Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Electrical Output in Photogalvanic Cell for

Conversion of Energy and Storage by Using
Bismarck Brown with Different Reductant
Sushil Kumar Yadav1, Sangeeta Sharma2 and Abhilasha Sonel3
1,2,3
Solar Photochemistry Research Lab,
P.G. Department of Chemistry,
Govt. Dungar College (Three times ‘A’ Grade),
M. G. S. University Bikaner 334001, India

Abstract:- Photogalvanic (PG) cell are dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical effect, and it is known as the Becquerel
solution-based solar energy converters and storage effect, which is the origin of the photovoltaic wonder. Fox,
devices. The photogalvanic of Bismarck Brown (BB) as a Kabir-Ud-Din and Singletary [1979] observed five photo
dye sensitizer with different reductant such as Ascorbic processes entail basic carbanion, which are ring opening,
Acid (AA), EDTA, and Glucose (Glu.) have been isomerization anionradical creation, reductive alkylation, and
investigated in order to obtain new insights into how to electron transfer with anodic current production, indicating
make PG cells that become relatively cheaper, cleaner, that carnation undergoes photoinduced chemical reactions.
and environmentally acceptable. In this study, three
systems BB - AA, BB - EDTA, and BB – Glu were Aliwi, Naman and Al-Dhstani [1986] reported that in a
examined utilizing PG cells. The Photocurrent generated photogalvanic cell with platinum electrode, photogalvanic
by these systems was 915 mV, 810 mV and 720 mV and effect in a photo redox couple constituted of
Photopotential generated by three systems was 155 μA, Vanadium(III)bis(2,2'-bipyridyl)Chloride and Fe(III) was
135 μA and 120 μA, respectively. The factor of fill for BB investigated in aqueous solution. They found that incident
- AA, BB - EDTA, and BB - Glu systems were 0.54 %, 0.48 light intensity has a direct relationship with cell photocurrent
% and 0.40 %, Efficiencies of conversion for BB - AA BB and photopotential, and that photo current and photopotential
- EDTA, and BB - Glu systems were 0.899 %, 0.614 % and are proportional to incident light intensity. Baranham, Mazzer
0.405 % and Capacities of storage for BB - AA, BB - and Clive [2006] observed the It will take fresh initiatives to
EDTA, and BB - Glu systems were 40 min., 34 min. and increase the efficiency with which incoming photons are
31 min., respectively. The effects of various factors on the harvested by using Safranine-o used as a photosensitizer. The
electrical outputs of the cell have been observed, and a photopotential and photocurrent generated were respectively
mechanism for the generation of photocurrent in PG cells 790.0 mV and 185.0 A. The observed conversion efficiency
has also been suggested. was 0.1469 percent, the fill factor was 0.08, and the cell's
highest power was 146.15 W, whereas the photogalvanic
Keywords:- Bismarck Brown, Glucose, EDTA, Ascorbic cell's power at power point was 15.28 W.
Acid, Conversion Efficiencies, Fill Factor.
Yadav, Singh and Yadav [2009,2010] were investigated
I. INTRODUCTION the photogalvanic effect of photosensitizer – reductant by
using the Victoria Blue and Ascorbic Acid system and
The development of technology for producing Thionine- EDTA- CTAB for solar energy conversion and
renewable energy is in high demand in today's globe. We are storage. This cell produced a photopotential of 662mV and a
up against a challenge to supply the growing global demand photocurrent of 150A, respectively. The cell's maximum
for electricity without harming the environment. The amount power output was 53.5 watts. The conversion efficiency was
of sun light that touches the world in an hour is greater than found to be 0.5144 percent, with a fill factor of 0.50.
the total power that the earth expends in a year. The greatest Gangotri, Regar , Lal , Genwa , Kalla and Meena
tool for converting solar power into electrical power is a solar [1997,2011] studied a comparison of photogalvanic cell
focused cell. The goal of research on sunshine-based cells is performance with several photosensitizers for solar energy
to improve the efficiency of sunlight conversion while also conversion and storage of D-Xylose-NaLS systems using
addressing the need for a viable power source. several photosensitizers such as Methyl Orange, Rose
Bengal, Toluidine Blue, and Brilliant Cresyl Blue, as well as
Becquerel [1839] found that a power and electric current D-Xylose as a reductant and Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (NaLS)
was formed when a silver chloride cathode was immersed in as a surfactant.
an electrolyte and connected to a counter terminal that was lit
up with sunshine. It was the beginning of the forefront period
of photoelectrochemical cells in terms of

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Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Yadav [2017] reported the Comparative Study of solutions were stored in amber-colored bottles to keep them
photogalvanic effect by using of Rose flower Extract as out of the sun. As a photogalvanic cell, an H-shaped cell was
photosensitizer with Mannitol and NTA as reductant for solar utilised with a known number of photosensitizers, sodium
energy conversion and storage performance. Yadav [2018] hydroxide, reductant, distilled water and the total volume was
explained that in this study, the photogalvanic effect was adjusted to 25 ml. The H type cell's one arm was submerged
investigated. The natural dye was Rose Extract, while the in a saturated calomel electrode while the other arm was
reductant was Nitrilotriacetic acid. The voltage and current immersed in a platinum electrode. Alkali solution was
generated by this cell were 872 mV and 176 A, respectively. employed to keep the pH of the fluid in the photogalvanic cell
The conversion efficiency was 0.79 percent and the observed stable when needed. Standard oxalic acid used to standardise
power at power point was 82.18 W. At the cell's power point, the alkali solution, and a digital pH metre (Systronics model
the fill factor 0.4678 was determined experimentally. The PG 802) was utilised to measure the pH though solution. At a
cell can be used in dark for 42 min. and charging time was predetermined time period, an electronic pH metre was
200 min. utilised to monitor the system's fluctuation in potential
difference. To achieve a steady potential, the device was first
Chadra M, Shree T [2019] Reported renewables have maintained in the dark. This stable potential became the dark
the potential to play a significant role in rural electrification potential when the platinum electrode was lit via the window
if we properly equip and utilise these technologies and generated in the H type cell's arm. A 200W tungsten filament
opportunities. Energy conservation is one of the most lamp was used as a light source. After illuminating the system
important issues. As a result, new technology and energy for a length of time, a steady potential is obtained. The
efficiency are critical to solving our energy conservation and photopotential is calculated by subtracting the dark potential
global warming challenges Photogalvanic effect has observed from the stable potential obtained after lighting (mV). The
in a system which contain a dye Victoria Blue act as current generated in the photochemical system was measured
photosensitizer and a reducing agent Ascorbic acid. using a micro-ammeter (New Tech, India).

Koli, Dayma, Pareek and Jonwal [2020] explained that After achieving a stable photopotential under
Congo red is being used in photogalvanic cells to improve illumination, the current was measured. In the same system,
simultaneous solar energy conversion and storage. Congo red changes in current with respect to time, maximum
dye has been observed to have lower aggregation at high pH, photocurrent, and current at equilibrium were observed. The
which makes it suitable for photogalvanic applications. Koli system's current-voltage (i-V) experiments were conducted
P, Pareek, Dayma and Jonwal [2021] observed that utilising an inside the circuit an external load (log 470K)
Photosensitizer Indigo Carmine dye-surfactant Sodium determine the power point, which is defined as the point at
Lauryl Sulphate-reductant Formic acid–NaOH alkaline which the multiplication of potential and current is greatest.
medium photogalvanic cells have shown encouraging and The cell's performance was measured at its maximum power.
very impressive improvements in solar energy conversion It was calculated using the pace at which the cell's power
and storage. dropped when the illumination was turned off. To achieve
current and potential values that were equal to those at power
Chandra [2021] Studied on four systems namely Rh B point, an external load was used. The time it took to reach half
– EDTA - Tween80, MB – DTA -NaLS, Rh 6G – EDTA - of the power point value was then recorded. This is referred
CTAB & Safranine - EDTA – ALS in PG cells and In the year to as t1/2, and it is a measure of a cell's ability to function in
2050, it was also reported that in developing regions of the the dark. The Factor of Filling of the cell was determined
world, energy consumption is expected to expand fast, with using the formulae where ipp and Vpp denote photocurrent and
the fundamental energy requirement not being met photopotential at power point, respectively, and Voc and isc
satisfactorily. Koli [2021] observed the Sudan-I dye denote open and short circuit photopotential and
(photosensitizer)-Fructose (reductant)-Sodium Lauryl photocurrent, respectively. Conversion Efficiency in Cells
Sulfate (surfactant) photogalvanics have been studied in was determined using current and potential values at the
alkaline medium at low and artificial sun intensity with the power point, as well as light intensity. The formula was as
goal of finding a relatively better combination of follows:
chemicals like photosensitizer, reductant, and surfactant
for further enhancing the efficiency of these cells. V pp  i pp
Conversion Efficiency = 100 % ,
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 10.4mWcm 2
Bismarck Brown, which was utilized as a photo- Photopotential and photocurrent at point of power are
sensitizer, is a metachromatic dye with the chemical formula denoted by Vpp and ipp.
(H2N)2C6H3N2]2C6H4 with a molecular mass is 419.31.
Three Reductant was used (1) Ascorbic Acid has the chemical
formula C6H8O6with a molecular mass is 176.12, (2) EDTA
has the chemical formula C10H16N2O8 with a molecular mass
is 292.2438 and (3) Glucose has the chemical formula
C₆H₁₂O₆ with a molecular mass is 180.156. Triple distilled
water was used for the preparation of these solutions. These

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Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
III. DISCUSSIONS AND FINDINGS and 13.4, A min-1 in BB-Glu. System, respectively. In the
BB-AA System, the short circuit current (isc) (ieq) was
A. Potential Variation during Time measured at 155.0 A, 135.0 A in the BB-EDTA System, and
After the photogalvanic cell has been put in the dark, the 120.0 A in the BB-Glu. System. The outcomes are shown in
electrode of platinum was affected by light until it attained a Graph- 2.
steady potential. It had been discovered that when
illumination increased, potential altered and eventually
reached its maximum value after a period of time. When the
light source was removed, the cell's potential was reduced,
and after some time, a steady potential was achieved. After
obtaining a stable potential by keeping the system dark, the
potential increased with lighting and reached its maximum
value, known as open circuit voltage (Voc), before the light
source was removed and the cell's potential was lowered.
Graph- 1 shows across all three systems, the fluctuation of
potential with time in pg cell. The potential was found to
increase when the source of light was illuminated; the
direction of possible change was discovered to be reversed
when the source of light was removed. In all three systems,
distinct time periods were noted for obtaining the stable dark Graph 2. Displays how current changes over time.
potential as well as achieving a stable potential after lighting.
In the following the photogalvanic cell is most efficient
with the BB-AA System and least efficient with the BB-Glu.
System, according to the overall results.

C. Variation in pH's Effect

The impact of a pH shift on photopotential in the three
systems is presented in Graph- 3. All three systems with
photosensitizers (dye) were found to work efficiently in the
strong alkaline range. pH=12.7 to 13.0 was the working range
for this study. The photopotential of the system was observed
to grow as the pH was raised, reaching a maximum value for
a certain pH, and then falling as the pH was raised further.

Graph1. Indicates how potential changes over time.

The BB-AA System had the highest open circuit

voltage, whereas the BB-Glu. System had the lowest. The
BB-AA System had the highest voltage at power point, while
the BB-Glu. System had the lowest. In the BB-AA System,
BB-EDTA System, BB-Glu. System, the rate of change in
potential on illumination was 6.02, 5.28, and 4.48 mV min-1,
respectively. In the BB-AA System, BB-EDTA System, BB-
Glu. System, the rate of change in potential after removing
the source of light was 2.23, 2.11, and 1.86 min-1,
respectively. Voc and V for BB-AA system =1110.0 mV and Graph 3. Shows the Effect of Variation of pH
915.0 mV, Voc and V for BB-EDTA system =980.0 mV and
810.0 mV and Voc and V for BB-Glu. system=870.0 mV and The needed pH was found to be larger than the
720.0 mV. As a result of the following the photogalvanic cell reductant's pKa values in every example tested in this
is most efficient with the BB-AA System and least efficient investigation (i)Enhanced dye solubility and lowered dye
with the BB-Glu. System, according to the overall results. aggregation at higher pH ranges result in increased dye
diffusion in the liquid electrolyte, (ii) enhanced solubility and
B. Current Variation during Time lowered dye aggregation at higher pH ranges result in
The current in all three systems rapidly increases after a enhanced dye diffusion in the electrolyte solution, and (iii)
few minutes of illumination, reaching maximum value (imax) enhanced solubility and lowered dye aggregation at higher pH
of 198.0, 180.0, and 170.0 A in the BB-AA System, BB- ranges result in higher dye diffusion in the electrolyte
EDTA System, and BB-Glu. System, respectively, and rates solution, and (iv) the fact that dye reduction and full
of the first generation of current are in the order of 19.2, 15.3,

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Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
solubilization need a pH range of 12.7–13. At pH greater than power. By favouring reverse electron processes from the
13 (which implies a very high concentration of OH), the drop sensitizer to the reductant, a larger number of reduction agent
in current and power can be ascribed to an obstruction in the molecules may impair cell efficiency.
regeneration of the reductant original state due to a higher
chance of OH ions recombination with the oxidised state of E. Variability's Effect of Photosensitizer (Dye)
the reductant. When concentration of photosensitizer was increased,
the photopotential and photocurrent increased as well. The
The oxidation potential of the reductant molecule and level of photosensitizer (Dye) was controlled between 2.410-
the reduction potential of the photosensitizer molecule 6 and 5.610-6 M for effective results in electrical output.
influence the photo-reduction of the dye molecule in the There will be a limited number of photosensitizer molecules
presence of various reductant in different pH ranges. The to absorb solar light in the cell at the lower end of the
effect of pH on the PG cell's electrical performance may thus photosensitizer concentration range, resulting in low
be explained. The PG cell functions poorly at very low pH. electrical output, whereas higher photosensitizer
At very low pH, the photosensitizer and reductant have weak concentrations will prevent the desired intensity of light from
electron donating power to the Pt electrode due to proton reaching the photosensitizer molecules near the electrodes,
attachment to the heteroatom and double bonds in resulting in the rapid drop in electrical output.. Influence of
photosensitizer and reductant. different Bismarck Brown concentration as a photosensitizer
(Dye) has been shown in Graph- 5.
D. Variability's Effect of Reductant
When the concentration of three reducing agents was
increased, it was discovered that Ascorbic Acid, EDTA, and
Glucose was increased in different systems with Bismarck
Brown as the photosensitizer, the output of these cells
increased, reached In all cases, the maximum value was
reached and then declined when the concentration of
reduction agent was raised further. The dye-to-reductant ratio
was maintained at 1:105-101 in these systems. The lower the
reductant concentration, the lower the electrical output, The
dye molecule travels slowly towards the electrode because
there are less molecules available for electron donation, and
the higher the reduction agent concentration, the fewer
molecules accessible for electron donation. Graph 4 shows
the effect of varying the concentrations of three reductant,
Ascorbic Acid, EDTA, and Glucose, with Bismarck Brown
as the photosensitizer.

Graph 5. Shows the Impact of Bismarck Brown Variation

This might be due to a scarcity of dye photosensitizer

molecules at lower dosages than the sensitizer's ideal
concentration for collecting photons and transferring
electrons to the illuminated chamber's anodic platinum
electrode. Only dye sensitizer molecules that have been
photo-excited and are near to the platinum electrode can reach
the platinum electrode. Higher sensitizer concentrations do
not enable enough photons to reach the platinum electrode,
resulting in photo-excitation of fewer dye sensitizer
molecules and decreased cell output.

F. The Cell's i-V Characteristics, Performance, and Power

Graph 4. Shows Changes in Reduction agent Amount Efficiency
A digital pH device used for measuring the circuit
At decreasing reduction agent concentrations, the voltage in open (Voc), while a micro-ammeter was used to
number of accessible reductant molecules decreases, measure the circuit current in short (isc) (having the other
resulting in a decrease in the number of colour sensitizer circuit off). The electrical parameters between these two
molecules. As a result, the number of dye sensitizer extreme values (Voc and isc) were computed using a carbon
molecules that can conduct electrons to the platinum pot (log 470K) linked in the circuit of a micro-ammeter via
electrode may be restricted, resulting in low cell power. which an external load was provided. For all three systems,
Photon propagation and diffusion of excited dye sensitizer Graph 6 shows the equivalent potential value in relation to
molecules towards the platinum electrode would be hampered current values.
by higher reductant concentrations, leading in lower cell

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Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
higher) and factor of fill of i-V curves were determined. BB-
A A system strength at point of power and factor of fill =
93.50 W and 0.54 percent, BB-EDTA system strength at point
of power and factor of fill = 63.90 W and 0.48 percent, and
BB-Glu. System strength at point of power and factor of fill=
42.16 W and 0.40 percent.

After discontinuing the illumination as soon as the

potential reached a constant value, the performance of the pg
cell was evaluated by applying an external load that was
required to maintain current at the point of power. The output
at point of power and the strength of incident radiations were
used to calculate the efficiency of conversion of all systems.
The systems were also exposed to light (under ideal
conditions). These systems efficiency of conversion and
sunlight conversion data are presented (1)Power, efficiency
of conversion and t1/2 for BB-AA system = 93.5 µW, 0.899
and 40.0 min., (2) Power, efficiency of conversion and t1/2 for
BB-EDTA system = 63.9 µW, 0.614 and 34.0 min. and (3)
Graph 6. Displays the Bismarck Brown System's Current- Power, efficiency of conversion and t1/2 for BB-Glu. system=
Voltage(i-V) Characteristics 42.1 µW. 0.405 and 31.0 min. Table-1 summarises the key
findings from several systems, Considering the current
In i-V curves were found to differ from their expected research's overall findings and illustrating the significance of
regular rectangular forms in all systems. The point of power these cells in relation to the sun energy storage.
(the point on the curve where the potential and current is

Table 1. Summary of solar energy storage for different reducing agents using Bismarck Brown (BB) as photosensitizer
Observations BB - AA System BB - EDTA System BB - Glu System
Values Values Values
Open Circuit voltage (Voc) 1110.0 mV 980.0 mV 870.0 mV
Photopotential (V) 915.0 mV 810.0 mV 720.0 mV
Photocurrent of Equilibrium (ieq) 155.0  A 135.0  A 120.0  A
Maximum Photocurrent (imax) 198.0  A 180.0  A 170.0  A
Short circuit current (isc) 155.0  A 135.0  A 120.0  A
Current at power point (ipp) 110.0  A 90.0  A 80.0  A
Potential at power point (Vpp) 850.0  A 710.0  A 527.0  A
Power at power point 93.50  W 63.9  W 42.16  W
Rate of Generation 19.2  A min -1
15.3  A min -1
13.4  A min-1
Conversion Efficiency 0.8990 % 0.6144 % 0.4053 %
Charging Time 190.0 min. 180.0 min. 180.0 min.
t1/2 40 min. 34 min. 31 min.
Factor of fill (n) 0.54 % 0. 48% 0.40 %

According to the data, Bismarck Brown-Glucose viability. More systems with higher electrical output,
System has the lowest i-V Characteristics of the Cell, performance of cell, and cell storage capacity may be
Performance, and Conversion Efficiency, whereas Bismarck developed. The reductant and photosensitizer utilised in this
Brown-Ascorbic Acid (BB-AA) System has the greatest. study have clearly demonstrated that if the research is
properly handled, cost and viability in all respects can be
IV. CONCLUSIONS reached, and photogalvanic (PG) cell can have supremacy in
the field of conversion, storage of solar radiation.
The study's goal is to transform solar energy to electrical
energy in the photogalvanic with the help of redox reactions, ACKNOWLEDGMENT
because the absolute cost of solar energy is now quite costly
in contrast to any other source of energy, such as a non- The Author is grateful to U.G.C. (MRP), New Delhi for
renewable source. Bismarck Brown is a photosensitizer dye financial assistances and Principal, Govt. Dungar College,
that is soluble in water. The dye is a suitable light-absorbing Bikaner (Raj.) for providing the necessary laboratory
choice for dye-sensitizer PG cells because of these features. facilities.
On the basis of observation, it can be stated that the sector of
solar energy conversion and storage still has potential for

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
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