves.
days showing the nutrient content of Nitrogen (N) of 0.398%,
Phosphorus (P) of 0.211%, Potassium (K) of 0.105%, C- 3. Form
Organic of 12.492% C/N of 31.87 Fertilizer that has been cooked is crumbly, will feel soft
when crushed, when kneaded it will break easily and there
From the results of the physical analysis of organic will be a decrease in the volume/weight of the fertilizer along
fertilizers, this composting was carried out for 25 days. with the maturity of the fertilizer. The initial hard form then
Visually, the maturity of organic fertilizer from banana leaves becomes soft and already resembles the shape of the soil and
and stems using EM-4 solution can be identified from: the basic ingredients are no longer recognized. In accordance
with the opinion of Djuarnani et al (2006), mature fertilizer
1. Color has a crumb form like soil. Fertilizer raw materials used in the
The color of mature fertilizer is black and it takes 25 presence of a mixture of other ingredients affect the
days. Color changes from green at the beginning of decomposition process relatively faster than similar raw
composting to black at the end of composting or when materials (Murbandono, 2013)
fertilizer matures. According to Susetya (2014), the
characteristics of ripe fertilizer are black or black in color. 4. Temperature
Banana leaves and stems by adding EM 4 which are ripe are The final temperature for composting is 26oC, the initial
black or black in color, while at the beginning of the temperature is 30oC. During the composting process there is
composting process the organic matter is greenish white so an increase in temperature at the beginning of the composting
that the organic matter decomposes gradually to become process and then decreases or stabilizes. High and low
yellowish, light brown, blackish brown, until finally the temperatures are a factor that greatly influences the success
compost becomes black or black. of organic fertilizer production. An increase in temperature
generally occurs since the beginning of the manufacture of
2. Scent fertilizer. This increase can vary from 30oC-48oC and when
At the beginning of composting it smells bad and when the fertilizer is ripe the temperature returns to the initial
it is ripe it smells good like earth. According to Susetya temperature of 30oC-26oC, the fertilizer is ripe for up to 25
(2014), the smell of ready-made or ripe organic fertilizer days.

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Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
the use of EM4 solution has more microorganisms to carry
This statement is reinforced by Isroi (2008), where the out the degradation process which causes a simpler carbon
temperature increases at the beginning of composting (≥ chain, the breaking of the carbon chain causes the element of
30°C) and will remain high for a certain time, this indicates a potassium to increase. At the ripening stage, the
very active decomposition/decomposition of organic matter. microorganisms will die and the K content in the
Fertilizer temperatures that are still high mean that the microorganisms will mix in the compost material and
composting process is still active and the fertilizer is not ripe increase the K content in the compost. The addition of EM4
enough. After most of the material has decomposed, the containing Actinomycetes can directly increase the potassium
temperature will gradually decrease. At that time there is content by increasing the number of bacteria present in the
maturation of fertilizer, namely the formation of humus clay compost ingredients (Djaja, 2018)
complex.
2. C- Organik
C. Hasil Analisis Kimia Pupuk The C-Organic value is 12,492% based on this value and
meets the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 19-7030-2004
1. pH of 9.8 - 32%. C-organic content is an important factor
In this study the range of pH during the composting determining the quality of fertilizer. Organic materials play a
process was 8.11, already meeting the Quality Standards for very important role in terms of making fertilizer and to
Organic Fertilizers, according to the Minister of Agriculture increase the availability of nutrients in the fertilizer. The
No. 28/Permentan/OT.140/2/2009. The increase in fertilizer higher the quality the better. It already contains sufficient
pH is due to the activity of microorganisms in the decomposer nutrients and other elements are added to speed up
which provides OH ion input from the decomposition process composting which is broken down by microorganisms, so the
of fertilizer materials, thus supporting an increase in basicity decomposition process will speed up composting. This is
which in turn increases the organic pH value (Djuarnani et al, because organic matter can increase the chemical, physical
2017). Composting that lasts for days will affect changes in and biological fertility of the soil. Determination of organic
the pH of organic matter, the initial pH of organic fertilizers matter content is carried out based on C-organic (Novizan,
begins to be slightly acidic due to the formation of simple 2002)
organic acids, then the pH increases during further incubation
due to the decomposition of proteins and the release of 3. C/N Rasio
ammonia. Fertilizer maturity test is carried out by laboratory tests,
one criterion for fertilizer maturity is the C/N ratio. If the C/N
2. Nitrogen (N) ratio of compost is 20 or less, it means that the compost is
The content of Nitrogen (N) in organic fertilizer from ready for use (Sutanto, 2002). Fertilizer from research made
banana leaves and stems using EM4 is 0.392%, based on this from waste banana peels and mucuna bracteata with EM4
value, this fertilizer does not meet the Indonesian National solution is mature enough because it has a C/N ratio of 31.00.
Standard (SNI) 19-7030-2004 of 0.40%. This is presumably In comparison with the fertilizer quality standards of SNI 19-
because the element N present in the fermentation process is 7030-2004, the results of the research have met the
too little so that the administration of EM4 decomposing requirements. A good composting process will produce an
bacteria does not produce a fast process when the ideal C/N ratio of 10-20. The higher the C/N ratio of organic
fermentation process contains Nitrogen (N) which does not matter, the longer the composting or material decomposition
meet the SNI. (Pranata, 2009) process will take. If organic matter has a C/N ratio close to or
equal to C/N, then the material can be used for plants
3. Phosfor (P) (Setyorini et al, 2011)
The value of phosphorus (P) in the fertilizer is 0.211%,
based on this value the fertilizer from banana peel waste and IV. CONCLISION
mucuna bracteata using EM4 solution already meets the
Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 19-7030-2004 of 0.10%. 1. The results of the physical properties of organic fertilizer
This is presumably the activity of microorganisms in from banana leaves and stems as the basic ingredients of
decomposing organic matter with EM-4 solution into lactic fertilizer are accelerated by using EM 4 solution for 25
acid, so that it becomes acidic causing phosphorus bound in days until ripe, visible from the black color, odorless,
long chains to dissolve in organic acids produced by these crumb form (crushed when squeezed) and normal
microorganisms, and more phosphorus nutrients (Pranata, temperature (26OC)
2009 ). 2. Fertilizer from banana leaves and stems produced is ripe
and ready to use has a pH of 8.11, a nutrient content of
0.392% N, 0.211% P, 0.105% K, 12.492 C-Organic,
31.87 C/N

4. Kalium (K) REFERENCES

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
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