Evaluation of The Effect of Co-Administration of Acalypha Wilkensiana and Allium Sativum On Kurga (Makia-Kia) Infected Young Albino Wistarss Rats

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Evaluation of the Effect of Co-Administration of

Acalypha Wilkensiana and Allium Sativum on Kurga
(Makia-Kia) Infected Young Albino Wistarss Rats
Dung Gabriel Davou Nyam Nathaniel
Student, Department of biochemistry, Student, Department of biochemistry,
Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences,
College of Medicine, University of Jos, College of Medicine, University of Jos,
Nigeria Nigeria
Dr. C.D Luka Dr. B. P Omoniwa

Professor, Department of biochemistry, Department of biochemistry,
Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences,
College of Medicine, University of Jos, College of Medicine, University of Jos,
Nigeria Nigeria
African Centre Of Excellence For Phytomedicine Research And Development (ACEPRD)
Abstract:- Kurga or makia-kia is a disease of neonates and 100mg/kg bw , and finally, ITR-3 , which were
infants, common to Plateau, Nassarawa and Kaduna administered aqueous extract of Allium sativum at
states of Nigeria, and said to be more pathological in male 100mg/kg bw. Thereafter, stool and blood samples were
children than female. Although the disease is well known collected for analysis and documentation. The qualitative
among the local population, unfortunately, medical approach revealed 89% of the study respondents,
professionals have often denied the existence of such a affirming the existence of the disease, with only 11%
disease due to the absence of scientific data to back up denying. 78% of the women admitted to have had
such a claim. The disease is characterized by children who were affected by the disease, most of whom
dermatological irregularities such as skin patches, often were between 0 and 6 months old at the time. 94% of such
around the nose and face, skin ulcers and desquamation, parents belief that hospital prescriptions were ineffective
greenish –yellowish mucoid stools, abdominal against the disease, while 76% admitted to taking their
discomforts, anal ulceration, constipation and neonatal affected wards to herbal homes. Ninety percent (90%) of
hemorrhoids. Most parents whose infants were affected the samples obtained from infants who have presented
by the disease often claim that hospital prescriptions were with at least 80% of the disease symptoms revealed E.coli
ineffective, thereby resolving to alternative medicines, isolates. It is thus safe to establish that kurga disease does
prominent amongst which is Acalypha wilkensiana or exist and is caused by E.coli, and could be managed
Allium sativum. Thus, the aim of this study is the effectively by Acalypha wilkensiana and Allium sativum,
‘Evaluation of the effect of co- administration of Acalypha except in cases of co-infection with other pathogens with
wilkensiana and Allium sativum on kurga or makia –kia no registered susceptibility.
disease, provide some scientific basis to ascertain the
existence of the disease and to isolate the causative Keywords:- Kurga, Makia-Kia.
pathogen. The study employed a combination of
qualitative and experimental research design. I. INTRODUCTION
Questionaires were used to sample out the opinions or
experiences of local women within some of the affected Kurga or makia-kia is a disease of neonates common to
areas in order to establish a theory pertaining the Plateau, Nassarawa, Borno and Kaduna states of Nigeria.
diseases. Young albino wistar rats, weighing between 250 Although the disease is well known among the local
to 800g were divided into five groups, with each group, population, unfortunately, medical professionals have often
made up of five young rats. Causative pathogens isolated denied the existence of such a disease, possibly due to the
from stool samples collected from infants who have absence of scientific data to back up such a claim.
shown 85% of the disease symptoms were used to induce
the disease into four of the affected groups , designated as The disease is characterized by dermatological
infected untreated group (IR) , infected treated group ( irregularities such as skin patches (often around the nose and
ITR1), which were administered 100mg/kg bw of the face) ,skin ulcers or desquamation and dryness. Other
extracts mixture, ITR-2 which were administered only symptoms include abdominal discomforts, usually preceding
Acalypha wilkensiana aqueous mixture at a dose of bowel movements, constipation and greenish –yellowish,
IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1631

ISSN No:-2456-2165
mucoid stool. Advanced form of the disease according to the Esmone et al ( 2010) also showed the potency Allium
locals, is often associated with anal ulceration and neonatal sativum against C. albicans species , E. choli and S. aureus .
haemorrhoids.(sourced from local women). The disease is
said to be more pathogenic in male children than female. II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Most parents whose neonates or infants were affected Any plant in which one or more of its components
by the disease often claim that hospital prescriptions have contain substances that could deliver therapeutic benefits and
been ineffective, thereby making them resolve to alternative or can be used in the production of useful drugs according to
medicines, prominent among which are A.wilkensiana or Burkil in 2004 is called a medicinal plant. According to Ward
Allium sativum solution. Acalypha wilkensiana is a member and Hetzel, in 1999, all plants existed for human benefits.
of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) belonging to the genius Similarly, Gundiza in 1985 documented that the medicinal
Acalypha and is commonly called copper leaf , Joseph’s coat characteristics of plants is dependent on the presence of
and fire dragon.(Chollom 2010). certain phytochemicals such as alkaloids, anthraquinones,
cardiac glycosides, tannins and polyphenols.( Gundiza, M,
Acalypha wilkensiana is a popular outdoor plant native 1985)
to Fiji and nearby islands in the South Pacific, but has spread
to most parts of world , especially the tropics of Africa, Since time immemorial, phytotherapy has been used in
America and Asia.( Gotep et al 2016). the management of various diseases. Herbal medicine is
practiced by about 75- 80% of the world’s population, mostly
The number of diseases reportedly managed by the use in the developing countries. Acalypha wilkensiana,
of A.wilkensiana has made scientists seek the biochemical commonly called Irish petticoat is a plant native to the South
basis of its medicinal importance. Prominent among such Pacific islands and belong to Euphorbiaceae family.(
scientists are Gotep, et al.,(2016) who carried out Ikewuchi et al, 2010)
antimicrobial screening using ethanol extracts of
A.wilkensiana . According to their study , the extract was The value of medicinal plants to the health of
potent against a number of microbial agents such as communities is indispensable; however, plants used in
staphyloccoccus aureus, yersinia enterocolitica, E.choli, traditional settings for the sole purpose of medical therapy
salmonella typhi,pseudomonas aeroginosa and klebsienna are still inadequately studied. Acalypha wilkensiana is used
aerogenes; a great number of which have been accused of singly or as a major constituent of herbal mixtures in
causing GIT diseases ,skin diseases e.t.c. Similarly, traditional society, for the management of a number of
Ikewuchi and Ikewuchi ( 2010) examined the antidiabetic diseases. (Chollom et al 2010).
activity of A.wilkensiana on blood sugar and cholesterol
levels of rat models. According to their findings, aqueous The number of diseases reportedly managed by the use
extracts of A.wilkensian had a lowering effect on the above of A. Wilkensiana has made scientist seek the biochemical
mentioned parameters; thereby making it an alternative of basis of its medicinal importance. Prominent among such
choice in the management of cardiovascular diseases. scientists are Gotep et al .,in 2016 , who carried out in vitro
antimicrobial screening using ethanol extracts of A.
Ogbuchi, et al., (2014) studied the protective effect of Wilkensiana. According to their study , the extract was
A.wilkensiana on biomarkers of oxidative stress in liver potent against a number of microbial agents such as S.
homogenates, using 70% methanol , extract which was Aureus , Yersinia enterocolita, E. Coli , Salmonella Typhi,
administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 50mg/kg and Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Klebsiella Aeroginosa ; a
100mg/kg of the extract for a period of 14days. A significant great number of which have been accused of causing GIT
decrease (p<0.05) in malondialdehyde levels in the liver was diseases , skin diseases e.t.c.. Similarly, Ikewuchi and
registered ; whereas , a significant increase in the activity of Ikewuchi in 2010 examined the antidiabetic activity of A.
superoxide dismutase and catalase in both 50mg/kg and Wilkensiana on blood sugar and cholesterol levels of rats
100mg/kg administered groups compared to control. models . According to their findings, aqueous extracts of
A.wilkensiana had a lowering effect on the above mentioned
Medicinal plant such as Garlic (allium sativum) contain parameters, making it an alternative of choice in the
certain substances which possess chemotherapeutic agents management of cardiovascular diseases.
beneficial to man animals alike. According to Mushin et al (
2007), E.coli and S .aureus showed a great deal of Ogbuchi (2014) studied the protective effect of A.
sensitivity to garlic water extract, just as Cavalito and Bailey Wilkensiana on biomarkers of oxidative stress in liver
( 1944) registered themselves as the first scientists to homogenates , using 70% methanol extract which was
discover that the andtibacterial tendency of garlic was due to administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 50mg/kg and
its allicin content. 100mg /kg of the extracts for a period of 14days. A
significant decrease in which malondialdehyde levels in the
Cellini et al in their 1996 findings demonstrated that liver was registered, whereas a significant increase in the
garlic extracts possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in both
activity against certain Gram –ve and Gram +ve bacteria 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg administered groups compared to
such as E.choli, Salmonella , Staphylococcus Streptococcus control. (Ogbuchi et al 2014).
,Klebsiella , Proteus, Bacillus and Clostridium. Similarly,

ISSN No:-2456-2165
Garlic possesses a great deal of therapeutic properties between ages 0 to 2years old. There has been little or no
including antimicrobial, anti- neoplastic, anti-caridiovascular, scientific work yet on this local infection, and so no English
immune –stimulatory and hypo-glycaemic activities. Based or scientific name has been attached to the disease yet.(
on the works of Haris (2001), and Singh (2008), garlic sourced from local women).
(allium sativum) shows both antimicrobial and
pharmacological effects. To hit the nail on the head, Hughes B. Cause of Kurga or Makia-Kia Disease of Infants and
and Lawson in 1991 established that, the whole antibiotic Neonates
activity possessed by garlic is lost if its thiosulfate contents is The actual cause of kurga or makia-kia disease of
removed. (Hughes et al 1991) infants and neonates has not yet been established. Therefore,
one of the specific objectives of this scientific work is to
Allium sativum belongs to the family Liliaceae and the determine the cause of the disease and to proffer effective
genius Allium. It has bulb-like root consisting of several management or cure for it.
bulbils (cloves) and the bulb is milkish in colour. It possesses
a strong, powerful, arid and penetrating odour / smell, which C. Symptoms of Kurga or Makia- Kia Disease of Infants
according to Dulta in 1998 is used as a condiment in the and Neonates
preparation of meat and fish delicacies. Before now, there has been no scientific
documentation of the symptoms of kurga or makia –kia
Common places where allium sativum is found are disease of infants and neonates ; however , the observed
India, China, Southern Europe, North America and Northern symptoms usually reported by parents, and noted in the
Nigeria. course of these research includes : dermatological
irregularities like skin patches ( often around the nose and
In 2006, Stoll and Seebeck reported that Allicin content face) scaling, skin ulcers, skin desquamation ,skin lacerations
of allium sativum is the main reason for its pharmacological and dryness. Other symptoms include abdominal
characteristic. Worthy of note is the fact that garlic has never discomforts, usually preceding bowel movements,
been found to contain a substance considered poisonous to constipation and greenish –yellowish, mucoid stool.
life. ( Stoll et al 2006). Advanced form of the disease is usually marked by anal
ulceration and neonatal haemorrhoids, accompanied by mild
The scientific works of Gomaa and Hashish ( 2003) bloating and anaemia.( sourced from local women).
documented that allium sativum extract inhibited the growth
of shigella dysenteriae, E.coli , staph. Aureus, salmonella D. Care and Management of Kurga or Makia-Kia Disease
typhi ,e.t.c. Galli ( 1985) also reported that garlic extract of Infants and Neonates
inhibited gram- positive and gram – negative bacteria such The management and care of infants with kurga or
as Bacilli and Clostridia, Yeast and moulds. makia-kia disease has been largely traditional therapy, as
most of the locals in the affected region belief that it is not a
Okoye, who compared the bacterial effect of garlic on disease that could be managed conventionally. This therapy
S.aureus and E.coli with commercially prepared nalidixic involves boiling the leaves of A. Wilkensiana or any other
acid (0xoid) and tetracycline (oxoid) on S.aureus, plants considered effective in that locality, for several
tetracycline gave a zone of inhibition of 20mm, less than minutes. Next, the coloured extract is given orally to both
22mm of garlic extract inhibition zone.(Okoye, 2010). the mother and child once daily. In some occasions, the
child’s bathing water is also mixed with the extract to treat
A Palestinian scientist by name Zakaria in 2003 dermatological irregularities. The daily therapy is concluded
revealed that the peak inhibitory effect of Allium sativum on at night before retirement with warm drips of the extract to
S. Faecalis is obtained at a concentration of 50mg/ml. the child’s anus to stimulate stool excretion. This is based on
the belief that frequent bowel movements amount to quicker
Groppo et al., in 2002 established that a marked elimination of the disease. ( sourced from local women).
sensitivity was observed on oral streptoccus to garlic extract;
similarly, garlic extract mouth wash reduced the total counts E. Medicinal Use of Acalypha Wilkensiana
of salivary bacterial and mutant streptococci. The aqueous extract of Acalypha wilkensiana showed
different activity against Staphylococcus aureus ,
Rubin Dasgupta et al (2012) reported in India that Yersinia , Enterocholitica, Escherichia coli, Salmonella
0.1ml of 10% (w/v) of garlic extract, poured into different typhi, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Klebsiella aerogenes; all
wells, provided an inhibitory variation of between 19.68 – of which have been implicated in diseases of the
20.75mm with mean of 20.22mm diameter of inhibition zone gastrointestinal tract,(Gotep et al,2016). Acalypha
against S.aureus. wilkensiana has also been reportedly used in the management
of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. And has
A. The Concept of Kurga or Makia-Kia Disease of been shown to reduce cholesterol levels in serum.( Ikewuchi
Neonates and Infants et al,2010).
Kurga or makia- kia is not an English name but a
combination of Berom and Alago dialects of Plateau and
Nassarawa states of Nigeria respectively. The name is
used to refer to the local disease common among infants

ISSN No:-2456-2165
F. Medicinal Use of Allium Sativum C. Design
Initially, the vast majority of people are drawn to This study employed a combination of qualitative and
Allium sativum due to its unique test in food , however, a experimental research design.As a guide to this research, a
good number of scientists have demonstrated its abundant pilot toxicity assay using Lorke’s method in which three
potential in the management of certain bacterial infections. groups of three young rats each were administered different
Allium sativum extracts successfully inhibited the growth of doses of 10, 100 and 1000mg/kg body weight of the mixture
Escherisa coli,Staphyloccoccus aureus and Salmonella typhi in the first phase, and yet a second phase in which the
(Gomaa et al, 2003). Similarly,Allium sativum has been used animals were again divided into three groups of three animals
worldwide for centuries by different communities to fight each and administered higher doses of 1600, 2900 and
different pathogens , and its antibacterial activity is believed 5000mg/ kg body weight respectively. This toxicity test
to be inherent as a result of its allicin content.( Janah et revealed the highest dose that gave no mortality as 100mg/kg
al,2015). body weight and a lowest dose that gave mortality as 1600mg
/kg body weight. The mean lethal dose was 532mg/ kg bw.
G. Management of Kurga or Makia-Kia Infection in
Clinics and Hospitals D. Qualitative Approach
One of the major factors militating against the proper Questionnaires were used to sample out the opinions,
diagnosis and finding of effective therapy for Kurga or feelings or experiences of local women within some of the
Makia-kia disease is the outright denial of its existence even communities in the affected areas in order to establish a
in the face of glaring symptoms by medical professionals. theory pertaining kurga or makia-kia disease of neonates and
Medical professionals would often belittle parent’s genuine infants.
worry any time their infants begin to show symptoms of the
disease by calling it a problem of poor hygiene which could E. Experimental Approach
be solved by improving cleanliness. They would later Inclusion Criteria : Young albino wistar rats, weighing
prescribe very good paediatric antibiotics formulations which between 250- 800g were used in this research.
are often ineffective. At other times, they would encourage
the parents to breast feed the child more with the believe that Experimental Animals : A minimum of twenty five
increased breastfeeding would translate to higher maternal albino wistar rats were provided and divided into five groups,
immunity which could create a higher capacity for immune with each group having at least five rats.
response against the ‘so called condition’. For these reasons,
there is no specific formal management of the disease in F. Induction of kurga or makia-kia disease of neonates and
hospitals or clinics. However, two logical questions could be infants
raised from the above approach of professionals towards this The selected experimental animals were first screened
public health challenge: One, ‘Why prescribe antibiotics to to rule out the presence of any underlying bacterial
manage a non existing disease?. And secondly, ‘Why the pathogens. Kurga or makia-kia disease was induced into four
desire to stimulate immune response against nothing? of the five groups by lacing of the animal feed with
pathogens isolated from infected human infants through a
III. METHODS two stage culture period, after which their stool samples were
observed for symptoms of the disease after a four day
A. Collection of Plant Materials. period . A secondary culture of the animal faeces was done to
Acalypha wilkensiana and Allium sativum plants were re-establish the culprit’s presence.
obtained from a local garden belonging to Ronicon Hotel
along Rayfield Road Jos, Plateau state, and from the local G. Administration of the Extract
abattoir market Jos south, respectively. The plants were The aqueous extract of the mixture of A.wilkensiana
identified and authenticated at the Federal School of Forestry, and allium sativum shall be administered through oral route
Jos, Plateau state. at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight after the secondary
culture of the experimental animal faeces confirms the
B. Preparation of Plant Extracts presence of the culprits and not before. This implies that a
Acalypha wilkensiana leaves and Allium sativum pulps young rat weighing at least 250g shall receive 25mg/ml ,
were collected, air dried at room temperature under the shade containing 0.16mg and 0.16mg of A.wilkensiana and Allium
for three weeks. They were then pounded to powdery form sativum respectively . Similarly, one out of the five groups
using local mortar and pestle. 160g of Acalypha wilkensiana shall be administered 100mg/kg body weight separately with
and 160g of Allium sativum were obtained respectively and aqueous extracts of allium sativum and acalypha wilkensiana
dissolved in 1000mls . This was boiled for 15 minutes, and while one group each shall be administered individual ,
then filtered using whatman filter paper No.1 to remove aqueous extracts of A .wilkensiana and A. Sativum at a dose
unextractable matter. The filtrate were concentrated in a of 100mg/kg body weight respectively.
water bath at a temperature of 60 degrees and stored in air
tight containers until needed. The dried samples were then H. Group Designations
later reconstituted with distilled water to give the required Group A: Normal control rats (NC) – non infected rats,
dosage of 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg body weight. fed with normal diet for 7days.

ISSN No:-2456-2165
Group B:Infected control rats( IR) –rats were infected ethanol and the following test were carried out after
but not treated and fed with normal diet for 7 days. neutralizing with dilute sulphuric acid.
Group C: Infected treated rats (ITR-1) rats were Dragendor Reagent Test For Alkaloids To 2.0ml of
infected with the disease , fed with normal diet and then extract few drops of the reagent were added and observed for
treated with Acalypha wilkensiana and Allium sativum orange colouration to indicate the presence of alkaloid
extracts mixture for 7days at 100mg/kg body weight. (Sofowora: 1993).
Group D: Infected treated rats (ITR-2) – these group M. Test for Flavonoids Extraction
were also infected with the disease ,fed with normal diet and Five grams (5g) of the sample was completely
then treated with the aqueous extract of acalypha wilkensian destained with acetone. The residue was extracted in warm
at a 100mg/kg body weight for 7 days . water evaporation of the acetone on a water bath. The
mixture was filtered and the filtrate was used for the
Group E : Infected treated rats ( ITR 3) – these groups following test.
were also infected with the disease, then fed with normal
diet and treated with aqueous extract of Allium Sativum at a Lead Acetate Test To 2.0ml of extract, 10% lead
100mg/kg body weight. acetate solution was added and observed for either cream or
light yellow colouration confirmed the presence of flavonoids
I. Feeding of the Animal (Sofowora, 1993).
The rats were fed with normal diets and in addition,
groups C,D and E were treated for 7 days through intragastric N. Test for Tannins Extraction
tube. Three grams (3g) of the powdered sample was boiled in
50ml of distilled water for 3 minutes on a hot plate. The
J. Blood Collection mixture was filtered and the resulting filtrate was used to
The administration of the extract lasted for 7 days, after carry out the following test for tannins.
which the experimental animals were decapitated and their
blood samples collected for analysis. The blood samples were  Ferric Chloride Test:
collected into separate test tubes for each of the group: those One mililitre of extract was diluted with 4.0ml water (in
for clinical biochemistry were collected in plain tubes and a ration of 1.4) and few drop of 10% ferric chlororide
allowed to clot for 40 minutes, while that for haematological solution were then added. The solution was then observed for
assays were collected in EDTA bottles, and then prepared blue or green precipitate or colouration to indicate the
accordingly for analysis. presence of tannins (Trease and Evans, 1984).
K. Phytochemical Screening of Plant Extract O. Test for Saponins

The phytochemical screening of the powdered aqueous Froth Test: To 0.5g of the powdered sample , 10mls of
extract of Acalypha wilkensiana and Allium Sativum were 95% ethanol was added and boiled. The mixture was added
achieved by the use of standard qualitative procedure as laid 10 10ml of distilled water in a test tube was stoppered and
down by Trease and Evans ( 1984) and Sofowora, (1993). shaken vigorously for about 30 seconds, and then it was
allowed to stand for over half an hour. Honey-comb front is
L. Test for Alkaloids indicative of the presence of saponins (Sofowora, 1993).
Extraction: Ten grams (10g) of sample was taken in a
small beaker and a concentrated solution of ammonia was P. Test for Cardiac Glycosides Extraction:
added in a quality sufficient to just moisten it and allowed to Zero point five grams of the powdered sample was
stand for 10 minutes after thorough mixing of the contents. boiled with 10ml of 95% alcohol for 2 minutes. The resulting
Sufficient quantity of mixture of chloroform and ethanol mixture was filtered and cooled. The filtrate was diluted with
solution (1:1) was added just to soak and suspend the water and three drops of a strong solution of lead sub-acetate
powder. The mixture was allowed to stand for 20 minutes was added. This was mixed thoroughly and filtered. The
with occasional stirring with a rod. The mixture was filtered filtrate was divided into two portions. One portion of the
through a plug of cotton wool. The solution was washed filtrate was kept for the test below:
twice with 2ml of chloroform and the washed sample was
combined with the filtrate. The residue was cooled and  Salkowski Test Cardiac Glycosides:
dissolved in 5ml of chloroform only. The chloroform solution To 2.0ml of the filtrate, 2.oml of conc. H2SO4 was
was transferred to a small separating funnel and shaken with carefully added down the side of the tube while observing for
3ml of dilute sulphuric acid. The layers were allowed to the formation of a layer of interphase of reddish brown
separate; the chloroform lower layer drained off and colour indicative of cardiac glycoside (Sofowora, 1993).
discarded. Three mililitres of chloroform was further added,
shaken, drained off and discarded until upper acid layer was Q. Test for Terpenes and Steroids Extraction
colourless. The acid layer was made completely alkaline with Five grams of the powdered sample was extracted by
strong ammonia solution (tested with indicator paper). The maceration with 50ml 95% ethyl alcohol then filtered and the
extraction with 3ml of chloroform extracts were retained and filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved
evaporated to dryness, the residue was dissolved in 3ml of in 10ml of anhydrous chloroform and the filtered. The filtrate

ISSN No:-2456-2165
was divided into two equal portions and the following test Coagulase test –this test is carried out to determine if
was carried out. the organism possess the enzyme coagulase.
 Liebermann-Burchard Test: Urease test –urease agar is a biochemical differential

2.0ml of the extract was mixed with 1.0ml acetic medium that tests the ability of an organism to produce the
anhydride followed by the addition of 1.ml conc. H2SO4 exoenzyme called urease that hydrolyzes urea to ammonia
carefully down the side of the test tube while observing for and carbon dioxide.
the formation of layer of interphase of reddish brown colour
which indicates the presence of terpenes and steroids Citrate test –this is a biochemical test that assesses the
(Sofowora; 1993). ability of an organism to use citrate as the sole source of
carbon and energy.
R. Test For Phenols
To 2.0ml of the extract was added few drops of X. Preparation of isolated organism for induction of the
chloroform and 2ml of FeC13 a deep bluish green colouration disease
indicates the presence of phenol (Sofowora; 1993). The isolated and identified organisms obtained from
above were re-inoculated into sterile peptone water (broth),
S. Test for Resins which was then used to lace the feed meant for the
Zero point five grams of the powdered sample was experimental animals.
dissolved in acetic anhydride and 1 drop of concentrated
sulphuric acid was added . A purple or violet colour indicate
the presence of resins (Sofowora , 1994).
T. Termination Culture
After the conclusion of the treatment period, fresh stool
samples were collected and re-inoculated from all the three
groups to determine the degree of antimicrobial activity of
the extract mixture, invitro.
U. Culture Technique
A total of ten (10) stool samples were collected from
infants between ages 0 and 12months , who have presented
atleast 80% of the disease symptoms. A primary inoculation
of the samples was done on equal number of petri dishes
containing already prepared DCA media, ready for use, and Fig 1 Isolates Prepared in Broth for Induction of the Disease
then cultured at 37 degree Celsius for a period of 24 hrs.
After 24 hrs, the isolates were purified and re-inoculated in a
less clustered pattern on a secondary DCA media and re-
cultured at 37 degree Celsius for another 24 hrs period.
V. Culture plate reading

Isolates obtained from the two stage process above
were read and identified based on the following parameters:
colour, size, elevation, edge and consistency which could be
soft, mucoid or hard.
W. Organism identification
The identification of the specific microbes down to
their species was achieved by subjecting the isolates to a
number of biochemical tests which included, triple sugar iron Fig 2 Culture Isolates from Infant Stool Samples
agar test, citrate test, catalase test, urease test, indole test and
glucose test. Y. Experimental parameters and methods
A number of biochemical parameters were tested and
Catalase test – this is performed to differentiate tabulated from the test subjects from all the four groups.
These parameters include:
staphylococci species from streptococci. It tries to determine
wether or not an organism is able to split H202 to release
oxygen gas.  Renal Function Test
Serum Urea –this shall be determined using the method
Indole test –this is a biochemical test carried out to of Tobacco et al., 1979.
differentiate gram negative bacilli or enterobacteria. This is
seen in the organism’s ability to split indole from tryptophan. Principle of test: urea in serum is hydrolysed to
ammonia in the presence of urease. The ammonia is then
measured photometrically by berthelot’s reaction.

ISSN No:-2456-2165
Urea + H20 -----------------2NH3 + C02  Serum albumin –principle: The measurement of serum
albumin is based on its quantitative binding to the
NH3 + Hypochloride + Phenol ---------- Indophenol indicator 3,3-5,5 –tetrabromo –m- cresol
(blue compound) sulphonephthalein ( bromocresol green, BCG). The
albumin – BCG- complex absorbs maximally at 578nm ,
 Procedure: the absorbance being directly proportional to the
concentration of albumin in the sample.
Blank standard sample  Total bilirubin –principle: this is based on colorimetric
Sample -------- -------- 0.01ml method based on that described by Jendrassik and Grof
STD ---------- 0.01ml --------- (1983). Direct (conjugated) bilirubin reacts with
Reagent1 --------- 0.1ml 0.1ml diazotised sulphanilic acid in alkaline medium to form a
coloured complex. Total bilirubin is determined in the
Mix and incubate at 37 degree celcius for 10 minutes. presence of caffeine, which releases albumin bound
bilirubin by the reaction with diazotized sulphanilic acid.
Reagent 2 2.50ml 2.50ml 2.50ml
Reagent 3 2.50ml 2.50ml 2.50ml Z. Haematological parameters
All haematological factors such as packed cell volume,
 Mix immediately and incubate at 37 degree Celsius for total white blood count and total erythrocyte shall be
15 minutes. determined using the principle of flow cytoflourimetry.
 Read absorbance at 546nm. This principle is based on the fluorescence emitted

 Serum Uric acid –this was determined by the method of when individual cells are attached to fluorescent
Fossati et al.,( 1980) using Randox commercial test kits. chromophores. The flouresence emitted is directly
 Principle: uric acid is converted by uricase to allantoin proportional to the number of cells under measurement.
and hydrogen peroxide, which under the catalytic
influence of peroxidase, oxidizes 3,5-dichloro -2- IV. RESULTS
hydrobenzensulfonic acid and 4- aminophenazone to
form a red –violet quinoneimine compound. A. Description
 Serum electrolytes –sodium, potassium and chloride The table below shows the different pathogens isolated
were determined by the principle of flame photometry, from ten(10) stool samples of infants who have shown atleast
which states that the intensity of light emitted, is directly 80% of the disease symptoms , ranging between ages two(2)
proportional to the concentration of the test metal or to twelve (12) months old. Escherichia coli was isolated from
electrolyte under study. all the samples and were accompanied by Klepsiella spp and
 Serum creatinine – principle: creatinine in alkaline Proteus mirabilis in samples one (01) and nine (009)
solution reacts with picric acid to form a coloured respectively. This suggest that Escherichia coli is the culprit
complex. The amount of the complex formed is directly causing Kurga or Makia-kia disease.
proportional to the creatinine concentration in the
sample. Table 1 Showing Isolated and Identified Organisms From
 Liver Function Test:- All liver enzymes were determined Cultured Samples.
by Reitman and Frankel method of 1957 using Randox S no. Age In Months Sample Type Organism Isolated
commercial test kits.
 Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Principle: An amino 1 4 STOOL E.COLI
group is enzymatically transferred by Aspartate amino-
transferase present in the sample to the carbon atom of 2- 2 3 STOOL E.COLI
oxoglutarate yielding oxaloacetate and L-glutamate.
AST activity is thereafter measured by monitoring the 3 5 STOOL E.COLI
concentration of oxaloacetate hydrazone formed with
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. 4 7 STOOL E.COLI
 Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Principle: An amino
group is enzymatically transferred by Aspartate amino- 5 10 STOOL E.COLI
transferase present in the sample to the carbon atom of 2-
oxoglutarate yielding pyruvate and L-glutamate. ALT 6 9 STOOL E.COLI
activity is thereafter measured by monitoring the
concentration of oxaloacetate hydrazone formed with 7 3 STOOL E.COLI
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
 Serum total protein – principle: cupric ions in an alkaline 8 2 STOOL E.COLI
medium interact with protein peptide bonds resulting in
the formation of a coloured complex. 9 4 STOOL M./E.COLI
10 12 STOOL E.COLI

ISSN No:-2456-2165
B. Demographic Characteristics of Study Respondents children. 52% of the respondents possess national diploma,
Table 2.0 shows the characteristics of the study and 33% having a senior school leaving certificate. These
respondents. A total of 100 people made up of 98 adults suggest that most of the respondents possess adequate
females and 2 adult males took part in the study. 95 of the 98 experience and a good literacy level to understand the topic
females are married, with 88 of them having more than three under discuss.
Table 2 Demographics of Study Respondents

Age (in years) 20-25 25-30 30-70
0 64 36
Sex M F
2 98
State of origin Plateau Others states
71 29
Number of Children One Two Three or more
2 10 88
Highest aced. Qualification PRM SSCE ND HND B.SC
10 33 52 4 1
M =Male F=Female Prm =Primary School Leaving the women admitted to have had children who were affected
Certificate by the disease, most of whom were between 0 and 6 months
old, at the time; suggesting a period of weak or growing
SSCE= Senior School Leaving Certificate ND= immunity. Similarly, 76% of such parents took the affected
National Diploma children to the local herbalist instead of a conventional health
facility, as 94% of them belief that hospital prescription are
HND= Higher National Diploma B.Sc = University ineffective against the disease. This therefore establishes the
Degree fact that kurga or makia –kia disease truly exist and should
be given all the necessary attention possible.
A total of 89% responded in the affirmative to knowing
about the disease, while only 11 % said otherwise. 78% of
Table 3 Awareness or Knowledge of Kurga or Makia-Kia Disease by Respondents

Question Response
Do you know about a disease called kurga or makia-kia Yes No
89 11
Where did you learn of the disease? Hospital/clinic From local women
9 91
Has your child or children ever been affected by the disease? Yes No
78 22
How old was the child when he or she was affected by the disease? 0.6mths 6-10mths 12mths
78 10 12
Where did you take such a child for treatment? Hospital/Clinic Local Herbalist
24 76
Did you try treating your child or children with, hospital, Yes No
prescriptions against the disease?
12 88
Would you recommend a hospital or clinic to a friend, in the event Yes No
of noticing the disease..?
22 78
Why not hospital prescriptions? Because they are ineffective 94
Because I belief only in herbal medicines 6
 Phytochemical Components Of The Various Extracts And Mixture.
Table 4.0 shows the results obtained from the phytochemical screening of Acalypha wilkensiana , Allium Sativum and that
of the aqueous mixture of the two extracts . Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides,phenols and anthraquinones were
present, except flavonoids and steroids.

ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 4 Phytochemical Components of the Different the groups (p<0.05)
Aqueous Extracts x
values not significant when compared with all groups
A.sativum (p>0.05)
S/N Phytochemical A.Wilkensiana Mixture A significant rise (p<0.05) in ALP serum levels was
- observed when we compared NC group with IR ,
1 Tannins + + signifying an infectious state. However,a significant
2 Phenol + - - decline was observed down the group following the
3 Saponnin + - + administration of different treatments ( ITR-1, ITR-2 and
4 Flavonoid + + + ITR-3). Similarly, a significant decrease
Cardiac + (p<0.05) was observed after the administration of the mixture
5 glycoside + of the extract as seen between ITR-1 and IR,
6 Alkaloid + + + As well as in AST levels , to show a decline in
7 Terpenoids + + + hepatotoxicity.
8 Steroids - + -
9 Anthraquinones + - -
C. Liver, Kidney and Haematological Analtyes in the Study Table 6 Effect of Different Treatment of the Aqueous
Groups Extracts on Liver Enzymes
Six liver, six renal and three haematological analytes GROUP ALP(U/L) ALT(U/L) AST(U/L)
measured during the seven days study period were profiled NC 63.44 ±0.27 55.54±0.26 36.38 ±0.44
and their mean, standard deviation, F- test and P- values were IR 78.06 ±0.13 a 68.74 ± 37.40 ± 0.55 a
tabulated across the four groups and compared with 0.42 a
acceptable reference range after subjecting the experimental ITR-1 70.86±0.09 ab 50.42 ± 31.40 ±0.01 b
b
animals to the extract. 0.26
ITR-2 65.91 ±0.03 60.00 ± 52.74 ±0.04 ac
ac ac
Total proteins (TP) showed no significant variation 0.11
(p>0.05) across the groups ,except for the sharp fall noticed ITR-3 66.18 ± 0.01a 59.00 ± 12.01 ± 0.05x
a
in infected group treated with 100mg/kg bw (ITR-1) ,which 0.21
showed significant drop (p<0.05) when compared with the NC= Normal control. IR = Infected untreated Rats. ITR-1
infected untreated group( IR). Serum Albumin (ALB) levels = Infected treated group with
showed a significant drop (p<0.05) when normal control extract at 100mg/kg bw,
group (NC) was compared infected untreated group (IR). ITR-2= Infected treated group with acalypha wilkensiana
However, a significant rise (p<0.05) was noticed in the ITR-1 extract at 100mg/kg bw.
group as compared with IR . Similarly, a significant rise ITR-3 = Infected treated group with allium sativum extract at
(p<0.05) in haemolysis is observed as seen in the Total 100mg/kg bw.
Bilirubin levels when NC is put side by side with IR , and Data are Mean ± MSD, n =5
again dropped when compared with ITR-1 and ITR-2. a
values are significantly higher when compared with normal
control(p<0.05)
Table 5 Effect of Different Treatment of the Aqueous Plants b
values are significantly lower when compared with infected
Extracts on Some Liver Analytes group (p<0.05)
GR UP TP(g/l) ALB(g/l) T.BIL(mi.mo/l) c
values are significantly higher when compared across the
NC 73.28±0.03 38.2 ±0.24 13.10 ±0.5 groups (p<0.05)
IR 83.24 ±1.42 x 33.6 ±0.46 b 18.54 ±0.42 a x
ITR-1 77.72 ±1.63 x 40.52 ±0.46 b 10.34 ± 0.23 b (p>0.05)
b
ITR-2 69 ± 0.12 36.47 ± 0.20 11.38 ± 0.04 b
ac
The table below showed a significant drop (p<0.05) in
X
ITR-3 71.34± 0.12 37.00±0.02X 12.01± 0.05X Na+ levels when IR group was compared with the ITR-1
group to depict a healthy homeostatic function , just as
NC= Normal control. IR = Infected untreated Rats. ITR-1 metabolic acidosis significantly dropped (p<0.05) between
= Infected treated group with IR and ITR-1 as seen in Hco3- rise.
extract at 100mg/kg bw,
ITR-2= Infected treated group with acalypha wilkensiana
extract at 100mg/kg bw
ITR- 3= Infected treated group with allium sativum
extract at 100mg/kg bw.
Data are Mean ± MSD, n =5
a
values are significantly higher when compared with
normal control(p<0.05)
b
values are significantly lower when compared with
infected group (p<0.05)
c
values are significantly higher when compared across

ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 7 Effect of Different Treatments of Aqueous Plants Extracts on Electrolytes Levels
GROUP Na+( mmol/l) K+ ( mmol/l) HC03-(mmol/l) Cl- (mmol/l)
NC 142.18 ± 0.13 5.94 ± 0.10 18.08 ± 0.13 106.50 ± 0.5
IR 146.18 ± 0.18a 6.85 ± 0.09a 17.40 ± 0.42a 110.52 ± 0.48a
ITR-1 137.92 ± 0.54b 5.84 ± 0.25 20.38 ± 0.35b 100.30 ± 0.27b
ITR-2 149.72 ± 0.07ac 5.00 ± 0.01 19.10 ± 0.20x 108.44 ± 0.20a
ITR-3 148.11 ± 0.01a 5.12 ± 0.41x 99.18 ± 0.11b 103. 45 ± 0.01b
NC= Normal control. IR = Infected untreated Rats.

ITR-1 = Infected treated group with extract at 100mg/kg bw,
ITR-1= Infected treated group with extract mixture at

100mg/kg bw.
a
values are significantly higher when compared with normal
control(p<0.05)
b Table 9 shows a good haematopoetic effect of Acalypha
group (p<0.05) wilkensiana as seen in the significant rise in PCV and RBC
levels when infected untreated group (IR) is compared with
c ITR-2.
groups (p<0.05)
Table 9 Effect of Aqueous Plant Extract on
d Haematological Analytes
values not significant when compared with all
groups(p>0.05) GROUP PCV(%) RBC(X1012/L) WBC(X103/m
m3)
The table below showed a significant rise (p<0.05) in NC 33.18 ± 0.25 4.12 ± 0.04 3.34 ± 46
serum Urea levels when NC group is compared with ITR-1, IR 33.96 ± 0.04 4.18 ± 0.11a 3.78 ± 0.0a
while a highly significant drop (p<0.05) in creatinine levels x
was observed between IR and ITR-1 to show a healthy ITR-1 37.48 ± 0.30 4.74 ± 0.06ab 3.48 ± 0.07ab
creatinine clearance. x
ITR-2 38.11 ± 0.01 5.00 ± 0.14c 3.08 ± 0.00x

Table 8 Effect of Different Treatments of Aqueous a
Plant Extracts on Renal Analytes ITR-3 37.00 ± 0.81a 5.12 ± 0.71a 3.44 ± 0.14x
GROUP Urea Creatinine(µmol/l) Uric
(µmol/l) Acid(µmol/l)
NC 5.40 ± 81.65 ± 0.11 123 ± 0.11 NC= Normal control. IR = Infected untreated Rats. ITR-1 =
0.10 Infected treated
IR 6.52 ± 101.02 ± 0.45a 129± 0.21a group with extract mixture at 100mg/kg bw.
0.29a ITR-2= Infected treated group with acalypha wilkensiana
ITR-1 6.26 ± 78.65 ± 0.21ab 125 ± 0.21ab extract at 100mg/kg bw.
0.15 ITR-3= Infected treated group with allium sativum extract at
ITR-2 5.60 ± 79.10 ± 0.37bx 120 ± 0.31b 100mg/kg bw.
0.01 Data are Mean ± MSD, n=5
a
ITR-3 6.00 ± 78.91 ± 0.12X 121 ± 0.03b values are significanlly higher when compared with normal
0.01 control(p<0.05)
b
group (p<0.05)
NC= Normal control. IR = Infected untreated Rats. ITR-1 = c
Infected treated group with extract mixture at 100mg/kg bw, group (p<0.05)
ITR-2= Infected treated group with acalypha wilkensiana x
(p>0.05)
ITR-3 = Infected treated group with allium sativum extract at
100mg/kg bw. The table below shows significant mobilization
Data are Mean ± MSD, n=5 (p<0.05) of IgG and IgM at the onset of bacterial
proliferation as can be seen when normal control group (NC)
was compared with infected group (IR), hence the rapid rise
in serum levels of the above mentioned parameters.
However, the administration of different treatments of the
extracts ,especially co-administration of Acalypha

ISSN No:-2456-2165
wilkensiana and Allium sativum (ITR-1), caused a significant
fall (p<0.05) in IgG and IgM serum levels , to depict
effective antibacterial potential of the treatment.
Table 10 Effect of Aqueous Plant Extract on Some

Immunological Parameters
Group IgG(mg/l) IgM (mg/l) Fig 4 Milder Antimicrobial Activity Demonstrated by
Individual Extracts of a Wilkensiana and a Sativum on E.Coli
NC 592.50± 0.11 87.50± 0.24 Colonies at 100mg/5ml Respectively
IR 838.88± 1.01a 124.05± 0.41a
ITR-1 628.85± 1.42ab 92.88± 0.44ab
ITR-2 669.04± 0.05ab 112.00± 0.60a
ITR-3 670.01± 0.13a 118.00 ± 0.18a
NC= Normal control. IR = Infected untreated Rats. ITR-1 =

Infected treated group with extract mixture at 100mg/kg bw,
ITR-2= Infected treated group with acalypha wilkensiana
ITR-3 = Infected treated group with allium sativum extract
at 100mg/kg bw.
Data are Mean ± MSD, n=5
a
values are significantly higher when compared with normal Fig 5 Antimicrobial Activity of Co-Administration of
control(p<0.05) Acalypha Wilkensiana and Allium Sativum on E.Coli and
b
values are significantly lower when compared with Proteus Mirabilis Colonies at 100mg/5ml.
infected group (p<0.05)
c
values are significantly higher when compared across the E. Antimicrobial Activity of Acalypha Wilkensiana and
groups (p<0.05)
x Allium Sativum extract mixture on E.Coli colonies at
100mg/5ml.
(p>0.05)
D. Comparative Anti-Microbial Effect of the Individual

Constituents of the Mixture on Isolates
The anti-microbial effect of the A.wilkensiana on E.coli
(Figure 3.0) showed morderate zone of inhibition . Although
the anti-microbial effect of A.wilkensiana on E.coli colonies
is not adequate for an effective therapeutic measure , it is
however, far better than that seen with Allium sativum (figure
4.0) , which has a far less significant zone of inhibition.
Fig 6 Absence of Antimicrobial Activity of extract mixture of

A.wilkensian and A. sativum on mix colonies of E.coli and
Proteus Mirabilis.
 Significant Antimicrobial Activity of A.wilkensiana

and A. Sativum extracts mixture demonstrated on
colonies of E.coli.
Fig 3 Antimicrobial Activity of a.Wilkensiana and a. Sativum
as Separate Extracts.

ISSN No:-2456-2165
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS February ( 2019 ) which demonstrated the dangers in the
E.coli strain 0157:H7 , first isolated in 1982 and its ability to
The sample mean and standard deviations of the secret shiga toxin which infects the alimentary tract and
parameters under study within the groups, exhibited induces abdominal cramps , with hemorraghic diarrhoea,
characteristics of normal distributions, to inform the choice further buttress this point. This E.coli 0157:H7 strain has
of the parametric, statistical tool, used (F –TEST). Thus, the become a major worldwide food borne pathogen known to
demonstration of fulfilment of normality was ensured. This result in life – threatening conditions especially in children
therefore means that samples were randomly selected; have and infants, and ultimately leading to renal failure and a vast
equal variance and follow normal distribution (i.e possess SD array of complications. Let me state here that more research
that are less than one third their individual means). needs to be done to determine the genetic characteristic of
these isolated strains, so as to establish whether or not we are
The number of diseases reportedly managed by the use dealing with a common strain or an entirely new strain of
of A. Wilkensiana has made scientist seek the biochemical E.coli that is not “friendly”.
basis of its medicinal importance. One of such scientist are
Gotep, et al ( 2016) who carried out an invitro antimicrobial Again, one may ask, if E.coli is the culprit, why then
screening using ethanol extracts of A.wilkensiana , and the dermatological irregularities, listed as some of the
reported a marked sensitivity on micro-organism such as S. symptoms of the disease? But then again, the answers to this
Aureus , Yersinia enterocolitica, E.coli, S.typhi, P.aeroginosa question may be found in the phrase “Acute Phase
and Klebsiella aeroginosa. Response”. When the immune system is stimulated by an
acute infection , trauma, inflammation, e.t.c, it leads to both
Ogbuchi, et al( 2014) studied the protective effect of biochemical and physiological changes called the “ acute
A.wilkensiana on biomarkers of oxidative stress in liver phase response” (APR),which is characterised by fevers
homogenates , using 70% methanol extract which was ,skeletal muscle catabolism ( as seen in patients with AIDS),
administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 50mg/kg bw and increase synthesis of acute phase proteins (APP) like pre-
100mg/kg bw of the extract for a period of 14 days. A albumin, prefibrinogen, C – reactive protein , serum amyloid
significant decrease (p<0.05) in malondialdehyde levels in A (SAA), e.t.c. Acute phase proteins (APP) are blood
the liver was registered; whereas, a significant proteins primarily synthesized by hepatocytes as part of the
increase(p<0.05) in the activity of superoxide dismutase and acute phase response (APR). APR is part of the early defence
catalyse in both 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg administered groups or innate immune system, which is triggered by different
compared to control. stimuli including trauma, infection, stress, neoplasia, and
inflammation. The APR may result in changes in more than
Cellini et al (1996) findings ,demonstrated that garlic 200 proteins grouped as either positive APP or negative APP.
extracts possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity
against certain gram positive and gram negative bacteria such In nearly all animal species, albumin represents the
as E.coli, salmonella , staphylococci, streptococci, klebsiella, major negative APP, which, during the APR, decreases in
proteus, bacilli and clostridium ( Okoye 2006). blood concentration and may represent either selective loss of
albumin due to renal or gastrointestinal changes or a decrease
E.coli is a non –sporforming, facultative anaerobic in hepatic synthesis. Positive APP are those that increase
gram negative Bacillus. It is an inhabitant of the intestine of during the APR. They are further classified as major,
warm blooded animals and is found in over 90% of humans. moderate or minor, depending on the magnitude of increase
Although it represents less than 1% of intestinal microbiota, during the APR.
E.coli is the predominant aerobic organism in the gut. It is
among the first bacterial species to colonize the intestine, A. Acute Phase Response
establishing itself in the gut early after birth and remaining
resident throughout the life of the host.
As a commensal, E.coli coexist harmoniously with its

mammalian host, promoting normal intestinal homeostasis
and preventing colonization by pathogens. However, some
strains carry a combination of virulence genes that enable
them to cause intestinal pathogenic E.coli (InPEC) and extra
–intestinal pathogenic E.coli (ExPEC) infections (Martin
2015).
The isolation of E.coli in all the ten stool samples defines,

completely, that E.coli is the culprit causing kurga or makia
–kia disease of infants and neonates. Thus, it is safe to say
that kurga or makia –kia is not a syndrome that depicts a
clash between a weak or growing immune system and a
normal flora, that has arrived too soon, but an actual disease.
A recent update of a publication by Abdul Wasey and Philiip

ISSN No:-2456-2165
B. Conclusion [6]. Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's
In conclusion, unless further scientific research proves principles and practice of infectious diseases.
otherwise , kurga or makia-kia is a bacterial disease of Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-
neonates and infants , caused by E.coli, regardless of its 4557-4801-3; Access provided by the University of
status as a normal flora . The single fact that it makes Pittsburgh.
children ill, and mothers worried and uncertain is a [7]. Cloherty, John (2012). Manual of neonatal care.
characteristic of most diseases. Prior to this research , there Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott
exist no scientific basis to ascertain the existence of this Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-60831-777-6;
disease and hence general refusal by health professionals to Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh.
acknowledge its existence ,and therefore no known causative [8]. During, acute infection of a protein not normally
pathogen. These factors have led to the absence of effective present in the blood. J Exp. Med 73 73.173-182. Dutta
therapy against the disease, .given rise to many AC (1998). Botany for Degree Students. Oxford
undocumented mortalities among infants and neonates ,and University Press, India. 6th Edition, Page 587 - 634.
is thus, gradually becoming a public health issue among local "Epidemiological update: Outbreaks of Zika virus and
population. complications potentially linked to the Zikavirus
infection". European Centre for Disease Prevention
The ability of the mixture of A.wilkensiana and allium and Control. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
sativum to reduce E.coli multiplication in the experimental [9]. Fanaroff, Avroy (2013). Klaus & Fanaroff's care of the
animals while at the same time keeping important biomarkers high-risk neonate. Philadelphia, PA:
within safe limits , confirms the claim by Gotep ( 2016) who Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-4001-9; Access
carried out invitro antimicrobial screening using ethanol provided by the University of Pittsburgh.
extracts. [10]. Florin, Todd (2011). Netter's pediatrics. Philadelphia,
PA: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4377-1155-4.
C. Recommendation Gotep JG, Agada GOA, Gbise DS, Chollom 5 (2010)
I will greatly recommend further investigation to Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of
determine the exact chemical property of A.wilkensiana Acalypha Wilkensiana leaves growing in Jos, Plateau
responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity. Similarly, State, Nigeria. Mal J Microbiolog 6:69-74.
genetic characterization of the isolated E.coli should be done [11]. Gotep JG, Makoshi MS, 0 Ladipo 00, Forcados GE,
and compared with the genome of existing strains archived in Shu ML, Et al, (2016) safety evaluation of
DNA banks, so as to bring to lime light, wether or not we are Acalypha Wilkensiana in Albino rats and BTK - 21
dealing with a new strain of the organism. cell line, comparative clinical pathology 25: 1618 -
5641.
REFERENCES [12]. Gomaa, N.F., and Hashish, M.H., (2003). Journal
Egypt Public Health association, 78 (5-6); 361372.
[1]. Ageing, Australian Government Department of Health [13]. Groppo FC, Ramacciato JC, Simoes Rp, Florio Fm,
and. "Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit annual Sartorattor A. Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree
report, 2010". www.health.gov.au. Retrieved 2017-12- oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms Int
16. Dent J. 2002; 52: 433 - 437.
[2]. Anfimicrobial activity of crude Extracts of three [14]. Gundiza, M, (1985). Photochemical servicing of
modianal plats used in south - west Nigeria Folk Zimbabwean medicinal platas. The Central African
medicine on some food Borne Bacterial pathogens. Journal Med. (3); 326.
African Journal Traditional 314; 13-22. [15]. Hollier, Lisa M; Wendel, George D; Hollier, Lisa M
[3]. Baucells, B.J.; Mercadal Hally, M.; Álvarez Sánchez, (2008). "Third trimester antiviral prophylaxis for
A.T.; Figueras Aloy, J. (2015). "Asociaciones de preventing maternal genital herpes simplex virus
probióticos para la prevención de la enterocolitis (HSV) recurrences and neonatal infection". Reviews
necrosante y la reducción de la sepsis tardía y la (1): CD004946.
mortalidad neonatal en recién nacidos pretérmino de [16]. Health, Australian Government Department of.
menos de 1.500g: una revisión sistemática". Anales de "Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)".
Pediatría. 85 (5): 247–255. Polin, Richard (2014). www.health.gov.au. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
Fetal and neonatal secrets. Philadelphia: Elsevier [17]. Hughes BG and Lawson DL. Antimicrobial effects of
Saunders. ISBN 978-0-323-09139-8. Allium sativum L. (Garlic). Allium ampeloprasun
[4]. Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's (elephant garlic), and Allium cepa (onion), garlic
principles and practice of infectious diseases. compounds and commercial garlic supplement
Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1- products. Phytother Res. 1991; 5:154 - 158.
4557-4801-3; Access provided by the University of [18]. Abernathey JT , Avery OT. 1941. The occurrence.
Pittsburgh. Alper CA 1974. Plasma protein measurements as a
[5]. Burkil, HM; (2004). The useful plants of West tropical diagnostic aid.
Africa. Volume 6, 2nd Edition, Royal
Atomic Gardenu, Kwe. 612.

ISSN No:-2456-2165
[19]. Ikewuchi JC, Ikewudi CC (2010) [31]. Mayhall, C (2012). Hospital epidemiology and
Hypocholesterolaemic effect of aqueous extract o infection control. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
Acalypha Wilkensiana on rats fed egg yolk Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-
supplemented diet: Implications for cardiovascular 60831-300-6; Access provided by the
risk management. Res J Sci Techn_ 2:78-81. University of Pittsburgh.
[20]. Isaacs, David (2014). Evidence-based neonatal [32]. Mary T. Caserta (October 2015). "Overview of
infections. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley Neonatal Infections". Merck Sharp & Dohme
Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-65460-6; Access Corporation. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
provided by the University of Pittsburgh. "Infectious [33]. N Eng J med 291:287 - 290 Epubmed J. Angen 0,
diseases in pregnancy screening: programme Thomssen J, Lansen LE, Lansen J, Kokotovic, Hee
overview; Detailed guidance". GOV.UK. 1 January Gaard PM, Enemark JM. 2009.
2015. Retrieved 2016-01-07. [34]. Neil K. Kaneshiro, David Zieve, Isla Ogilvie,
[21]. Ikewuchi JC, Ikewudi CC (2010) A.D.A.M. Editorial team, eds. (December 4, 2013).
Hypocholesterolaemic effect of aqueous extract o "Neonate". U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Acalypha Wilkensiana on rats fed egg yolk Retrieved January 16, 2016.
supplemented diet: Implications for cardiovascular [35]. Okoye LA. In intro determination of bacterial effects
risk management. Res J Sci Techn_ 2:78-81. of garlic (Allium Sativum) on staphylococcus aureus
[22]. Ikewuchi JC, Ikewudi CC (2010) and E. Coli. NIJOSTEE. 2010; Vol. 3, No.1, ISSN:
Hypocholesterolaemic effect of aqueous extract o 03331. 9873. Akinemi, K. 0; Oluwa, O. K. and
Acalypha Wilkensiana on rats fed egg yolk Omonigbehin; E. 0 (2006).
supplemented diet: Implications for cardiovascular [36]. Oliveira Melo, A. S.; Malinger, G.; Ximenes, R.;
risk management. Res J Sci Techn_ 2:78-81. Szejnfeld, P. O.; Alves Sampaio, S.; Bispo de
[23]. Jadsada; Thinkhamrop, Bandit; Tolosa, Jorge E. Filippis, A. M. (1 January 2016). "Zika virus
(2014- 09-14). "Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour intrauterine infection causes fetal brain
for preventing maternal and neonatal abnormality and microcephaly: tip of the iceberg?".
[24]. Kumar, Ritu; Bronze, Michael Stuart (2015). "Pelvic Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 47 (1): 6–7.
Inflammatory Disease Empiric Therapy". Medscape. [37]. Ohlsson, Arne; Shah, Vibhuti S; Stade, Brenda C;
Retrieved 23 January 2019. Kunz C, Rodriguez- Ohlsson, Arne (2014). "Vaginal chlorhexidine during
Palmero M, Koletzko B, Jensen R (June labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B
[25]. Leveno, Kenneth (2013). Williams manual of streptococcal infection". Reviews. 12 (12): CD003520.
pregnancy complications. New York: McGraw-Hill Lumbiganon, Pisake; Thinkhamrop,
Medical. p. 507. ISBN 9780071765626. [38]. Pryhuber, Gloria S. (2015). "Postnatal Infections and
[26]. Li, Shunming; Huang, Jingya; Chen, Zhiyao; Guo, Immunology Affecting Chronic Lung Disease of
Dan; Yao, Zhenjiang; Ye, Xiaohua (2017). "Antibiotic Prematurity". Clinics in Perinatology. (4): 697–718.
Prevention for Maternal Group B Streptococcal Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh.
Colonization on Neonatal GBS-Related Adverse [39]. Rubin Dasgrupta, Rajeridra S, Nancy and Rawat DS.
Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis". Frontiers in Antibacterial effect of plants extracts on human
Microbiology. 8: 374. Ohlsson, A; Shah, VS (10 June microbial pathogero and microbial limit test. IJRPC,
2014). "Intrapartum antibiotics "Listeria (Listeriosis)". 2012; 2(4), ISSN: 2231. 2781.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 [40]. Santosham, Mathuram; Chan, Grace J.; Lee, Anne CC;
October 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-23. Baqui, Abdullah H.; Tan, Jingwen; Black, Robert E.
[27]. Leonardo Aguiar. "Ministério da Saúde confirma (2013). "Risk of Early-Onset Neonatal Infection with
relação entre vírus Zika e microcefalia" Maternal Infection or Colonization: A Global
[Ministry of Health confirms relationship between Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLoS
Zika virus and microcephaly]. Medicine. 10 (8): e1001502. Ann L Anderson-
[28]. Portal da Saúde – Ministério da Saúde. Archived from Berry, Linda L Bellig, Bryan L Ohning (December 31,
the original on 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2016-02-01. 2015). "Neonatal Sepsis Clinical Presentation".
[29]. MacDonald, Mhairi (2015). Avery's neonatology : WebMD LLC. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
pathophysiology and management of the newborn. Siriwachirachai, Thitiporn; Sangkomkamhang,
Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 978-1-4511- Ussanee S; Lumbiganon, Pisake; Laopaiboon,
9268-1; Access provided by the University of Malinee; Siriwachirachai, Thitiporn (2014).
Pittsburgh. for known maternal Group B streptococcal "Antibiotics for meconium-stained amniotic fluid in
colonization". The Cochrane Database of Systematic labour for preventing maternal and neonatal
Reviews (6): CD007467. infections". Reviews (11): CD007772.
[30]. Martin, Richard (2015). Fanaroff and Martin's
neonatal-perinatal medicine : diseases of the fetus and
infant. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.
ISBN 978-1-4557-5617-9; Access provided by the
University of Pittsburgh.

ISSN No:-2456-2165
[41]. Sinha, Sunil (2012). Essential neonatal medicine.
Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN 978-0-470-67040-8; Access provided by the
University of Pittsburgh. Stoll, A, and seebeck, E.,
(2006). Chemical investigations on Allin, the specific
principle of Garlic, Willey Online Library, Pg 11 - 35.
"Tetanus and neonatal tetanus (NT)". WHO Western
Pacific Region. Archived from the original on 2014-
05-03.
[42]. Torgerson, Paul R; Mastroiacovo, Pierpaolo (2013).
"The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a
systematic review" (PDF). Bulletin of the World
Health Organization. 91 (7): 501–508. Ungerer,
Regina LS; Lincetto, Ornella; McGuire, Van de Laar,
Rafli; van der Ham, David P.; Oei, S. Guid; Willekes,
Christine; Weiner, Carl P.; Mol, Ben W.J.
(2009). "Accuracy of C-reactive protein determination
in predicting chorioamnionitis and neonatal infection
in pregnant women with premature rupture of
membranes: A systematic review". European
Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and
Reproductive Biology. 147 (2): 124–129. "Grunting in
Neonates - General Practice Notebook".
www.gpnotebook.co.uk.
[43]. William; Saloojee, Haroon H; Gülmezoglu, A
Metin; Ungerer, Regina LS (2004). "Prophylactic
versus selective antibiotics for term newborn infants of
mothers with risk factors for neonatal infection".
Reviews (4): CD003957.
[44]. Zakaria Y. AI- Asta;. Effect of storage and
temporaries of aqueous garlic extract. On the growth
of certain pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Al Azhar
University - Gaza 2003; Vol. 6,2 P. 11-20.
[45]. Zakher, Bernadette; Cantor MD, Amy G.; Daeges,
Monica; Nelson MD, Heidi (December 16,
2014). "Review: Screening for Gonorrhea and
Chlamydia: A Systematic Review for the U.S.
Prevententive Services Task Force". Annals of Internal
Medicine. 161 (12): 884–894.
CiteSeerX 10.1.1.691.6232. Kenner, Carole (2014).
Comprehensive neonatal nursing care (5th ed.). New
York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC.
ISBN 978-0-8261-0975-0. Access provided by the
University of Pittsburgh.

Evaluation of The Effect of Co-Administration of Acalypha Wilkensiana and Allium Sativum On Kurga (Makia-Kia) Infected Young Albino Wistarss Rats

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Evaluation of The Effect of Co-Administration of Acalypha Wilkensiana and Allium Sativum On Kurga (Makia-Kia) Infected Young Albino Wistarss Rats

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

Evaluation of the Effect of Co-Administration of

Dr. C.D Luka Dr. B. P Omoniwa

African Centre Of Excellence For Phytomedicine Research And Development (ACEPRD)

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1631

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1632

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1633

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1634

K. Phytochemical Screening of Plant Extract O. Test for Saponins

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1635

 Liebermann-Burchard Test: Urease test –urease agar is a biochemical differential

V. Culture plate reading

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1636

 Read absorbance at 546nm. This principle is based on the fluorescence emitted

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1637

Table 2 Demographics of Study Respondents

Table 3 Awareness or Knowledge of Kurga or Makia-Kia Disease by Respondents

 Phytochemical Components Of The Various Extracts And Mixture.

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1638

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1639

NC= Normal control. IR = Infected untreated Rats.

ITR-1= Infected treated group with extract mixture at

ITR-2 38.11 ± 0.01 5.00 ± 0.14c 3.08 ± 0.00x

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1640

Table 10 Effect of Aqueous Plant Extract on Some

IR 838.88± 1.01a 124.05± 0.41a

ITR-1 628.85± 1.42ab 92.88± 0.44ab

ITR-2 669.04± 0.05ab 112.00± 0.60a

ITR-3 670.01± 0.13a 118.00 ± 0.18a

NC= Normal control. IR = Infected untreated Rats. ITR-1 =

D. Comparative Anti-Microbial Effect of the Individual

Fig 6 Absence of Antimicrobial Activity of extract mixture of

 Significant Antimicrobial Activity of A.wilkensiana

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1641

As a commensal, E.coli coexist harmoniously with its

The isolation of E.coli in all the ten stool samples defines,

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1642

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1643

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1644

IJISRT23JAN578 www.ijisrt.com 1645

You might also like