A Conversational Analysis On Classroom-Based Talk Show Production Genderlect in Focus

Volume 6, Issue 10, October – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
A Conversational Analysis on Classroom-Based Talk

Show Production: Genderlect in Focus
Mae Viel C. Galano Jonelson C. Escandallo Elealeh G. Suan
Master of Arts in Education Master of Arts in Education Bachelor of Secondary Education
major in Teaching English major in Teaching English major in English College Instructor
Teacher II, La Filipina National Instructor, Kapalong College of Kapalong College of Agriculture,
High School Agriculture, Sciences and Sciences and Technology
Technology
Abstract:- This qualitative-conversational analysis study That male and female have different conversational styles
aimed to analyze the conversational styles based on which may affect their performance in their language
gender through the responses of the participants on a subjects.
given specific topic. It also aimed to examine the
significant difference of the students’ way of answering In Malaysia, researchers Majzub and Rais (2010) argue
when analyzed according to gender. Further, it aimed to that male underachievement is a topic of critical importance
elucidate why gender affects how they deliver their in their country and around the world. In their research, they
thoughts through a conversation. This study is anchored found that girls were outperforming boys in almost all
to the theory of “Genderlect” popularized by Deborah subject domains whether they were science or non-science
Tannen (1984), who proposes that there is a difference in majors. Majzub and Rais (2010) also pointed out that the
language based on gender. She emphasized the existence situation worsened as students progressed through the
of two major types of conversational styles. That shapes different levels of education with eventual tertiary level
the communicative behavior of individual speakers: a matriculation reflecting a 65–35% enrollment of females
high-involvement style and the opposing high- relative to males.
considerateness style. These styles can reflect the general
linguistic behavior of women and men in conversation. In the Philippines, Tamayo (2014) cited on his research
She also added that there are linguistic features which paper, that boys are encouraged to concentrate on the
were developed by men and women during conversation. sciences and mathematics while girls are expected to be
Following the suggestive range of entries from Clark and more knowledgeable on languages and the arts. This simply
Braun (2013) which is 10-100 participants, this study was shows that gender has an effect on how a male and female
process their thought that may cause male students to have
solely focused in gathering data from forty (40) students,
low grades in language subjects and worst is to drop the
comprising twenty (20) male and twenty (20) female,
specifically from the Senior High School, Grade 11. As to subject. With this, it is evident that there are problems in
the participants’ responses there were six (6) treating males’ and females’ responses with their language
communicative behavior observed during the talk show performance.
production namely: speed; preference on topic/ In my class, whenever I give students impromptu
argument; turn takings; directness; emotion/intimacy; activities such as oral recitations and essays, the girls are
establishment of authority and strategy. With regards to observed to have more ideas to share compared to the boys
the six (6) linguistic features formed into themes that can be seen in the essays that my students submitted and
emerged that women ask more questions than men; even during oral recitations. In writing their papers, the girls
women use more fillers than men; both men and women have more personal content basing it from their experiences,
use intensifiers for emphasis; women use more rebuttals because they are more open and expressive as compared to
compared to affirmatives than men, women use more the boys. Boys, on the other hand, are observed to be more
adjectives than men. The results are believed to be factual and are usually timid. These factors were observed to
significant for the language teachers, for it is important have affected the grades that my students received since I
to know the different conversational styles of our assessed my students on the contents of their written and
students most especially that gender is one of the factors oral outputs.
to be considered in the speech delivery of our students.
On the other hand, in Tagum Division, I have not
Keywords:- Education, genderlect, qualitative- found any study yet about conversational analysis which
conversational analysis, Tagum City, Philippines. focuses on gender. In this study, I used the classroom-based
Talk Show production to gather the data from the
I. INTRODUCTION participants. I have seen the urgency to understand and
Men and women are two different individuals who analyze the conversational styles based on gender through
have diverse personality which gives them unique traits. the responses of the participants on a given specific topic.
This causes them to have dissimilar responses to the topics Moreover, I have found the need to conduct this study
that are given to them. This is why we can observe men and because as a language teacher, one of its prerequisites is to
women communicating very differently from one another.
IJISRT21OCT633 www.ijisrt.com 1098

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address the needs of our students especially on analyzing conversational needs which can be attributed those women
their answers on a given topic. are highly involved speakers.
These usual situations have encouraged me to carry out Further, people who have high-involvement
a study that would show understanding and will let me conversational style (rapport talk) tend to speak faster which
analyze the Conversational Styles based on gender wherein can be classified in speed in speech, overlap or launch other
this is considered very significant in the field of teaching people’s speech or turn-taking, prefer personal topic and
English and Oral Communication subject. story-telling. Also, different childhood experiences of boys
and girls affects and causes misunderstanding later on in
A. Purpose of the Study their relationships during adulthood. She stated that during
The purpose of this conversational analysis was to conversations, women use indirectness than direct speech,
analyze the different responses of gender based on make less jokes, and it is highly observable that they reflect
conversational styles in a classroom-based talk show emotions and are more concerned with intimacy (Tannen,
production. It also aimed to examine the significant 1990 as cited by Erkaya, 2018).
difference of the students’ way of answering when analyzed
according to gender. Further, it aimed to elucidate why On the other hand, people who have high-
gender affects how they deliver their thoughts through a considerateness conversational style (report talk) have the
conversation. opposite characteristics than high-involvement style,
meaning, they tend to speak slower, wait for its turn to
B. Research Questions speak, and avoids personal stories. Men are more
This study specifically sought answers to the following straightforward during conversations which mean that they
questions: are direct in their speech, make more jokes and are more
1) What are the conversational styles present in the concerned with establishing their status or authority
classroom-based Talk Show production of the male (Tannen, 1990 as cited by Erkaya, 2018).
and female students in terms of Communicative
Behavior? In context of the study, the classroom-based talk show
2) What are the linguistic features found in the production raw transcript was analyzed as to the existence of
conversation of male and female students in the two major types of conversational styles as presented by
classroom-based Talk Show production? Tannen (1990) of which for better and easier understanding,
3) How does gender affect the conversational styles in I enumerated conversational features which summed up the
classroom-based Talk Show production? two major styles namely: (1) speed, (2) preference on topic
or argument, (3) turn-takings, (4) directness, (5)
C. Theoretical Lens emotion/intimacy, and (6) establishment of authority and
This study is gleaned through the theory of strategy. Also, this transcript was further analyzed as to the
“Genderlect” popularized by Deborah Tannen (1990) which occurrence of the six linguistic features found in the
proposed that there is a difference in language based on conversations of both genders namely: (1) question, (2)
gender. This theory fundamentally explained that the fillers, (3) hedges, (4) intensifiers, (5) affirmatives and last
process of gender acculturation further develops the is the (6) adjectives.
different linguistic features used by men and women
speakers and how these features become identity markers D. Scope and Limitation of the Study
for men or women in their social context. In addition, these This study is delimited on understanding and analyzing
linguistic features have been enumerated in details by the different responses of students based on their gender,
Lakoff (1977) which includes the questions (tag questions which is selected and highly recommended of the advisers
and WH-questions), fillers, hedges, intensifiers, affirmatives or English teachers from Division of Tagum, School Year
and adjectives. 2019-2020. This study was conducted within the months of
November 2019 to February 2020.
In connection with this theory, Tannen (1990) further
explained and elucidated that the amount of talk contributed Following the suggestive range of entries from Clark
by women and men differ in public, contexts, formal or and Braun (2013) which is 10-100 participants, this study
private, and last is intimate context. She further elucidated solely focused in gathering data from forty (40) students,
those men tend to value public, referentially orientated talk, comprising twenty (20) male and twenty (20) female, there
while women value and enjoy intimate, affective orientated are one moderator for each production and twelve students
talk. Further, each gender contributed more in the situation for the production team, specifically from the Senior High
in which they are most comfortable. However, Tannen School, Grade 11. The topics provided for each group were
pointed out that these conversational styles may be affected the foundation of their discussions. Other irrelevant answers
by the speech linguistic features of each gender. Yet, she provided by the students were not considered in the analysis
explained that men appeared to regard public formal of this study.
contexts as opportunities for display, while they are more
reserved in private interaction which can be attributed those E. Importance of the Study
men are highly considerate speakers. On the other hand, I believe that the results of this study would be beneficial
women appeared to take more account of their receivers’ in providing valuable information to the following
individuals who would probably get affected in most of the

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communication situation. This includes teachers, students, genderlect theory was used as the basis of the relevant
school administration, DepEd officials and future information to be discussed for further understanding.
researcher.
G. Organization of the Study
This study will serve as an eye-opener for teachers on In this section of my research paper, appropriate and
how students’ perception differs according to their gender. comprehensive arrangement of the study is presented.
Teachers need to be equal to the students, it will also help Chapter 1 presents the exploration and understanding
them give proper intervention if needed. This study will of the study. The research questions are indicated and
further help them assess and understand their students. They significant terms used are operationally and conceptually
should be critical and should have no gender-related biases defined. The limitation of this study is also articulated in this
when it comes to their students’ answers, since students of section.
different gender vary in their perspectives and responses.
Chapter 2 presents the review of related literature,
This will also help students to better understand how readings, studies and concepts of some researchers and
their gender affects their way of expressing ideas. To stop concerned individuals that are similar to the present study.
them from thinking that there is bias in giving grades when These literatures are obtained through books, internet
it comes to language subjects. articles, and other publications.
This study will also help the School Administrators to Chapter 3 describes the application or usage of
give action towards the diverse activities for genders. These qualitative research methodology, and articulates the data
activities will be an avenue for them to express themselves. collection, data analysis and issues associated with
participants’ confidentiality. The chapter addresses
The DepEd officials will further understand the information related to research design appropriateness, the
perceptions of students based on the given topic or situation. study population and selection, and data collection
This will also allow them decide what are the various approaches.
activities that they can offer for the students that focuses on
gender. Chapter 4 discloses the results of the classroom-based
Talk Show Production which contains tables and analysis of
Lastly, to the future researchers who want to conduct a data referring to the research questions.
study related to this inquiry. This will provide supporting
data that they will need for their future research. Language Chapter 5 discusses the major themes extracted from
and gender can be considered a very good study, especially the results coming from the participants’ ideas with
that it has significance in learning English. supporting statements coming from the various authors. It is
in this chapter that conclusions of the study, as well as its
F. Definition of Terms implications are cited.
The following terms are defined both conceptually and
operationally for further understanding about the study. II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
a) Conversational Analysis. This chapter presents the following studies, articles,
It is defined as an approach to the study of social concepts, and citations which are the supporting related facts
interaction and talk-in-interaction that, although rooted in that will give an insight about the understanding and
the sociological study of everyday life, has exerted analysis of the conversational styles among gender.
significant influence across the humanities and social
sciences including linguistics (Sidnell, 2016). In this study, A. Genderlect
this term refers to the method used on analyzing the The study in the matter of gender distinction in
gathered data. language is broad and ancient. Given the extensive topics
offered for analysis by this study, linguists come up with
b) Classroom-based Talk Show new hypothesis constantly. It is said that this study can even
A show in which various topics are discussed informally be dated back to the origin of language itself. During the
and listeners, viewers or the studio audience are invited to Middle Ages, men were in charge of the standardization of
participate in the discussion (Merriam, 1965). In this study, grammar, vocabulary and structure. This caused the notion
classroom-based talk show has been chosen as an activity to and treatment that women’s use of English is unfitting in
gather data of what are the conversational styles based on creating language (Coates, 2004 as cited by Rathmayr,
gender. Additionally, talk show production refers to the 2014).
avenue where the participants can express their ideas when
given a specific topic. Genderlect is a term coined by Deborah Tannen
(1990), during the nineteen-seventies, to describe the
c) Genderlect variation in language used by genders (Hidalgo-Tenorio,
A controversial concept that finds its origins in the field of 2017). She also stated that there are other situations and
early sociolinguistics, after Weinrich’s (1953) claim that sex variables which may possibly influence the linguistic
can be a relevant variable in language contact situations, and performance of each gender, such as race, ethnicity, group,
that has repeatedly been argued to reinforce social age, job, social class, family income, as well as sociocultural
stereotyping (Motschenbacher, 2007). In this study,

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and economic backgrounds (Labov, 1972 as cited by tend to avoid doing so. In terms of posture, women are more
Hidalgo-Tenorio, 2017). tensed while men are more relaxed. Women don’t mind
being close to another person, men on the other hand want
The investigation of the connection between gender enough space apart. Women touch a person with warmth
and language is highly diversified. The variation of this and friendliness, men with sexual interest.
academic discipline is not solely rooted in the area of
linguistics. It also includes the fields of sociology, Women flourish on harmony and relating to others
education, anthropology, psychology and literature. Experts while men thrive to compete and achieve. Women use
in different fields of study have different philosophies and intuition, whereas men use analysis and reason. Women are
queries to elaborate, thus increasing the ways of more cooperative, while men are more assertive. When
approaching the topic of Genderlect (Tannen, 1994 as cited given a task or project, women ask many questions before
by Rathmayr, 2014). starting while men want to begin working immediately.
Women want to feel whereas men want to think (Graham,
B. Language and Gender 2016).
According to Eckert and McConnell-Ginet (2013), the
study of language and gender is an interdisciplinary D. Communication Style
endeavor as it ranges from literary studies to psychology to According to Lieberman (2016), women are more likely
sociology. It also includes anthropology, communication to talk to other women to share problems or need help in
and linguistics. The first person who pioneered in this field, making a decision, while men keep their problems and
that women’s speech had some features that were different personal issues to themselves. Women look for something in
from men’s speech, was Lakoff during the nineteen- common and ways to connect with other women, making
seventies. This article of Lakoff became a crucial part in the them more relationship oriented. Men tend to assess a
feminist movement. relationship based on status and dominance. Women share
experiences and ask questions to build rapport, while men
El-daly (2011) mentioned three major themes that would rather tell and give information than ask questions.
dominate the language and gender research from 1973 to the When on disagreements, women tend to let it affect all
end of the twentieth century. Women have tendency to use aspects of their relationship. Whereas men can disagree
forms which help them express uncertainty related to what about one thing then move on to another subject like nothing
they are talking about. In Lakoff’s view, some of language happened. Women build relationships at work to get things
aspects consisting of lexical distinctions, tag questions, and done while men build relationships with each other as they
strength of directive speech acts, strong versus weak work on tasks. Women nod their heads to show they are
expletives, question intonation with statement syntax are listening while men assume women agree with them and
more associated with women than with men. Women using their ideas. Men nod their heads only in agreement.
these features are considered to be not only weak but also
inferior and powerless. According to Merchant (2012), in a psychological
input, men and women differ in the way they act, from the
Wardhaugh (2010), refers to the ideas of Lakoff (1975) way which they communicate to the way they attempt to
which suggested that the discussion of ‘Women’s language’ influence others. These gender differences as to how one
is related to ‘men’s language’. Male speech is the unmarked communicates and uses methods to influence another also
standard form and it sets the benchmark whereas female have implications as to how men and women respond and
speech was considered to be a marked form. Therefore, relate to others. She added that the biggest difference in the
female’s language is thought to be less powerful. However, style of communication between men and women can be
Wardhaugh, referred Lakoff’s approach as a ‘deficit’ theory traced down the fact that each group view the purpose of
since her analysis was not centered on empirical research conversations differently. It has been supported by academic
and her finding assured that women’s speech had research conducted that there is in fact a psychological
uncertainty and lack of confidence on the part of women. difference between men and women, that women regard
communication as a tool to enhance and create social
C. Rapport Talk and Report Talk connections and relationships. Men, however, regard it as a
According to Graham (2016), verbal communication tool to exert dominance and achieve tangible outcomes
also varies based on gender. The male’s characteristics tend (Maltz&Borker, 1982; Leaper, 1991; Mason, 1994; Wood,
to avoid personal stories, attempts to dominate the 1996; as cited by Merchant 2012).
conversation, are less likely to listen, are more aggressive
and are more prone to interrupt a conversation. The female’s Merchant (2012) cited the statements of Basow and
characteristics, however, tend to share or offer personal Rubenfield (2003), that women are more expressive,
stories, are concerned with equalized output, form groups, tentative, and polite in conversation while men are assertive
listen carefully and attentively, and allow themselves to be and power-hungry. Also, men and women differ on how
interrupted more. On the other hand, there are also non- they relate to others because women strive to be more social
verbal communication differences which is based on their in interacting with others, while men value more their
body language, such as the facial expression, eye contact, independence. In general, academic research showed that
posture, bodily proximity, and touching. Women shows women, in their interactions with others, are more social
more facial expressions compared to men. They prefer to emotional while men are more independent, unemotional or
have an eye contact to the person they talk to, whereas men unattached (Miller, 1976; Dinnerstein, 1977; Chodorow,

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1978; Eagly, 1987; Grilligan, 1982; as cited by Merchant speakers showed significantly higher speaking rate during
2012). passage reading than in conversation but the difference in
articulation rate between the two tasks was not significant
In communication styles, theorists proposed that these (Lee & Doherty, 2016).
gender differences place women at a disadvantage when
interacting with others compared to men. It is because, when On the other hand, another study was conducted which
speaking, women are timid. Whereas men are known to be sought to investigate the relationship between two complex
more assertive making an impression that they are more ways of communicating which are the speaking and
confident and proficient leaders (Lakoff, 1975 as cited by interpretation which manifest complex linguistic and
Merchant, 2012). neurological processes. Result showed that there was not
any significant difference between male and female
Gray (1992) as cited by Merchant (2012), men and interpreters with regard to their quality of simultaneous
women are so different in their approach to communicating interpretation. Moreover, with regard to the speed of
that it was suggested that they are like from different speaking, there was a difference between genders for results
planets. Furthermore, each gender has different needs, goals showed that male speakers opted to talk faster compared to
and values as to how they communicate. To maintain and female speakers (Hasanshahi&Shahrokhi, 2016).
create successful relationships, the key is understanding
these differences and being aware of how each other As to the preference of topic or argument, one
communicates and adapting to one’s style accordingly. He difference is that females thought of men as arrogant
also identified that the main differences in communication whereas males thought females as highly emotional. These
styles between men and women are as follows: Men are views may be due to differences in men and women’s views
goal-oriented, defining themselves through their capability about conversation. Further, women see conversations as the
to achieve results. Women, on the other hand, are way to develop and preserve intimacy while for men,
relationship-oriented, defining themselves through their conversations are negotiations to achieve and maintain
feelings and the quality of relationships they have. As for power. The idea that differences of genders in choosing
coping with stress, men withdraw themselves from the topics could be caused by the different perceptions of men
conversation or situation they are in while women reach out and women of styles in communication (Mahmud, 2010).
and talk about the reason or cause of their stress. Men have
the need to feel needed, appreciated and admired. Women, Male speakers tried to shift the topic to more
though, strive to feel cherished, respected and devoted. comfortable and less risky one at some very important
seconds of conversation when the woman tried to talk about
When faced with resolving a crisis or coming to a women’s capabilities and potentials. They also took use of
mutual agreement or conclusion, men and women differ in asking questions from their female partners to put
communication style as well. These kinds of situation, themselves in position of power and control the direction of
talking about and resolving conflict, have the most common interaction (Pakzadian, 2018).
communicative style mistake made by both males and
females. When attempting to resolve a problem, men have A study about the Facebook messages of males and
the urge to follow their natural tendency to offer a solution females revealed that the language used during discussion
while women are most likely to seek empathy and inside Facebook by self-identified females was more
understanding from the other party and are naturally interpersonally warmer, more compassionate, polite, and
inclined to offer and give unsolicited advice. These natural sometimes slightly more assertive of which the author
tendencies, since men and women approach conversations claimed that females were more personal and personally
differently, often create a rift and disagreement between affective speaker whereas the language used more by self-
men when communicating with the opposite sex (Gray, identified males was colder, more hostile, and impersonal
1992 as cited by Merchant, 2012). and thus, the author claimed that male speakers were more
factual in speaking their thoughts and avoid simultaneous
E. Linguistic Features of Conversation talks (Park et al, 2016).
In terms of speed, according to Priva (2016) that on the
average, while both men and women exhibited the main When it comes to turn-taking, women are more likely
trend, men conveyed more information than women at the to take turns in conversation which supports the notion that
same speech rate. However, it is added that women may women’s greater turn taking rates can be attributed to
tend to be more concerned with making sure their listeners interpersonal insensitivity and full of assertiveness
understand what they are saying. (Ghilzai& Baloch, 2016). Boys were found to talk more,
interrupt more and participate more enthusiastically in the
In addition, a study compared the speech rates between class where the teacher was a female whereas, in the class of
the male and female speakers across different speech tasks – a male teacher, the boys were the passive listeners,
first and second reading of the Rainbow Passage and participating only when asked direct questions by the
spontaneous speech elicited in a conversation. In conclusion, teacher (Iqbal &Azhar, 2019).
the study revealed that the male speakers seemed to speak
faster than the females although there was significant One study about the turn taking of male and female
difference found only in the articulation rate for the second students in a gender-mixed classrooms revealed that in the
reading of the passage. Also, the author mentioned that male Geography Department having female teacher, male

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students were more dominating as compared to the female regarding emotional expressivity and results from numerous
students who hardly participated in the class. They took studies indicated that women are more emotionally
more turns and participated better in the classroom expressive and intimate than men (Latu, Schmid Mast, &
discussion. In addition, they also interrupted the teacher and Kaiser, 2013).
the female counterparts when they tried to contribute to the
discussion. On the other hand, at the Department of Also, women are generally believed to be more
Economics, female students had a greater number of turns. emotionally expressive than men and are expected to smile
They dominated the classroom as compared to the male more as well as to show more sadness, fear, and guilt. There
students. Thus, author concluded that the gender of the are certain emotions that have been stereotypically linked to
teacher played an important part in shaping the discourse each gender, however, women are known to be self-reported
taking place in the classroom (Iqbal &Azhar, 2019). experiencing more emotion who tend to be more expressive
than men. As such, women express emotions, share personal
Another study about the turn taking system and repair feelings, relate stories, and listen empathetically whereas
strategies used by Iranian EFL learners in 10 EFL men engage in competitive joking and assertive speech to
classrooms was conducted of which the results indicated win control of the (Simon & Nath, 2014).
that female students were mostly chosen by the teacher to
talk turn in every classroom discussion especially with In establishing authority or status, there is the study
voluntary discussion while self-selection was commonly about the courtroom speeches which showed that it was not
employed by the male students especially in choosing topics women who used the features identified by Lakoff which
to discuss (Chalak and Karimi, 2017). includes questions, adjectives, intensifiers, fillers and
affirmatives but those people who has less institutional
In speech, there are different degrees of directness power (Wardhaugh& Fuller 2015).
which are determined in part by social and cultural
conventions. In order to communicate effectively with a Men try to maintain dominance over topic by showing
particular audience, a speaker or writer needs to maintain a more assertive mode during stages of topic development and
balance between directness and politeness. Directness is the maintenance. Men by using different strategies like
quality of being straightforward and concise by stating the interrupting women, topic shifting, asking questions and
main point early and clearly without embellishments raising topics, criticizing and engaging in conflict, and
or flowering words (Nordquist, 2020). Women used more an silence try to keep dominance over the conversation. Men
indirect communication pattern like in modest request which by asking question, though it is not frequent, but tried to
substantiates consideration and politeness with regard to shift the topic to their advantage, refused to talk about
others (Vaezi, 2015). uncomfortable issues, challenged women, got control of
conversation and maintained their dominance. When men
Furthermore, a study about the gender verbal asked questions, they shifted the topic to their topic of
communication behaviors of male and female revealed that expertise. So, they changed the topic to their own benefit
specific behaviors were exhibited more by a particular and tried to prove their controlling role in conversation. The
gender. Author pointed out that males utilized more person who controls the topic is the person who controls the
vocalized pauses with concrete examples than females do interaction (Hellum&Oláh, 2018).
whereas females utterances manifest greater verbal fillers,
questions, and qualifiers or adjectives then hedges than that Furthermore, men by being more self-oriented and
of males. This consistency in the findings indicated that women by being more other-oriented show varying degrees
verbal communication behaviors of both genders influenced of dominance over the conversation. Men are seen as
the directness of their speech (Opina, 2017). tending to use speaker-oriented questions, which are used to
seek information, demonstrate power and expertise, and
A study about the level of intimacy and reinforce boundaries between speakers. Male speakers are
communication between couples was conducted of which more likely to use a strategy of creating a longer sequence of
the data showed that women felt they shared more personal statements of their own in such a way as to discourage
information with their partners yet they were less trusting of others from occupying center stage (Tenorio, 2016).
and comfortable with their partners than men (Ubando,
2016). Talking about emotion and intimacy, sexual Questioning is important in the communication process
satisfaction and relationship satisfaction men and women are since it could be a way for the speaker to establish rapport
alike, feeling like their partner had a positive with his audience and listener. In using question like tag
communication style led to greater feelings of intimacy as question, women opt to express themselves less forcefully
well as relationship satisfaction (Yoo, et al., 2013). than men which can be seen in the use of tag questions of
which it can be associated as expressing tentativeness
In both conversational styles, women report negative (Coates, 2016).
feelings, such as sadness, while men report feeling excited
and calm more than women. As it is to be based with the Intensifiers are the linguistic element which modify the
experiences and expression, women show more intimacy or degree of an agreeable expression. Men use fewer
emotion in delivering their thoughts and ideas in speech, as intensifiers than women and that this has not changed
women take the conversation more personal. Empirical fundamentally over time (Fuchs, 2017). However,
findings consistently provide support for the sex differences intensifiers have come to be used more frequently which

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is possibly due to the spread of a stereotypically feminine. A. Research Design
Further, the author noted that female and male middle class This study is qualitative research in nature which used
speakers have also become more similar in their use of corpus-based approach and conversational analysis.
intensifiers unlikely those from the upper and working class. Qualitative research is a type of social science research that
collects and works with non-numerical data and that seeks to
There are two major types of fillers which second interpret meaning from these data that help us understand
language users frequently used. These are the lexicalized social life through the study of targeted populations or
and unlexicalized fillers. Lexicalized fillers include what do places. This type of research has long appealed to social
you call this, okay, yeah, right, actually, etc. In other words, scientists because it allows the researcher to investigate the
these are the lexicon or words that were used by the speaker meanings that people attribute to their behavior, actions and
to fill certain pauses. While unlexicalized fillers include interactions with others (Crossman, 2019).
ahm, ahh, ey, etc. or those prolonged sounds that the speaker
used in certain pauses during the speech production. Qualitative design was used in this study since this
However, in context of the study, it was found out that requires a Classroom-based Talk Show production. During
women often used more fillers compared to men. Male and the production, the researcher served as the observer. The
female students used all function of. They used fillers to fill production had five different topics which the participants
pause, mark of hesitation, holding turn, empathizing, gave their own idea based on their understanding about it.
mitigating, and interrupting (Navratilova, 2015). The researcher analyzed the data based on the participants’
method of answering the questions and on how they
There are many types of hedges according to structure responded to the given situations during the production.
and this includes adverbial hedges, adjectival hedges,
phrasal hedges, and generalized adjunct. In context of the In this study, I employed qualitative design using
current study, it is noticeable that women used more hedges Conversational Analysis which is the study of recorded,
compared to men speakers of which we can say that mostly, naturally occurring talk-in-interaction. The aim of studying
the speeches of women tend to be tentative. That female this interaction was to discover how the participants
speakers use hedges like I think and I’m sure to a greater understood and responded to one another in their turns at
extent than male speakers. This observation is in line with talk, with a central focus on how sequences of action are
the proposition that female speakers use hedges more often generated. The objective of Conversational Analysis is to
than male speakers (Engström, 2018). uncover the often-tacit reasoning procedures and
sociolinguistic competencies underlying the production and
There are many ways of which listeners and viewers interpretation of talk in organized sequences of interaction
can indicate affirmation with regards to the idea presented (Hutchby&Wooffitt, 1998 as cited by Nordquist, 2019).
by the speaker. It can be a nod, smile, or waving of hands.
However, in context of the current study, affirmation is Conversational analysis was used as the research
observable in the conversation of both male and female strategy in this study of which it is considered as the
speakers by quoting reference from that person’s idea. They naturalistic study of communication. In this research, talk is
believe that non-verbal communication demonstrates studied as a phenomenon in its own right. The classroom-
investment in the conversation. This non-verbal signal may based Talk Show production was used to lead on the
be a smile, a head nod or direct eye contact. When men are investigation of everyday communication patterns in natural
listening to others, they tend to remain still (Meier, 2018). settings, that includes the explanation of the everyday
participant's understanding, the first step to increase detailed
Overall, the research on gender differences in and critical knowledge of the complex processes at work in
communication styles, both academic research and popular talk. After having the classroom-based Talk Show
literature, lean towards the same conclusion that men and Production, talk data were collected through
women truly differ in the way they communicate. Even participant‐observation techniques, and analyzed through
though academic research is focused more on the interpretation by participants, observer, or the researcher.
characteristics and traits that men and women exhibit during
communication, popular literature made the connection B. Research Materials
between psychological gender traits and communication In this study, the research materials were the recorded
styles and gender differences in terms of basic goals of and transcribed conversations from classroom-based Talk
conversations. Show productions. The said Talk Show consists of five (5)
productions good for forty-five (45) minutes to one-hour
III. METHODOLOGY each. As Braun and Clarke (2013) recommend 10-100
corpora-based materials for analysis, a class coming from
This chapter discusses the methods and techniques that the Grade 11 (GAS) which consists of fifty-seven (57)
are used in gathering all the data that were needed for this students were designated to groups, namely, the participants,
study. This chapter includes the research design, research the moderator and the production team.
materials, role of the researcher, data collection procedure,
data sources, data analysis, trustworthiness of the study, and There were twenty (20) male participants and twenty
ethical considerations. (20) female participants, five moderators and the remaining
twelve students were part of the production team. The
participants were equally divided into five groups. Every

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production consisted of one (1) moderator, four (4) males transcribed conversations to better recognize the
and four (4) female participants. conversational styles of the participants.
The participants were the ones who answered the As the analyst, I was responsible for researching,
questions given by the moderator. Their answer was the analyzing, interpreting and presenting the data related to this
source of the collected data for this study. The groups were study which really helped me to further explain the results
separated by gender in order to materialize the purpose of of this study.
the study.
The moderators consisted of five (5) students who were Furthermore, since this study needed a video recording
given instructions to make sure that they were not biased to have a valid result, one of my roles was to be responsible
during the conversation. in recording the video during the classroom-based talk
show.
The moderators were responsible on making the
conversation going, giving questions and follow-up Moreover, being the researcher, it is also my
questions during the talk show production. responsibility to transcribe the conversations made by the
participants during the classroom-based talk show. Through
Lastly, the production team consists of twelve (12) the transcription, I and my debriefers were able to read the
female students. The production team were responsible conversations on verbatim that helped us make an easier
which made the flow of the classroom-based talk show in interpretation of the data. This also ensured that copies of
order. the documents can be distributed to further help in the
The data were purposively gathered through the classroom- analysis.
based Talk Show productions. Each conversation datum was
recorded from the productions and was transcribed and Lastly, as the researcher, it is also my responsibility to
analyzed. translate the transcribed data. I am responsible in
determining and understanding the meaning and context of
C. Role of the Researcher the material and I converted this into the second language
In qualitative studies, the role of the researcher is quite making sure on preserving the original meaning of the
different. The research is considered an instrument of data material.
collection (Denzin & Lincoln, 2003). This means that data
are mediated through the participants rather than through In order to guarantee the reliability and validity of the
inventories, questionnaires, or machines. According to analyzed conversational styles based on gender, the research
Greenbank (2003), as the qualitative researcher, I need to sought after two (2) Doctors in Applied Linguistics who also
describe relevant aspects of self, including any biases and became the reviewers of the analyzed data.
assumptions, any expectations, and experiences to qualify
my ability to conduct this research. In addition, it is useful D. Data Sources
for the qualitative researcher to keep a research journal Following the suggestive range of entries from Clark and
explicating personal reactions and reflections. Braun (2013) which is 10-100, this corpora-based study
used the recorded and transcribed conversation of male and
Simon (2011) stated that the qualitative researcher female participants in classroom-based Talk Show
should also explain if their role is emic – which is an insider, production. In this study, the researcher conducted a Talk
who is a full participant in activity, program, or Show with five (5) productions with different topics.
phenomenon, or the role is more etic – which comes from an
outside view, more of an objective viewer. There could be a Moreover, the video recorded and transcribed
great deal of variations in between – sometimes a researcher conversation classroom-based Talk Show production was
starts as an outsider and then becomes a member of the the primary source of data in this study. Through utilizing
group. Or the reverse occurs – the researcher starts as a different books, articles and videos that would relate to the
member of a group then becomes a more objective chosen topics, the gathered data were analyzed thoroughly.
observant. Then, the styles of the conversation were categorized and
interpreted.
Thus, being the researcher in this corpus-based
approach study, I considered myself as an etic which was an E. Data Collection Procedure
outsider view and was more of an objective viewer. The following procedures were undertaken in conducting
Furthermore, I transcribed the recorded conversation in this study as Creswell (2013) suggested:
verbatim. Transcribing is a difficult process, even for the First, the utmost way that I, the researcher, did was to
most experienced transcribers, but it must be done to secure an endorsement letter from the Dean of the Graduate
convert the spoken word to the written word to facilitate Education of St. Mary’s College of Tagum, Inc.
analysis. Second, was to ask for approval for the actual data
Significantly, being the researcher, my roles were as gathering; as the researcher, I asked permission to the
the analyst, recorder, transcriber, and translator. I was Schools Division Superintendent of Tagum and after which
responsible in reading, understanding and evaluating the I asked consent from the principal of the school where I
conducted the Classroom-Based Talk Show productions.
Then, I asked consent from the Master Teacher and Grade

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Level Head of the Senior High School Department on one of Expression (SOGIE) Bill in our country. These topics were
the public schools in the Division of Tagum. made sure that both genders could relate and could give
their own ideas, opinions and insights.
Furthermore, I have given the participants an assent
form for them to fill out, which explained in details on what F. Data Analysis
were the content of the study. To address their queries about According to Taylor and Gibbs (2010), qualitative data
this, especially its confidentiality and privacy since this analysis is the range of process and procedures whereby we
study requires to be recorded in video and assured them that move from the qualitative data that have been collected into
I am the only one who were able to access the video. After some form of explanation, understanding or interpretation of
which, I have sent a consent form to the parents of the the people and situations we are investigating.
participants. In addition to, I asked permission and consent
to the parents of the participants that I will record their The data which were collected were also analyzed
conversation through a video as the material of my study. through the suggested Conversational Styles of Deborah
Tannen (1990) namely the high-involvement style which
Third, was to conduct a classroom-based Talk Show includes, speaking faster, overlap other people’s speech, and
production within November 2019 to February 2020. The prefer personal topics or story-telling. Opposing to this is
said productions were good for 45 minutes to one hour. the high-considerateness style that includes, speaking
Students were oriented about the topic and it was up to them slower, waiting for their turn to speak, and avoids personal
on how they responded the given questions by the stories. After thorough analysis of the data, the researcher
moderator. This production was a good avenue for the did the coding and thematic analysis where main themes
natural conversation to arise. Data were collected through were extracted and interpreted in connection with the
the video recorded production, which was stored in the conversational styles.
device that I used during the production which is under my
responsibility as the researcher. These were transcribed, During the classroom-based Talk Show production, it
translated and encoded. was recorded through video which was the main source in
gathering the data. After having the productions, the video
Fourth, the analysis of the linguist corpora followed was thoroughly reviewed by the researcher and did the
after gathering the data which used Conversational Analysis encoding. When the encoding was done, it was meticulously
as its method. I used the conversational styles of Deborah translated. Using the encoded and translated material, these
Tannen (1990), which highlighted the high-involvement was systematically analyzed using the suggested
style which indicates that the speaker is speaking faster, Conversational Styles of Deborah Tannen (1990).
overlaps other people’s speech, and prefers personal topics
or story-telling. Opposing to this is the high-considerateness Finally, with the help of my debriefer who has a degree
style which indicates that the speaker is speaking slower, relating to Applied Linguistics, the data which were
waiting for their turn to speak, and avoids personal stories. analyzed and its interpreted results were checked and the
From these, I have given general terms namely: speed, suggestions were incorporated for improvement.
preference on topic/argument, turn takings, directness,
emotion/intimacy, establishment of authority and strategy. G. Trustworthiness of the Study
In order to provide a different set for criteria that can be
Lastly, there was a peer-review debriefing which was used for ascertaining the quality, Stumpfegger (2017) cited
done to ensure valid information. The outcome of the Lincoln and Guba (1985) who have created the
analysis was tabulated to draw conclusions and corresponding set of criteria for trustworthiness of
recommendations for future researchers on the same topic. qualitative research: credibility, transferability,
The recorded video, transcripts, final report and dependability and confirmability.
methodology were examined by the experts who have Ph.D.
in Applied Linguistics. This is to disclose unseen biases, Credibility is defined as the confidence that can be
perspectives and assumptions on the researcher’s part. The placed in truth of the research findings (Holloway &
collected data was securely stored under my responsibility Wheeler, 2002 as cited by Macnee& McCabe, 2008). This
as the researcher. establishes whether or not be research findings represent
plausible information drawn from the participants’ original
The Classroom-Based Talk Show Production was done views (Lincoln and Guba, 1985 as cited by Graneheim and
with the chosen topics by the researcher. The topics were Lundman, 2004).
made sure that both genders (male and female) can give
insights to make the talk show informative. The first To realize the credibility of this study, as a qualitative
production discusses about abortion, on what are the ideas researcher, I have established a prolonged and diverse field
of both genders if ever they faced such problem in their experience, time sampling, reflexivity, member checking,
teenage life. The second production was about the ideas of and use of peer debriefing. I ensured that the place and
teenagers about having relationship and about love. Third participants that I have purposively chosen are the right ones
production was about defining depression and loneliness on to join the classroom-based Talk Show production.
the lens of teenagers. The fourth production was about Transferability refers to the aspect of applicability. The
social media etiquettes. Lastly, the fifth production was degree in which the results of this qualitative research,
about implementing Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity focusing in conversational analysis can be transferred to

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other contexts or settings with other respondents. The Significantly, to protect the participants of this study
researcher facilitates the transferability judgment by a based to Bryman and Bell (2007), as a researcher, I made
potential user through a description (Korstjens & Moster, sure to give my participants an informed consent which is
2017). comprehensible and easy to understand. In connection to
this, video recording is prohibited, however, I made sure to
To address transferability, my responsibility as a follow protocols, and such as giving them a comprehensive
researcher was to provide enough description of the informed consent which emphasized of when will I delete
participants and the research process. This implies that the the recorded data, the timeframe of when the recorded video
reader, not I as the researcher, makes the transferability will be needed and who will have an access to these data. To
judgment because I do not know their specific settings. I further provide protection to the participants, the Republic
provided rich account of descriptive data, such as the Act No. 10173 also called as Data Privacy Act of 2012 was
context in which the research was carried out, its setting, strictly followed.
sample size, sample strategy, observation procedure and
topics for the benefit of the next researcher. In this study, the ethical considerations to be observed
and practiced significantly gave emphasis on the participants
According to Bitsch (2005), dependability refers to the to be involved in the classroom-based talk show production.
stability of findings over time. Dependability involves Since the participants of this study were the students who
participants evaluating the findings and the interpretation have different responses on the topics that was given to
and recommendations of the study to make sure that they are them, I as the researcher followed the ethical standards as
all supported by the data received from the informants of the embedded in Belmont's Report to maintain the trust they
study (Tobin and Begley, 2004 as cited by Cohen et al., gave.
2011).
The first principle discusses about that respect for
Since dependability is an assessment of the quality of person which was about treating the participants with
the integrated processes of data collection, data analysis, and secrecy, courtesy and respect. As a researcher, I treated the
theory generation (Lincoln and Guba, 1985), I asked help participants with privacy through using coding of name or
from various experts, panel of examiners, my research alias during the production. Since this study used video
adviser, and my debriefer, who is an expert in linguistics recording, I made sure that I am the only one who have an
and support it with other related studies. I ensured that my access to the recorded video. I have asked the participants’
study was scrutinized by the experts in the field of Applied permission if they agree on recording them thru a video. To
Linguistics. further apply this principle, I recognized that each
participant has the right and capacity to make his or her own
For the conformability of this study, this paper will be decision. With this, their participation was voluntary; they
subjected for further improvements since the responses of have the right to withdraw from the study at any stage if
students would vary based on how each gender would they wish to do so. The participants were given informed
deliver their answers, the depth and the content, and how consent and assent form which was written in English and in
each gender distinguishes the topics that will be given. Vernacular language to easily understand the details of this
Moreover, other further refinements of this study will study. I have respected their decision whatever it may be.
be suggested by the panel of examiners. Hence, to address In addition, since most of the participants were minors
the issues of confirmability, I relied on an independent audit or under aged, I have given them the informed consent to be
of my research methods with my competent reviewers. My signed by their parents which explained the purpose of the
debriefers who have earned a degree relating to the field of classroom-based Talk Show production. Also, for the minor
Applied Linguistics for the linguistic dimension of my study participants, they were given a carefully explained assent
since they are experts in the field of language. After the form for them to understand their rights as participants of
completion of my data analysis, my auditor thoroughly the study.
examined my analyses consisting of the original linguistic
corpora and documents. Basing on an established precedent As stated in the Belmont Report, the second principle
in qualitative research, they will assess the confirmability of is about beneficencewhich is an ethical principle where any
the study, as well as the completeness and availability of research risks will be lessened to refrain exposing or
auditable documents. endangering the individuals and institution that will be
involved in this study. Permission from the people in
H. Ethical Consideration authority from the Graduate School Dean, the SMCT
In doing research, ethical considerations can be specified Research Ethics Committee was required to guarantee that
as one of the most important parts of the research. Studies no restrictions were violated during the entire process of the
may even be condemned to failure if this part is missing. study. Also, I asked permission to the parents of the
Based to the Belmont Report which was written by a panel participants and the participants themselves that their
of experts and proposes three principles that should underlie responses were video recorded since the entire talk show
the ethical conduct of research involving human subjects: production was recorded. To ensure ethical consideration, I
Respect for persons, beneficence and justice. used code name or alias to each of the participant of the
production and made sure that I am the only one who have
an access to the video for analysis.

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conversation and Lakoff (1975) who noted that style refers
Lastly, the third principle is justice which refers to to all aspects of a person's behaviour that are popularly
equal share and fairness. In connection to justice, Gallardo thought of as "character" or "personality."
(2012) cited Lincoln and Guba (1989) that, designing a
study and analyzing and writing results, researchers are To address the questions about the conversational
discouraged from prioritizing the perspective of the best or styles, present in the classroom-based talk show production
privileged while downplaying the views of the less of the male and female students, the following are presented
fortunate. As a researcher, I ensured that the participants below.
who were included in this study were equally treated. I made
sure that the participants did not spend any amount and were A. The Conversational Styles Present in the Classroom-
provided with snacks or meals and tokens after the Based Talk Show Production of the Male and Female
production and they were accommodated properly for the Students
success of this study. Anything that is said or done must be said or done in
some way, and that way constitutes style. One of the goals
IV. RESULTS in studying gender speech-style is to examine whether
question asking is, as previously claimed, predominantly a
This section of the study presents the result about the characteristic of women’s style. It is therefore worth noting
conversational styles present in the classroom-based Talk the frequency of occurrence of questions individually and by
Show production of the male and female students by Tannen gender.
(1990), which proposes that there is a difference in language
based on gender, and how gender affects the conversational The table below shows the existence of two major
styles in classroom-based Talk Show production among types of conversational styles. They shape the
students. communicative behavior of individual speakers: a high-
involvement style and the opposing high-considerateness
The focus of the result was primarily on the features of style. These styles can reflect the general linguistic behavior
conversational style introduced by Tannen (1990) who of women and men in conversation. While women are said
emphasized the existence of two major types of to prefer a high-involvement style, men might prefer a high-
conversational styles: a high-involvement style and the considerateness style.
opposing high-considerateness style. These styles can reflect
the general linguistic behavior of women and men in
Conversational Comparative Analysis

Styles Mechanism Women Men
Speed  Shows a lower rate of speech  Shows a faster rate of speech
Preference on  Preference for personal (emotional) topics  Preference for factual topic.
topic/Argument including affective talk.  Showed avoidance on simultaneous talk
Turn Takings  Showed minimization of inter and intraturn pauses  Showed longer pauses within and between speech
Directness  Tendency towards overall weakening of  More direct expression of communication
communicative intention. intention.
 More indirect speech use  Less indirect speech use
Emotion/Intimacy  Applied rapport in talking especially when the  Applied report style in talking when the question
question is addressed directly to her. is addressed directly to him.
 Gossip as typical female speech activity  Less likely to listen
 Listen Carefully / Attentively
Establishment of  Frequent use of question and tag-question as  Less frequent use of question and tag-question.
Authority and strategy to structure talk.  Attempt to dominate the conversation.
Strategy  Concerned with equalized input
Table 1 : Conversational Style: High Involvement vs. High Considerateness
Comparative Analysis in Terms of Communicative Behavior
The table above shows the conversational style and the a) Men Talk Faster than Women
comparative analysis of communicative behavior shown by Both female and male participants showed their
both men and women. The result has shown that women different conversational styles by manifesting their pacing in
used the highly involvement style and men the high speaking. As the data were analyzed and the number of
considerateness style, with following conversational styles seconds in giving their ideas and opinion, it was found out
mechanism such as speed, preference on topic/argument, that female participants showed a faster rate of speech
turn takings, directness, emotion/intimacy, and compared to men. The figure below illustrates the rate of
establishment of authority and strategy. speech of both male and female among the 5 different
productions.

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Production 1 2 3 4 5
Number Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Total Number 917 2236 1347 2471 2476 3044 3676 2293 2174 3295
of Utterances words words words words words words words words words words
Total rate of 7.7 45.5 8.7 20 13.3 18.3 20.6 15.05 12.1 20.05
Speed min. min. min. min. min. min. min. min. min. min.
Table 2 : Percentage of Speech Rate per Production
It was shown in the result of study that upon pinakafirstna nag-love pudsaakoa, so saakoang
identifying the number of word utterances of male and mother, saakoang father silajudmakafeeljud ko na
female, at the same time its total rate of speed per love kanang love is sacrifice kay bisan pa mag,
production, it was found that men talked faster than women. bisan pa mag walaysud-an ing ana gud,
It was also observed that women tend to use fillers and made ihatagnalangnilasaimoing ana ba, kung
long pauses in connecting their thoughts and ideas. Likely, walasilaykwartaihatagnalangnilasaimo. So, para
women were indirect in their speeches. The following saakoa, love is like, love is sacrifice it’s because
excerpt below shows the comparison of statement from both kanang mas pilionnilana mas hatagan ka ug better
men and women. bisagwalanasila. (58 seconds) (PR2_2F)
Ahm, for me ahm if we talk ahm if we talk about (So, for me, love is creating emotion towards
abortion, it is a situation wherein ahm a mother others, but for me, love is a sacrifice which we
wants to ahm remove a fetus inside her womb. cannot always feel this way. For me, I felt this love
Ahm maybe, to ahm because of the fear of from my family since they are the ones who first
responsibility of being a mother or lack of loved me. A kind of love coming from my mother
resources ahm of ahm saving the child. (30 and father which even if they do not have viand or
secs.)(PR1_1F) money yet they always give you these because of
love. So, for me, love is a sacrifice because they
(For me, if we talk about abortion, it is a situation choose to give you a better life.) (58 seconds)
wherein the mother wants to remove a fetus inside (PR2_2F)
her womb. Maybe, because of the fear of
responsibility of being a mother, or maybe she During the second production which has a topic about
lacks the resources in saving the child.) love and relationship, men also gave their ideas about it.
The above statement is a response of the female So, for me, love is isa siyang… So, for me, love is
participant when she was asked about her idea pertaining isa siyangbugso ng damdaminngapanobayan,
abortion. It is noticeable that her answers have reached 30 nanapakahirapahmpigilan o kung sabisaya ang
seconds with 52 words. Also, for the same question, the men gugma isa siya ka
responded as: pagbatiganisakaugalingonnalisodkapugngan.
Once naa nay isa ka
So, for me is that abortion is ending the life of the taonamuabotsaimohaunyanahulog ka ana natao,
baby. Which is go with the flow nanajud. (30 seconds) (PR2_2M)
kananggipalaglagganinilaperowalanilagipadayun
ug panganak kay… (12 secs.) (PR1_2M) (So, for me, love is a feeling which is hard to
define and hard to control. Which is the same
(So, for me, abortion is ending the life of the baby. when we translate it into our mother-tongue. Once
This is aborting the child, since they do not want to there will be that one person who will come and
give birth to the child.) you will fell for that person, you will really pursue
it.) (30 seconds) (PR2_2M)
The male participants responded the same question
with 26 words in 12 seconds. The lesser the words uttered b) Preference on Topic/Argument
per minute, the higher the speech rate. Speakers have different conversational styles,
especially in delivering thoughts and ideas. The result
Also, in Production 2, when the students were asked revealed that both men and women have different
about their views about love and having relationship, both of preferences expressing their ideas in presenting
them gave their ideas about the given task. topics/arguments. It was shown that when women were
asked about a certain topic, they manifested that they
So, for me, ahm so love is like. So, for me, love is preferred to present their ideas by means of relating it to
ahm create emotion towards other but ahm for me their personal life, in fact, they preferred topics including
jud, love is sacrifice dli lang man affective talk. Among the five productions; abortion, views
satananpanahonmaka-feel tag love towards other about love and having relationship, depression, social
sadilinimokadugo. So akoamafeelnako ang love media etiquettes, and SOGIE Bill, only in the topic of
towards my family kay sila man jud ang social media where women gave lesser inputs and ideas.

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However, it was also shown that men preferred to talk overall weakening of communicative intention. They are
about factual topic. When they were asked about certain more mostly using indirect speeches.The intention to
topic as indicated in the corpora, they were more interested communicate indirectly is reflected in the form of an
if they were knowledgeable about the certain topic. Among utterance. However, men speakers have more direct
the five productions, men gave more emphasis on the topics expression of communication intention, using less indirect
relating to social media. Also, it was also noticeable that of communication intention.
men showed avoidance on simultaneous talk. They ended
the conversation after the question was being addressed. e) Emotion/Intimacy
The excerpts below showed how men showed avoidance in Speakers, more often than not, prefer not to say just
simultaneous talk when the moderator asked a male what they mean directly. Rapport is the fine feeling of being
participant about abortion. "on the same wave length" that accrues when one gets what
one wants without asking for it, when one feels understood
No, dli ko musugot. (3 secs.) (PR1_1M) without having explained oneself (Yoo, et al., 2013).
(No, I won’t agree.)
The results have shown that female speakers
This was the response of the male speaker when he applied rapport in talking especially when the question is
was asked about his idea if he would just let the child to be addressed directly to her gossip as typical female speech
aborted since the mother would not take the responsibility of activity. Unlikely, male speakers applied report style in
taking care the child. It was obviously shown that he did not talking when the question is addressed directly to him. In
expand his idea, it only lasted for 3 seconds, where in fact, this study, female speakers are more intimate and emotional
he still may add some inputs pertaining to his negative in sharing and expressing their ideas and thoughts with a
confirmation about the topic being asked. This only shows certain topic. Also, during conversations, women spend
that men manifested a sign to avoid simultaneous talk. more time looking at their partners than men do.
c) Turn Takings f) Establishment of Authority and Strategy

Speaker turns are characterized by frequently occurring Men are more likely to interrupt women than to
simultaneous talk. Turn-taking in conversation and interrupt other men, as believed by many. When women talk
discourse occurred when participants speak one at a time in with other women, interruptions are evenly distributed.
alternating turns. This feature usually occurs when the When men talk with other men, interruptions are evenly
question is given to the participants of the speech at the distributed. However, when men and women talk with one
same time. However, in this study, since there was a another, almost all of the interruptions are by male speakers.
presence of a moderator, the speakers just waited for their While men do exert power and authority in controlling the
turns to speak on their ideas. Moreover, there were also course of conversations, women exert more effort in
manifestations that male speakers showed turn takings when maintaining communication.
the ideas presented by the other speakers were not aligned to
his presented ideas.They were aggressive and more prone to The results have shown that 61% of the conversational
interrupt while women allowed themselves to be interrupted style used by male speakers was in the form of questioning,
more. they attempted to dominate the conversation. Also, more
aggressive, more prone to interrupt while women allowed
In line with this study, turn takings are patterned to the themselves to be interrupted more.
styles of the speakers in giving fluency of presented ideas. It
was found that female speakers showed minimization of B. Linguistic Features Found in the Conversation of Male
inter and intraturn pauses while the male speakers showed and Female Students in the Classroom-based Talk Show
longer pauses within and between speeches. Production
Table 2 presents the different conversational styles
d) Directness which the study revealed in the classroom- based talk show
In speech, directness is the quality of being production of male and female students derived from
straightforward and concise: stating a main point early and different linguistic features. Conversational styles were
clearly without embellishments or digressions. Directness determined through linguistic features such as questions,
contrasts with circumlocution, verbosity, and indirectness fillers, hedges, intensifiers, affirmatives, and the use of
(Nordquist, 2020). adjectives.
It was revealed on the study that female speakers used
fillers more frequently which resulted to a tendency towards
Types Sample Statements

Female Male
Questions If who are the wealthy, they are the one capable of Uhm, for me, it is a difficult decision. Then,
bearing a child, who are financial unstable, its them there you can apply your critical thinking skills
bears more child. (PR1_2F) that I’ve learned from our lesson. So, what
should I be thinking? (PR1_4M)
…uhm, and also, I will only post when there are

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events and occasion, like family reunions, and
occasions about what happened in my life, and
what have I attended, only those things, and
nothing else. (PR4_1M)
Abortion is a sin, if you’re not ready, then why

you let things happened? (PR1_2M)
Fillers If I would be in the situation, as (state the name), I
would not confront him instead I would file a case,
and report it in uhm police. It is a cyber bullying
which stepped on her dignity as a human (PR4_2F)
Hedges Uhm, for me, as I said a while ago, uhm, maybe, For me, abortion is really a bad doing.
for me, maybe it is partly shameful especially (PR1_4M)
teenage pregnancy, because they engaged in pre-
marital sex which led to early pregnancy (PR1_1F) Uhm, for me, abortion is killing one’s life. it is
ending the life of a person (PR1_3M)
So, for me, depression has common negative effect
or common negative feeling or mood like sadness,
lost, loneliness, and depression could be felt by
everyone, which is a result of family, friends, job or
work, studies, financial, special someone, and
personal problems (PR3_1F)
Intensifiers So, let us differentiate sadness and depression. So, So, if the environment is very positive, like your
for me, the difference between the two is, every friends, neighbors and relatives are happy, you
one of us may experience sadness, because even will also be happy. You will become positive as
simple things can make us, like no attention we can well. But if the family is sad, they will be very
get from friends and no replies from crush, it can happy in coming to school and sad upon coming
only be felt in a very short time, unlike depression, home (PR3_3M)
we can look for some ways to overcome sadness.
(PR3_1F)
Affirmatives For me, if it will be a given guide, if SOGIE bill But I agree, I agree that SOGIE Bill be
will be implemented, I don’t agree, yes, maybe implemented, since there are no problems, it was
they will be given with their rights, normal people, endorsed because there was a problem found and
straight men and women and Christians, their rights need to be addressed. (PR5_4M)
will be degraded. (PR5_2F)
Adjective So positive effect is, yes you can share your So, we have different perception of what is
Types thoughts in social media (PR3_2F) life…(PR3_3M)
…why we are depressed because we need
…when you know that they have bad comments for attention. (PR3_3M)
you…(PR5_4G) …easy to know and it is easy to
…because our life is very short... (PR3_1G) understand…(PR4_4M)
Table 2 : Linguistic Features Found in the Conversation of Male and Female Students
in the Classroom-based Talk Show Production
g) Questions in this study has shown that questions, as conversational

Male and femalespeakers varied their usage of linguistic feature, was manifested in the corpora Talk-Show
question in comparable ways and in accordance with the script corpora when it was analyzed.
different types of talks. Based on the result, the corpora used
Percentage of Question by Gender
39%
61%
Female Male
Fig. 1 Percentage of Question According to Gender

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Figure 1 shows that female speakers used 61% of questions give the speaker the power to elicit a response from
compared to 39% of the occurrences in the male speakers’ listeners. There were 98 WH-questions found in the corpora
speech. Questions are powerful linguistic forms as they and 61% of it comes from women, and 39 % from men.
Fig. 2. Male Antconc Concordance display for the word Unsa (what)
Using the Antconc software application, it was found (For me, it is a difficult decision. Then, there you can apply
that male participants used unsa in questioning with 26 hits your critical thinking skills that I have learned from our
or appearance in the corpora. The word unsaoriginated lesson. So, what should I be thinking? If I would abort the
fromthe participants’ mother tongue which means what. It child, or I would let the baby live. So, for me, I would take
was usually used in asking question such as giunsa (how) care of the baby, since it comes from me.) (PR1_1M)
asa (where), kanus-a (when) kinsa (who) as it was indicated
in the following sentences below. The sample statement from the corpora above was the
response of the male participant when he was asked about
…….ahmkuan sad kanang mu-post ko kung the issue of abortion.
kanangnaayimportante ug mga occasions ra pud, mga
family reunion ingon ana siyakanangmga occasions ……Ang time, pagmawala ang time walana kay bonding
pudnanahitabosaakoang life ug sa family, sa friends, so pagmuabotsa point namuingon ang
unsaakongginaapilankaron, kana ra pudakongginakuan, parents naunsamanang social media, kung madaot ug
ginapostdidto and nothing else. (PR4_4M) mawalanasiya, kinsa man ka? Asa man ka padulong?
(PR1_4M)
(…I will only post when there are events and occasion, like
family reunions, and occasions about what happened in my (Time would just pass without spending it with the family
life, and what have I attended, only those things, and and friends, so it would come to a point where my parents
nothing else.) would say “what is in social media, if it will be gone, where
will it lead you?) (PR1_4M)
Ahm, para saakoakuansiyakanangkuansiyana decision
kananglisodpero then ddtoananimo ma-apply ang imohang The highlighted words are the WH-questions used as a
thinking ang imong critical thinking based on our lesson on linguistic feature in conversation which was used as a style
reading and writing. So, unsa man ang in delivering thoughts. One of the goals in studying gender
akoanghunahunaon? Kung akoa bang ipalaglag or speech-style is to examine whether question asking is, as
akoangbuhionnalang so for me, buhionnako kay previously claimed, predominantly a characteristic of
akoagudna, gikannasakoangmgakamot. (PR1_1M) women’s style. It is therefore worth noting the frequency
of occurrence of questions individually and by gender.

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Fig. 3. Female Antconc Concordance Display for the Word Unsa (what)
Pero dilisilakadawatmismosailangsarilinaunsasila, h) Fillers

dilinasilakadawat kay gusto gyudsilana mu-equal In connection with the confidence and fluency of the
judsiladidto, musulodsilasakanang room sa comfort participant’s speech, another variable is examined. A filler
room samgababae, siguro acceptance ang is defined as a phrase which could appear anywhere in a
pinakaunanailangbuhaton. (PR5_4F) sentence and which could be deleted from the sentence with
no change in content.
(But they couldn’t accept about what is their identity,
they really wanted to be treated equally, they wanted
to use the same comfort room as to women. Maybe
acceptance is the number thing that they should do.
Fig. 4. The Ahm (Uhm) Antconc Concordance of Frequency
The result of the study revealed the total statement presenters used more fillers than female presenters. This
utilized fillers of both female and male is 116 in all of these indicates that the fillers are often used while the male
were composed from the 5 productions. Female participants speaker was groping for words and this affected his fluency
obtained 50 occurrence of filler ahm(uhm), while male and confidence in his conversation.
participants used the filler ahm66 times. It shows that male

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…Ako man lang gani ang naadirasa situation, ako Above statement has shown the frequency of the
man ganisi (states the name) dilinanakosiyai-confront filler uhm and kanangas a sound or word that are spoken in
diretsonanakosiyai-file ug case or conversation by one interlocutor to signal to others a pause,
ireportnakonasiyasaahmpulis, it is a cyber bullying or hesitation, transition, or even a placeholder. They fill a beat
cybercrime kananggikuannaniyagitapakan, in the flow of sound.
gitapakannaniya ang akongdignidad ug
akongpagkatao…(PR4_2F) Ahm, ang akoa kay para ahmmakuan ta,
kailangannato ang social etiquettes because of uhmdili
(If I would be in the situation, as (state the name), I ta magpatakag share, nabisagasa share, wala ka kabalo
would not confront him instead I would file a case, unsay effect ana sauban, dili man ta parehastanan ug
and report it in ahm police. It is a cyberbullying which panghuna-huna. Ang ubannaaymalipagsabot, sailaha
stepped on her dignity as a human) kay joke lang unyasailahaing ani natinuod. (PR4_3M)
The sample statement above is the answer given (For me, we need the social etiquettes because we
by a female participant …(PR4_2F), when she was should be careful in sharing, for we don’t know its
asked about cyber bullying in social media. The use of effect to others, for we have different thoughts. Others
filler was manifested when she was thinking of the may understand wrongly, it may be a joke for others but
right word to be used. Also, same with the male not to others.)
participant as he was asked the same topic about the
use of social media. The filler uhm was mentioned twice in a statement.
Also, it was used as the first word in the statement. This
So, teenagers. So, you are referring saatoa? So ang finding indicates that the male presenters used fillers at a
uhm ang main reason gyudnganongahm, para saakoa much higher frequency than the female presenters.
ha kanangnagagamitgudkuanmga social media
kanang. Ang social media man gud kay kanangnaga- Aside from ahm, kanang, kuan, and like was also
entertain siyabakanangahm, hmm. Dili lang man used by both female and male participants in the corpora.
gudsiya isa lang, dili lang siya for entertainment, They are Cebuano dialect which likely means as uhm from
makakuha man pud ka dira ug information then ahm, the sentence with no change in content
isa pudkanang, ahm para saakoakanang,
maonaakongginapagawsansakongmgagibati. Mao i) Hedges
nasiya. (PR4_2M) Women’s speech is often described as ‘tentative’,
and this assertion is linked to the claim that women use
(So, teenagers. Are referring to us? So, the main more hedges. Hedges are linguistic forms which express
reason for me, those who used social media it is for the speaker’s certainty or uncertainty about the topic under
entertainment. It is not just one, it is not just for discussion
entertainment but also, we can get information and
that’s my outlet of my feelings.)
HEDGES
35%
65%
Male Female
Fig. 5 Percentage of Hedges According to Gender
The result shows that female participants used more hedges female participants. Figure 5 provides evidence that female
than male participants. Out from 345 hedges occurred like speakers used more hedges (65%) compared to male
for me, maybe, not necessarily, mostly, and as general, 120 speakers (35%) and this finding supports Lakoff’s claim that
of it were found among male participants and 225 among women tend to use more ‘hedges compared to men.

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The following sentences below show the statement During the third production male also gave their idea
of both men and women with the use of hedges. about the difference between loneliness and
depression.
So,for me, depression is a common negative effect or
common negative feeling or mood like sadness, lost, For me, ahm depression is kind of an informality state
lonely and ang depression is walasiyay pili every one of sadness that can cause death. Mao rato. (PR3_4M)
of us has a possible of being depress and ang cause sa
depress is yungmga problems sa family, friends, job or (For me, depression is a kind of informal state of
work, studies, financial and the our special someone sadness that can cause death.)
and our personal problems. (PR3_3F)
j) Intensifiers
(So, for me, depression has common negative effect or Intensifiers express both referential meaning (degrees
common negative feeling or mood like sadness, lost, of certainty) and affective meaning (politeness). Those are
loneliness, and depression could be felt by everyone, adverbs or adverbial phrases that strengthen the meaning of
which is a result of family, friends, job or work, other expressions and show emphasis. Result has shown that
studies, financial, special someone, and personal both female and male participants used intensifiers in giving
problems). emphasis of the idea that they wanted to express.
Intensifiers
43%
57%
Male Female
Fig. 6 Percentage of Intensifiers According to Gender
Figure 6 revealed that among 149 intensifiers used such as (So, let us differentiate sadness and depression. So for
very, so much, and much, 85 of it was from the female me, the difference between the two is that everyone of
participants which comprised of 57% while the male us may experience sadness, because even simple
participants have 64 intensifiers used which comprised of 43 things can make us sad, like when we could not get
%. Female participants used intensifiers more than the male attention from friends and no replies from crush, it can
participants. However, the results are not consistent because only be felt in a very short time, unlike depression,
not all female participants as to male participants used we can look for some ways to overcome sadness.)
intensifier at all in his speech. Thus, the assumption cannot (PR3_1F)
be made that male speakers used intensifiers at a higher rate.
On the other hand, the third male participant
The sentences below are example of the statements also gave his idea about depression.
from female and male participants using the following
intensifiers when they were both asked by the moderator So, if the environment is very positive, kana pudna ang
about their ideas about depression. imohapungsilingan, ang imohang friends and
imohang family, magkuanpudmagiging happy pud.
So let us differentiate sadness and depression. So for Magiging positive pud. Pero pa gang family sige rag
me, ang difference between the two is that ang sadness sad, sige lang ug ano, lahipud ang judgment ang
daghan ta makafeel ana tanan because sa simple ilahangginabuhat, muanhisilasa school mas very
nabutangmapahimo tag sad, happy silaunyapaguli sad napudsila. (PR3_3M)
bisagkanangdilipagtagadsaimong friends ug sadilipag
reply saimong crush so makafeelkag sadness ana (So, if the environment is very positive, like your
kaysasa depression ang kana man gung sadness is friends, neighbors and relatives are happy, you will
kuannasiyakanang it can be felt for a very short time, also be happy. You will become positive as well. But
short period of time lang nasiya kay ma overcome if the family is sad, they will be very happy in coming
natonasiyapinaagisapagpangitag ways para to school and sad upon coming home.) (PR3_3M)
mapalipay ka and dali ra kaayonasiya ma overcome.
(PR3_1F)

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k) Affirmatives
There were a small number of frequently used words
which indicated a response and speakers moving to a new
topic.
AFFIRMATIVES
Male Female
21%
79%
Fig. 7 Percentage of Affirmatives According to Gender
The figure shows the percentage of the used Yes,

affirmatives according to gender as manifested in the parehasailanggiingonnapantaypantay(PR5_4M)
classroom-based talk show. It was revealed that male
participants have 21% out of 100% of affirmatives used in (Yes, just like what they said about fairness.)
the corpora, whereas the female got 79% of affirmatives.
The sentences below show the use of affirmative linguistic The female participant showed verbosity in her
features in the corpora of classroom-based talk show. response to the question about SOGIE Bill compared to the
male participant.
…so akoa man gud kay kung tagaannatona ug
guides, kung i-implement natonangsogie bill dili He added:
lang, yes siguromakuanilahang mas
matagaansilag rights pero ang rights sa lain which Pero ako mu agree gyud ko kay, mu-agree gyud ko
is ang Christians ang normal people lang ang naipatupad ang sogie bill kay ngano,
babae o lalakimatapakanpud ang ilang rights walapudsiyaynakit-annaproblema,
…(PR5_2F) dilinasiyaidusodidto, idusokanikaninga law kay
walajudnasiyaynakitanaproblema, gidusonasiya kay
(For me, if it will be given a guide, if SOGIE bill naayproblema ug
will be implemented, I would not agree with. kailangannasiyanaproblemanamasolveunyadili,
Maybe they will be given with their rights, normal diligyud ta. Mao rato. (PR5_4M)
people, straight men and women and Christians,
their rights will be degraded.) (But for me, I agree. I agree that SOGIE Bill will be
implemented, since there are no problems, and it was
Yesas affirmative was used when asked about the endorsed because there was a problem found and need
implementation of SOGIE bill. Also, when male to be addressed.)
participant was asked about this issue, he frankly
responded as:
l) Adjective Types
Adjectives are used to give compliments in conversations. As the corpora were analyzed, these major adjectives were used in
the corpora.
Adjectives Frequency Sample Sentence
Different 28 So, we have different perception of what is life…(PR3_3M)
Mali (bad or wrong) 23 …when you know that they have bad comments for you…(PR5_4F)
short 20 …because our life is very short... (PR3_1F)
depressed 16 …why we are depressed because we need attention. (PR3_3M)
easy 16 …easy to know and it is easy to understand…(PR4_4M)

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The table shows the most frequent adjectives used as conversational style of the students. Different was used 28 times,
bad or wrong has 23, short has 20 occurrences, depressed with 16, and easy with 16 hits. In the corpora, 367 adjectives were
utilized in the conversation.
Adjectives
Male 161 Female 206
Fig. 8 Percentage of Adjectives According to Gender
Figure 8 shows the percentage of the use of adjectives as linguistic conversational style. The result has shown that among
367 with 56% adjectives occurred, 161 or 44% of it was from male participant of the talk-show, and 206 of it was from female
participants. It clearly shows that female speakers used significantly more adjectives than males. The following sentences below
are examples of responses of both male and female participants.
Fig. 9 The Occurrence of Different as Adjective Used by Male
The word different as adjective was the most by Tannen (1990) will be analyzed as to how it affects the
frequently used adjective in the corpora of school-based speech styles of both men and women.
Talk Show, however, the result has shown that it was mostly
derived from one participant (PR3). D. Conversational Style Linguistic Feature: Questions
a) Women Ask More Questions than Men
C. How Gender Affects the Conversational Styles in Different studies have shown different results as to
Classroom-Based Talk Show Production the ways how male and female ask questions during a
From the first question of the study, it identifies what are discourse or in the discourse community. Studies concluded
the conversational styles of male and female present in their as well that tag questions unintentionally turn into a
classroom-based talk show production of which these declarative statement which shows that speakers are
productions include questions, fillers, intensifiers, uncertain and assertive. Further, studies indicated as well
affirmatives and adjective types. It is now in this research that women use more tag questions than men.
question that those identified conversational styles presented

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On the other hand, in the context of the current Tagaannimogoras kung as aka nagkulang, kung
study, I was able to gather samples of the corpora of the asa nag dapatnimobuhaton para dili ka ma stress
study of which, both male and female participants use or ma depress. (PR3_3F)
questions during their speech delivery and explain it further
as to how it affects their delivery and what are the (For me, do not let yourself be depressed because
underlying implications in the discourse community. of small things. The reason why problems become
bigger because of ourselves. We don’t give direct
Below are the samples of the corpora taken from solutions of it. So, if you know how to approach,
the study. then approach your family, then your trusted
friends. And if you know no one is willing to listen
Para saakoa man gud, makaingon ko na depress to you, why not give time for yourself? Give time
ko pagsigenalang ko ug katuloggani kay dili ko, to think where you are lacking. As what are the
dili man ko kanang, dili ko gusto things you must do for you not to be stressed or
kananghunahunaonnakopermintiakongproblemaba depressed.)(PR3_3F)
kay the more
nahunahunaonnimosiyabasigmakahunahuna ko na Pero akong ma advice lang samganakaagina ug
mag suicide gani ana ba. So, matulognalang ka, depression ug sa sad lang is keep praying kay
diba? dibaparehassagiingonganihani(States the name of
PR3_2M) na God is bigger than our problems
(For me, I can say that I am depressed if I always kinsa man diaynaghatag ug problems? Dibasi
sleep because I am not, I don’t want to think God, gihatagnaniya para ma overcome nato and
always about my problem because the more I think then sapag overcome nato ana nga trials and
of my problems, might be I could think of problems diba mas mu-increase atong faith
committing suicide. So, you just have to sleep, saiyaha, the only thing to cope up with depression
right?) (PR3_4M) is pray aside samgagipangingonnilaganiha,
dilinanako to balikon. (PR3_2F)
The moderator then asked a question to the fourth
participant from the third production. (But all I can advise to those who experience
depression and sadness is that keep praying; like as
So depress juddiay ka? what has been mentioned by (States the name of
PR3_2M) that God is bigger than our problems.
(So, are you really depressed?) Who do you think would give us problems? It is
God, right? He gave it for us to overcome. Then, in
Dili pud, feeling lang nakomatulog kay lami man overcoming those trials and problems, our faith to
matulog. Him will strengthened. The only thing to cope with
depression is to pray and aside from those things
(No, it’s not that. I just want to sleep because I they mentioned a while ago.)(PR3_2F)
love to sleep.) (PR3_4M)
During the first production which has a topic about
b) Men Use Question to Verify or Confirm than Abortion a female participant rebutted the answer of the
Women male participant number 1,
From the corpora above, it is a sample take from
Production 3 of the classroom-based talk show activity <Rebutted the answer of PR1_1M>Ahm so I have
which talks about depression. The corpora above are the also an idea, kasi yungsinabiniyakaninana it is
responses taken from the male participant number 3 and between the decision of the man and woman so
another male participant number 4. From the sample, it is how about if dibanaa naman puymga cases na
noticeable that men tend to ask questions to verify or it is a there are sexual abuse mga victim sa rape? They
sort of confirmation from the speaker. The PR3_Moderator can’t do anything with that ilahagyudnang
asked the PR3_4M as to whether he experienced depression pressure especially to women kay sila man ang
basing on his statement since the speaker does not directly mag carry sa child so lisodkaayosailahana mu-
states or answer the question. desisyon para sailangsarili knowing
nawalasilaykauban kay dli man gudna about lang
Para saakoaayawgsugotnama’depress ka sa relationship diba? We have especially karon
tungodsa gamay nabutang kay bantog man more on violence dghanna ug rape cases
gudnamudako ang problema kay namakaingonjud ta nakanangna rape niposible
tungodginapadakonato kay baya judnamabuntis.) (P1_P2G)
dilinatosolusyunandayun ang gamay
natonaproblema. So, kung kabalo ka ngamuduol, (I have also an idea, because as what she
first muduol ka saimong family, then friends mentioned a while ago, that it is the decision
naimongmasaligan, so kung kabalo ka between man and woman. So, how about if there
nawalaymaminawsaimo or feeling nimo lonely ka are cases that include sexual abuse like rape
why not tagaannimo ug oras ang imongsarili? victims? They cannot do anything with that. It

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gives pressure especially to women because they To analyze the appearance in male and female responses, I
are the ones who will bear the child. So, it is really have separated all of their responses through notepad and
hard for them to decide for themselves knowing run it in the software in separate administration.
that they don’t have partner because that is not
about with relationship, right? We have especially From the female responses, the filler kanang has 245
now, more on violence. There are lots of rape hits, ahm with 50 hits, kuan with 94 hits and the last one, the
cases that we can say, she has been raped, and she filler like has 16 hits. So, all in all, the total number of fillers
might get pregnant.) (P1_P2G) used by the female participants is 405 words or fillers. On
the other hand, from the male responses, the fillerkanang
c) Women Use Question to Emphasize Thoughts has 184 hits, ahm with 66 hits, kuan with 130 hits and the
Than Men filler like has 2 hits. Thus, the male speakers utilized a total
The samples above were taken from the third number of 382 fillers in all of the five productions of the
production which discusses depression and abortion from classroom-based talk show.
the female participant. From the corpora, it is noticeable that
women used question to give emphasis and to give heavy Given below are the samples of responses of both male
weight with their ideas, insights and opinions. It is through and female participants taken from the corpora of the study.
asking introspective question that women use so that its
Ahm for me ahm there are many circumstances
listener will get what is really their point to the extent that
siguro or kanang ideas ngakanang ma come up.
their listeners as well will tend to answer and confirm their
Especially to the one carrying a child kay since
question. Thus, women speakers as well opt to establish
first responsibility siguro. Next is ahm poverty,
rapport with their audience and listeners.
naa baya saatoa or most baya
saatoadibamuragmakuanannatona kung kinsa pa
Thus, after knowing and analyzing the responses of
tong nay wealth sila pa tong dli ma bear ug child,
both men and women participants in the talk show
kung kinsa pa tong naghirap mas daghan pa sila
production that discusses depression, we can conclude
ug ma bear ug child.
salient points as to how gender affects questioning as a
conversational style. From the perspective of male (Ahm for me ahm, there are many circumstances,
participants, questioning was utilized by them to confirm maybe or kanang ideas that came up especially the
and verify answer and question from their speaker or to the one who is carrying a child because first, it’s a
people they are talking to or referring to. Meanwhile, as to responsibility. Next is ahm poverty. It is within us
the perspectives of the female participants, we can infer or most of us could say that those who are wealthy
those women speakers opt to establish rapport with their are the ones who don’t bear child and those who
audiences or listeners by asking or throwing introspective are in poverty, they are the ones who bear child the
questions that enables their listener to answer it and even most.) (PR1_2F)
believe and confirm their opinions, insights, and ideas.
As well as during the third production which has a
E. Conversational Style Linguistic Feature: Fillers topic about differentiating depression and loneliness,
a) Women Use More Fillers Than Men
Another conversational style to be examined as to how Ahm for me, depression or lungkotito ay kuansiya
gender affects a conversation is the filler. In linguistic sense, kung muingon man gud tag depression
a filler can be defined as a phrase which could appear murasiyaggisagolsagolnalungkot or kalungkutan.
anywhere in a sentence and which could be deleted from the Kung muingon tag kalungkutan lang murag gamay
sentence with no change in content. In addition, it is ra kaayosiyana issue kanang a certain situation
apparently a meaningless word, phrase, or sound that marks make you sad.
a pause or hesitation of the speaker (Navratoliva, 2015).
(Ahm for me, depression or sadness is kuan, it is,
However, in the context of the talk show production of if we say depression, it’s like a mixture of sad or
the participants of the study, I used AntConc, a software that sadness. If we will only say sadness, it is just a
was used to analyze the concordance or appearance in small issue, kanang a certain situation that makes
number of a certain or specific word or group of words. you sad.) PR3_4F:
Further, as I conducted the classroom-based talk show
activity, I can notice certain fillers of which both men and b) Fillers Reveal That Women Are More Hesitant in
women speakers are using. Some of those include the Conversation Than Men
mother-tongue term kanang, ahm, kuan and like. It is From the samples above, it is noticeable that at the
important to note that mother-tongue fillers occur because beginning of the utterance of the female speakers, they are
the medium of speaking in the activity is the mother-tongue using already fillers of which in the speech production,
of the participants. pause or a certain stop of speech is really occurring. This
may imply that female speakers tend to speak directly or
Further, after I identified the most frequent occurring answer directly a question without thinking or organizing
fillers, I used the AntConc software to analyze and identify certain ideas or answers to talk to. Also, it is further noticed
its concordance or appearance in all of the five productions. that throughout the speech production of the female

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speakers, they are constantly using fillers of which it can be delivery. Further, other reasons might be is that, they are
an implication that the female speakers are hesitant or still still thinking of their answers, thus, committing certain
processing their ideas while they are still answering. pauses with the use of unconstructive fillers.
Ah, according to the study, abortion is a process Consequently, if we are going to analyze the influence
or the removal of an embryo or fetus inside the of gender in the fillers as conversational style, it can be
mother’s womb. Ahm it is to remove ahm an significantly noted that male speakers are the ones who are
embryo or a fetus in a 5 to 7 months maybe hiding composed upon giving their answers before speaking which
then ahm that process is unnecessary means that they are composing first their answers before
nasiyasaatoang society or even speaking. Moreover, female speakers are the ones who were
saatoangkuansaatoasainyohasababae. Then for eager and fervent in answering questions which resulted that
me, kanangkasagaranpudsamgani-engaged they are already using fillers or even started answering with
anangmgakuanmga practices kanangmga the use of fillers.
situations kay ang mga teenagers
kanangmgababae because Thus, with the use of AntConc, it came out that female
ahmilahangkuannagkamalisilag way, speakers used more fillers compared to male speakers. From
kuanilangpagka-romantic sa isa ka lalake. Ni- the five classroom-based talk show productions, female
engage sila ana speakers used a total of four hundred five (405) fillers while
namgabutangtungodsawalasilakabalosailahanggb male speakers used only a total of three hundred eighty-two
uhattungodsapagkalamisakuansaatoangkinabuhi. (382) fillers. Though, both genders used fillers in the whole
speech production process, but it is significantly noted that a
(Ah, according to the study, abortion is a process difference of twenty-nine (29) fillers from both genders
or the removal of an embryo or fetus inside the indicated that female speakers tend to be more eager and
mother’s womb. Ahm it is to remove ahm an impatient to answer questions and can be classified to be
embryo or a fetus in 5 to 7 months maybe because more hesitant upon delivering answers or speeches.
they are hiding it, which is an unnecessary process
for our society, for us or even for the girls. For me, F. Conversational Style Linguistic Feature: Intensifiers
the one who engaged to that practice or situation is a) Both Men and Women Use Intensifiers for Emphasis
kanangteenagers, especially the girls because ahm Intensifiers can be expressed to be both referential
they take the wrong way on being so romantic with meaning (degrees of certainty) and affective meaning
boys. They engaged with things of which they are (politeness). With the previous researches conducted,
oblivious of what they are doing because life intensifiers have also been called as boosters, strengtheners,
seems so wonderful.) (PR1_1M) and also up-graders. In English grammar, it is the adverbs or
adverbial phrase that strengthens the meaning of other
Para saakoakanangkuan depression kay ma expressions and show emphasis (Fuchs, 2017).
feelsnimokanangsagolsagolnaganiparehasanang
problems sa financial kana judtapos ang kuansa However, during the conduct of the classroom-based
depression parehassaiyanggiingon (refers to P3B) talk show production of my participants which are the
long period of time kanangsa sadness ma students, most common words that they are using that show
feelgihaponnimoperokanangmapaaginimosamasol emphasis or extreme meaning with the other word or group
venimosadali ra nabutang. of words are the Cebuano term, kaayo then the adverb very
and a little of the Cebuano term sobra. Again, the
(For me, kanangkuan depression is that you can appearance of the Cebuano terms is highly observable
already feel mix emotions just like financial because the medium of speaking in the conduct of the
problems. Then, kuan in depression, just like what speech production is both English and the mother-tongue of
he said (Refer to P3B), it’s a long period of time the participants.
kanangthe sadness, you can still feel it but you can
resolve it to the easiest way that you know.) To show emphasis with the appearance and occurrence
P3_P2B of the intensifiers as used by the participants, samples are
illustrated below.
c) Less Fillers for Men Proved That They Are Confident Actually,dili mana siyadapati-implement kay mas
Than Women mugaraba ang term, kay
From the perspectives of the male speakers, it is daghankaayogmahitabokunwari kana
noticeable from the first sample above that male speaker are maimplementnasiya, kunwari ang bata,
the ones who spoke directly or answered directly the dilisasiyahatagan ug gender pagkaanakniya kay
question if they do have an answer on their mind. They do dapatsiya ang mamilisaiyang gusto na gender
not have fillers early in their speech production; thus, it can pagdakoniya so saiyang birth certificate so ang
be gleaned that they are confident of their answers. ibutangsasa gender niya kay “XX” or hashtag
However, just like female speakers, male speakers opted to hashtag kay dilipaman sure siyasaiyang gender.
use fillers in the middle of their speech delivery. By this, it
can be concluded that even male speakers as well are (Actually, it shouldn’t be implemented because
hesitant of their answers at some point of time during their there will be a lot of things that might happen if it

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will be implemented. Example of the child at birth, nato kay depression nanisiya so daghankaayog
it will not be given its gender because the child post sa social media nakanang “depression is not
must be the one to choose the gender when he/she a joke” dapatseryosohon ang depression kay
grows up. So, in his/her birth certificate, his gender pwedelagisiyamaka-lead ug suicide. (PR3_4F)
will be marked as “XX” or “hashtag-hashtag”
because his/her gender is still unsure.) (PR5_3M) (Actually, I can say that I am not depressed but I
am being sad many times. So, I would like to say
In my own opinion if you do something naingun that this a very common misconception about
ana (abortion)dapat you take responsibility even teenagers nowadays, like us. Because we,
though the consequences are very big kasi dako misunderstood that our sadness is already
man jud ug consequences if you commit abortion depression. So, there are a lot of posts in social
pero for me if ever mahitabonasaakoamang rape media like, “depression is not a joke,” We must be
ko ug kanangbabaeunyamabuntis, I’ll take the serious with depression because it may lead to
consequences because imohamanang suicide.) (PR3_4F)
responsibility nahimuon ang consequences niya.
From the responses above taken from the speech
(In my own opinion, if you do something like that, production of female speakers from the topic depression and
you must take responsibility despite the huge love, it can be noted that female speakers tend to give
consequences if you commit abortion. But, for me, emphasis in every important point they are saying during
if ever it will happen to me, to rape a girl then she their speech production or delivery. From the first sample, it
will be pregnant, I’ll take the consequences is observable that the female speaker put emphasis with her
because that’s your responsibility to take its points by the used of the adjective most that pre-marital sex
consequences.) PR1_P3B is one of the most fearful things happen among teenagers of
which is supplemented with another intensifier word a lot,
b) Women Use More Intensifiers Than Men as teenagers are still having a lot of priorities with their
studies and their families.
From the responses of the male speakers about
their idea of abortion and Sexual Orientation, Gender Consequently, using intensifiers as a conversational
Identity and Expression (SOGIE) Bill, the male speakers style, both genders frequently used intensifiers in their
used the intensifier, kaayo and very to give their ideas speech production which include the use ofkaayo (very),
emphasis with its audiences and listeners. In the first very, sobra(very much) and most. Moreover, with the use of
sample, the speaker put emphasis that once the bill will be AntConc, it was found out that female speakers tend to use
approved, a lot of major changes will be occurring of which, more intensifiers in their speech production as they have a
the speaker supported this proposition with a supporting total appearance of 50 intensifiers in all of the five
statement about the unidentified gender of the child at birth. productions. On the other hand, from the five productions,
However, from the second sample, the intensifier used is male speakers only used 31 intensifiers.
very which qualify the adjective big. Meaning, a very big
consequence is waiting ahead of you if you will commit Hence, it can be importantly noted that female
rape and/or abortion. speakers tend to focus and give emphasis on ideas, insights
and beliefs as they deliver it in the context of classroom-
So, para saakoa ma connect lang gihapon kay based talk show. This generalization is gleaned from the
kung ma-obsess na ka sa isa ka total difference of nineteen (19) intensifiers used by both
taotungodsaimohang love saiyaha, uso man genders which means that female speakers used 19 more
gudnakaron ang pre-marital sex tungodsa desire intensifiers in the context of five speech productions which
or lust sa isa ka tao so maona ang discussed different focus and topics.
pinakahadlokannabutang especially nastudent’s
G. Conversational Style Linguistic Feature: Affirmatives
pa ta, dghan pa kaayo tag mga priorities
It is used to express the validity or truthfulness of a basic
especially saatong studies ug family. (PR2_2F)
assertion while a negative form expresses its falsity of ideas
(So, for me, if you will be obsessed with one coming from the speakers of which the listener is listening
person because of your love to him, it is rampant to or after. However, in the context of the current study,
nowadays the pre-marital sex because of the desire since the classroom-based task is talk show, affirmative is
or lust with one person, so, that is the most fearful being used by the male and female speakers whether to
thing especially we are still students. We still have affirm the studies given by the other speakers or to rebut as
a lot of priorities especially studies and family.) well if others are not agreeing with the ideas presented by
(PR2_2F) the previous speakers.
Actually, makaingon ko ngawala pa ko na depress Kung or sainyoha kung inyongbuhatonpero

kapila lang ko na sad so I would like to say that dli siya required kumbaga dli sya required or
this is a very common misconception about dapatkabalonaka ani nabutangahm sex
teenagers nowadays, like us. Because we ahm, we education or something mgaing ana nabutang dli
misunderstand that kanang ang kining sadness siya allowed

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sainyohanainyongbuhatondependesainyohadepe a) Women Use More Rebuttals Compared to
ndesainyongbuhaton as a couple. (PR1_1M) Affirmatives Than Men
From the samples, it is a sample response taken
(It is up to you of what you are going to do. But from the first production which discusses about abortion. If
for us, it is not required to do it. Like sex you can observe, it is noticeable that the female speaker
education or something like that, it is not allowed rebuts or disagree with the idea presented by the male
to do it or it is up to you of what you will do as a speaker. It is a rebuttal to the generalization presented by the
couple.) (PR1_1M) latter. It was the female speaker who explained further why
women committed abortion. It might be because she knows
During the first production which has a the feeling for, she is a woman as well.
topic about abortion However, on the latter part, the female speaker still
affirms the idea of the male speaker that, if necessary, do not
<Rebutted the answer of PR1_1M> -Ahm so I indulge oneself to pre-marital sex as it causes many
have also an idea, kasi yungsinabiniyakaninana it consequences to the lives of the couple. This only implies
is between the decision of the man and woman so that female speakers tend to be just and fair in giving
how about if dibanaa naman puymga cases na opinions as well as in validating certain points, ideas,
there are sexual abuse mga victim sa rape. They insights and propositions of the speaker.
can’t do anything with that ilahagyudnang
pressure especially to women kay sila man ang <Added some ideas about PR2_4F’s
mag carry sa child so lisodkaayosailahana mu- answer>Lisod man pudgud, lisod man
desisyon para sailangsarili knowing pudgudkaayomainlove ang babae kay basin
nawalasilaykauban kay dli man gudna about lang naasilaydilimahimobanamahimosalalaki like
sa relationship diba? We have especially karon magkuan ug bulak so, ang kuanna baya ang
more on violence dghanna ug rape cases culture na baya judnato ang lalakijud ang
namakaingonjud ta nakanangna rape niposible maghatag ug bulak, mga love letters, mgaunsa pa
baya judnamabuntis. So walasilay choice magpa na, kanangmanguyabbaing ana. So,
abort judsila so I think dirapud ang isa ka lisodpudkaayosa part no nadilinamo ma show ang
pressure sababae man gudwalasilaymabuhattama among love towards other nanakagustodiay mi ana
tung giingonni (states the name of P1G) nga ang niya kay kailangan man jud ang lalaki ang mag
fear ba ang shame sila man gud ang babaesila ang first move. So, unsaonnalang kung walasiyay
mag carry sila ang ma pressure perotama man feelings saamoa? (PR2_4F)
pudgud ang giingonganinani (states the name of
P1B) na ang necessary gyud kung dli man about (Added some ideas about PR2_4F’s answer – It is
sa rapist or other abuses I think naagyudsababae difficult, when girls fall in love because they might
or lalaki ang desisyonpero after all dli man gud ka do things that boys cannot like giving of flowers.
musugot kung kabalogyud ka. (PR1_2F) So, it is our culture that boys will be the one to
give flowers, love letters, those, what do you call
(Rebutted the answer of PR1_1M - I have also an this, like courting. So, it is really difficult in our
idea, because as what he mentioned a while ago part that we cannot show our love towards the
that it is the decision between man and woman. So, other because it should be the boys who will do the
how about if there are cases that include sexual first move. So, how about if they don’t have
abuse like rape victims? They cannot do anything feelings for us?) (PR2_4F)
with that. The pressure is really on the part of the
women because they are the ones who will bear <Rebutted the ideas of PR2_4F > Uging ana man
child. So, it is really hard for them to decide for ang instances nimo miss, kinsa to? Miss (states the
themselves knowing that they don’t have partner name) kay kuan man guddibamaulawmosalalaki
because that is not about with relationship, right? no nakuan, syempre kung love gyudnimo ang is
We have, especially now, more on violence. There aka tao , no matter what kung unsa man ang
are lots of rape cases that we can say, she has been ginayawyawdirasauban, dili ka magpadalasaila,
raped, and she might get pregnant. So, they don’t diba? (PR2_2M)
have choice, they need to abort the baby. So I
think, that is the pressure of a woman, they cannot (Rebutted the ideas of PR2_4F - if that is your
do anything and what has been mentioned by contentions miss,Who is that? Miss (state the
(states the name of P1G) is right that they have that name), it is like this, boys feel shy as well. Of
fear and feeling ashamed because they are girls. course, if you really love that person, no matter
They are the ones who will carry the baby and the what other people say, you will not be affected,
pressure is there. But it is also true as what (states right?) (PR2_2M)
the name of P1B) mentioned that it is unimportant
if it is about the rapist or other type of abuses but <Rebutted the answer of PR2_2M> Dili man
what is important is the decision of the girl or pudgud mi kay kung kunwari no love nako ang isa
boy.) (PR1_2F) ka lalakitapos nag confess ko taposdili ko niya

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love, unsaon man nakonadibaulaw man sakong PR3_4F: Ahm for me, depression or lungkotito ay
part nga. (PR2_4F) kuansiya kung muingon man gud tag depression
murasiyaggisagolsagolnalungkot or kalungkutan.
(Rebutted the answer of PR2_2M – We will not do Kung muingon tag kalungkutan lang murag gamay
it because, say for example, if I love that man, then ra kaayosiyana issue kanang a certain situation
I will confess to him then he doesn’t love me, it make you sad. So gamay ra
will really be shameful on my part.) (PR2_4F) kaayonasiyangasitwasyon ang
nakapalungkotsaimoha whereas ang depression
(Rebuttal - They will learn to, they will learn.) natapok to tanansaimong life kadtongmga
PR2_2M situation nanakapalungkotsaimoha. Mao nangana
depress naka kay muragkanang kung ma-depress
ka, mawalana ang imohang tan aw saimong old
b) Both Men and Women Use Affirmatives to Confirm worth or value, murag ang imonghunahunadirisa
Ideas earth, nganonging ani ang nahitabosaakong life.
Muraging ana gud. Taposmaonausahay mag lead
From the sample responses taken from the second siya into suicide ang ubanpud kay maagapan pa
production which discusses about love, it is observable how man so, maka cope up silasa depression. (58
male and female speakers defended and affirmed the idea seconds)
and insights of their opponents or the other speakers. The
female speaker claimed that it should not be the girls who (For me, depression or sadness is, if we say
will make the first move, send love letters and give flowers depression is like a mixture of sadness. If we only
but boys. However, the male speaker defended the say sadness, it is just a small issue like a certain
proposition and notion of the female speakers that if you situation that makes you sad. So, that is a just
really love that person, you will not be affected by the small situation that makes you sad whereas
judgment of the other people. depression is that it consolidates the entire
Thus, after analyzing as to how gender affects the situation in your life that makes you sad. That’s the
affirmatives as a conversational style, it can be gleaned that reason why you are depressed because if you are
both genders, male and female affirm certain points if they depressed, you will lose sight of your old worth or
do agree with the ideas, opinion, insights and proposition value. Seems like the way you think here on earth,
presented by the other speakers. On the other hand, both why these things happened to me. Then, that’s the
genders as well were poised and assertive speakers as they reason why sometimes it leads to suicide while
always rebut the ideas, opinion, insights and proposition others can still be resolved, they can cope with
presented by the other speakers if they basically do not depression.)
agree with it. As a conclusion, it can be significantly noted
that affirmatives know no gender when it comes to its PR3_3M:So ahm depression versus sadness. Ahm
conversational style for both genders are usually using it sadness it is a reaction of a specific situation while
either to affirm or rebut ideas. depression for me it is an illness that
kanangpwedesiyamaotuyingonnilana ani
H. Conversational Style Linguistic Feature: Adjectives makapatay.
a) Women Use More Adjectives Than Men Imohangmabuhatnapwedesiyamamatay ka,
It is used to give compliments, qualification and magcommitkag suicide. Ahm sadness is
quantification within conversations of which according to kanangkuan for example reaction example in a
established researches, women are said to use evaluative specific situation kanang sad ka tungod kay gutom
(attitudinal) adjectives more than men like the adjectives ka, short period of time, diba? Ma sad mo ug wala
wonderful, lovely, gorgeous. Further, a small range of nay kaunon? Usahay kung wala kay kwarta, ma
adjectives were used in the conversations by the speakers to sad pud ka. So ang depression for a
convey positive semantic message and politeness. However, kanangtaasnapanahon, depress ka it is because
in the context of the current study, adjectives were used as it ahm not just by ahm mental, emotional kung dili
functions in the sentence – to modify noun, verb or adverb. ang kadtong 4 ka factors no
Meanwhile, in the responses of the participants, an analysis nganakaapektosaimohanganokanangkaugalingon
about adjectives will be made to identify as to what gender for example, saimohang social, socialization
is more direct in explaining the topic and what gender tend kulang ang imong socialization muingon ka
to talk more or the verbose. nadilikaayo ka ginatagad, dilikaayo ka
ginadawatdawatsa community or sa society and at
Below are the samples taken from the corpora of the the same time walapud kay kwartadiba? Unyaano
study which includes the moderator and the answers of both that is financial. Next is, saimohang spiritual
male and female speakers. kulang ug mga advices, kulang ug mgakanangahm
Moderator: Anongaba ang depression? kana bang kanang good advice kuan from your
parents and then your menta state dibausahay kay
(What is depression?)
kuandili ka kabalo mu-estimate kung what is good
and what is bad and then pagnagsagol ang upat it

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will cause depression while sadness kuan lang being the topic, it so happened that the male speakers could
nisiya kung atongi-label ang ahm sadness is 1 out relate more about the topic compared to female speakers.
of 10 while the depression is 10 over 10. Okay. (2
minutes and 19 seconds) V. DISCUSSIONS
(So, depression versus sadness. Sadness, it is a This chapter contains the different conversational
reaction of a specific situation while depression for styles of both men and women found in the classroom-based
me, is an illness that could possibly kill a person. talk show production with significant discussions which
You can do things that could cause you death, you explain its importance in context of speaking with due
will commit a suicide. Sadness is like a reaction in consideration of the gender of the speaker. Further, the
a specific situation, you are sad because you are different gathered data which are the five productions of talk
hungry. That is in a short period of time, right? Are show discussing different topics became the basis of the
you sad if you don’t have something to eat? discussion and summative deliberations that would form the
Sometimes if you don’t have money, you will be conclusions of this research.
sad. So, depression is for longer period of time.
You are depressed not only mentally and A. Conversational Styles of Men and Women Comes From
emotionally or those factors, and that might affect the Classroom-based Talk Show Production
yourself. For example, with your social being, you Speaking seems to be an essential skill in English since it
lack socialization. You can say that you are not is the way that allows people to communicate with another,
fond of socializing with others because you are not to socialize with different people and a way that allows
accepted by the society and you do not have also people to be united and understood. However, one factor
money, right? Then, that is another financial issue. that greatly influence the speaking skills and communication
Next is with your spiritual being, you lack advices of a person is the gender. Thus, it is now in context of the
from your parents and then your mental state of current research to study the conversational styles of men
being has been affected. Sometimes you do not and women and how it affects its communication process.
know anymore how to weigh what is good and
what is bad and then if all of those four factors a) Speed
combined, it will cause depression while sadness is In speaking, proper pauses and juncture is very much
like if we are to going to label it, sadness is 1 out important in order to assure the fluency of the whole speech.
of 10 while depression is 10 over 10.) Further, this certain feature in speech communication affects
the delivery of the speaker upon dealing in the discourse
b) Men Can Be More Verbose Than Women Depending community. In context of the current study, it was noticeable
on the Topic that women showed longer speeches within a minute
From the given samples above, it is a sample compared to men who has a lesser rate of speech.
situation from the third production of the classroom-based
talk show task of which the moderator of the talk show Additionally, it was found out that male and female
asked about the insights and opinions of both speakers as to speakers were not significantly different with regard to their
what is depression for them. Both have shared answers and quality of simultaneous interpretation and communication.
opinions as to what is depression of which it can be However, the findings showed that both genders did not
significantly noted that the male speaker is more verbose in hold the same with regard to their speed of speaking in their
explaining the topic by giving different situations and native language and it was shown that females produced
scenarios. Also, another indication that male speaker is faster oral production in comparison to the male interpreters.
verbose is the time allotment of which the male speaker Therefore, it seems quite logical not to generalize the
obtained a total of 2 minutes and 19 seconds. existence of gender-related differences in translation studies
on all issues of translation and interpreting. As the results of
On the other hand, the female speaker can be classified the current study, it indicated that gender-related differences
as a direct speaker upon giving explanations for the reason are not observed in all issues related to translation and
of, in answering the same question, female speaker interpreting.
answered the question within 58 seconds only which means Further, it is added that on the average, while both men and
that the female defines directly the difference between women exhibited the main trend, men conveyed more
sadness and depression by giving its definition and at least information than women at the same speech rate (Priva,
one example. 2017). However, it is added that women may tend to be
more concerned with making sure their listeners understand
Thus, after analyzing adjectives as a conversational
what they are saying. For example, in conversation, women
style as to how gender affects it, there is a salient result
are more likely than men to "backchannel," or provide
observed. It is now the male speakers who are more verbose
verbal cues like "uh, huh" to confirm understanding as the
compared to women upon answering question and it is now
dialogue proceeds.
women who are direct. Further, we will not limit this
observation to all of the five productions because it should b) Preference on Topic or Argument
be noted as well that every production discusses different Different speakers also varied differently with their
topic. One of the reasons could be that, with depression topic preference. They do have corresponding topics in mind

ISSN No:-2456-2165
of which they tend to excel if the topic for discussion is in dominate when the teacher was a female, whereas the boys
line with their desire. In context of the current study, women were found to be very conscious in the presence of a male
speakers prefer more personal and emotional topics teacher.
including affective talk while men speakers opted to talk
factual topics and they opted to avoid on simultaneous talk. d) Directness and Adjective
In this study, results showed that in terms of
Moreover, this result conforms to the notion that directness, women have the tendency towards weakening of
differences of genders in choosing topics could be caused by communicative intention and they are more indirect with
the different perceptions of men and women of styles in speech use by using flowering words upon giving samples,
communication (Mahmud, 2010). One difference is that definition and example about the topic. On the other hand,
females thought of men as arrogant whereas males thought men are more direct in expression of communication
females as highly emotional. These views may be due to intention and they are less like to use indirect speech use
differences in men and women’s views about conversation. because men speakers tend to answer the question succinctly
Further, women see conversations as the way to develop and and briefly.
preserve intimacy while for men, conversations are
negotiations to achieve and maintain power. Moreover, in speech,directness is the quality of being
straightforward and concise by stating the main point early
Lastly, similar study about gender to topic and and clearly without embellishments or flowering words
argument preference found out that male speakers tried to (Nordquist, 2020). It contrasts
shift the topic to more comfortable and less risky one at with circumlocution, verbosity, and indirectness. Also, the
some very important seconds of conversation when the author added that there are different degrees of directness
woman tried to talk about women’s capabilities and which are determined in part by social and cultural
potentials. They also took use of asking questions from their conventions. In order to communicate effectively with a
female partners to put themselves in position of power and particular audience, a speaker or writer needs to maintain a
control the direction of interaction (Pakzadian, 2018). In balance between directness and politeness.
contrast, female speakers appeared to utilize initiating
moves primarily to support the male partners in a number of Lastly, this result conforms to the study which
ways such as showing interest, enquiring for more details, concluded that women used more an indirect
endorsing male partners’ claim of superior knowledge and communication pattern like in modest request which
experience, deferring to their power, opening up substantiates consideration and politeness with regard to
opportunities for them to demonstrate their superior others (Vaezi, 2015). Also, it is indicated that men have a
knowledge and expertise, and exhibiting self-denigration strong preference of using the answer as a direct
and self-doubt. communication of request. Furthermore, result of the study
explained that women believed that implicit requests are
c) Turn Taking popular, if not more popular, than the explicit ones.
Turn taking refers to the process by which people in
conversation decide who will to speak next. Once a topic is e) Emotion and Intimacy
chosen and a conversation initiated, the matters of Emotion seems to be an important factor in the
conversational turn taking arise. Based on the results of the communication process since this enables the audience or
study, women showed least inter and intraturn pauses while the listeners of the speaker to fully grasp the idea, belief and
men showed longer pauses within and between speeches. stand of the speaker. In this study, results of analysis
revealed that women speakers applied rapport in talking
In addition, this finding was supported by the especially when the question is addressed directly to them.
proposition that women are more likely to take turns in While men speakers applied report style in talking when the
conversation which supports the notion that women’s question is addressed directly to them.
greater turn taking rates can be attributed to interpersonal
insensitivity and full of assertiveness (Ghilzai& Baloch, Further, one study explored the connection between
2016). They also found out that females have more curiosity communication, intimacy, sexual satisfaction and
to take turn in conversation while men stick to their own relationship satisfaction of which the result of the study
point, remain silent, and rejected the offer of turn taking. indicated that for men and women alike, feeling like their
Thus, this can be attributed that woman are more talkative partner had a positive communication style led to greater
than men. feelings of intimacy as well as relationship satisfaction
(Yoo, et al., 2013).
Lastly, other study revealed that boys were found to
talk more, interrupt more and participate more Finally, a study about the level of intimacy and
enthusiastically in the class where the teacher was a female communication between couples was conducted of which
whereas, in the class of a male teacher, the boys were the the data showed that women felt they shared more personal
passive listeners, participating only when asked direct information with their partners, yet they were less trusting of
questions by the teacher (Iqbal &Azhar, 2019). Similarly, and comfortable with their partners than men (Ubando,
the girls were found to participate actively in the class where 2016). Further, in general conclusion of the study, men self-
the teacher was a male, while the girls hardly participated in reported that they were very intimate in their relationships,
the class of a female teacher. The boys were found to yet their relationship satisfaction score was low. Thus, men

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thought highly of their own intimacy, more so than women female speakers used more intensifiers compared to men
did. speakers.
f) Establishment of Authority or Status Additionally, this finding is in parallel to the notion

Establishing authority in speech is important as it that men use fewer intensifiers than women and that this has
gauge a way for the speaker to speak with conviction and not changed fundamentally over time (Fuchs, 2017).
confidence. In this case, once it is fully established, it is However, intensifiers have come to be used more frequently
easier for the speaker to speak out his/her thoughts and which is possibly due to the spread of a stereotypically
easier for him/her to let the audience and listeners believed feminine. Further, the author noted that female and male
in the speaker. However, in context of the current study, it middle class speakers have also become more similar in
was observed that women frequently used questions as their use of intensifiers unlikely those from the upper and
strategy to structure talk while men opt to less use questions working class. Thus, the author suggested to have future
and tag questions. research which will show and explain as to how social
classes influence the used of intensifiers between genders.
Further, this result is in parallel to the study about the
courtroom speeches which showed that it was not women i) Fillers
who used the features identified by Lakoff which includes There are two major types of fillers which second
questions, adjectives, intensifiers, fillers and affirmatives but language users frequently used. These are the lexicalized
those people who has less institutional power (Wardhaugh& and unlexicalized fillers. Lexicalized fillers include what do
Fuller 2015). Thus, the findings of the study refuted the idea you call this, okay, yeah, right, actually, etc. In other words,
of tag questions as being the typical female language. But it these are the lexicon or words that were used by the speaker
confirmed the idea of Lakoff that the ways of speaking to fill certain pauses. While unlexicalized fillers include
which are associated with women are associated with a lack ahm, ahh, ey, etc. or those prolonged sounds that the speaker
of power and authority. used in certain pauses during the speech production. In this
study, it was found out that women often used more fillers
g) Question compared to men.
Questioning is important in the communication
process since it could be a way for the speaker to establish Also, the findings were supported that male and female
rapport with his audience and listener. Further, in context of students used all function of fillers. They used fillers to fill
the current study, questioning is both used by men and pause, mark of hesitation, holding turn, empathizing,
women speakers of which one of the purposes of both mitigating, and interrupting (Navratilova, 2015). However,
speakers in using it is to establish rapport with their the most frequent fillers used by male and female students
audiences and listeners. were filler as filling pause and fillers as mark of hesitation.
There were no differences existed in the usage of fillers in
However, conducted studies have explained that in each gender groups and also both male and female students
using question like tag question, women opt to express used lexicalized and unlexicalized fillers. However, female
themselves less forcefully than men which can be seen in students tended to use more filler in argumentative talks
the use of tag questions of which it can be associated as than male did.
expressing tentativeness (Coates, 2016). In that study, the
participants were asked to decide whether a specific Lastly, it is elucidated that there are two variables that
utterance was made by a male or a female and the results are suggestive of filler frequency and word choice: age and
revealed that tag questions were mainly used by women. gender (Baral, 2016). For instance, while men and women
both use filler phrases at an equally high rate, the men
Lastly, some authors reported some reasons as to prefer ‘uh’ while women opt for ‘um.’ Young people
why questioning is related to gender. It has been mentioned typically use filler words more, since they are “socially
that there are two ways why women ended up asking a insecure,” he says. Generally, most people grow out of it
fewer question than men: either they put their hands up less over time.
frequently to ask questions and they are overlooked when
they do so (Booluck, 2018). Further, the survey data j) Hedges
suggested that raising of hands by the women plays a major There are many types of hedges according to
role – women report asking questions less frequently than structure and this includes adverbial hedges, adjectival
men. hedges, phrasal hedges, and generalized adjunct. In this
study, it was noticeable that women used more hedges
h) Intensifiers compared to men speakers of which we can say that mostly,
Intensifiers are the linguistic element which modify the speeches of women tend to be tentative.
the degree of an agreeable expression. Thus, despite of the
term intensifier, they include both elements increasing and Further, the findings were supported with the idea that
decreasing intensity. However, the results of the study female speakers use hedges like “I think” and “I’m sure” to
showed that men and women speakers used intensifiers to a greater extent than male speakers. This observation is in
show emphasis on their thoughts and arguments during the line with the proposition that female speakers use hedges
speech production of which, it was also noticeable that more often than male speakers (Engström, 2018). One
reason is that women, as they are growing up, have to learn

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a language that suits a lady in order to not be ridiculed or help the teachers to develop and strategize varied and
reprimanded. Further, another possible reason for this differentiated instruction that is not gender-biased and thus,
difference is that female speakers tend to insert hedges in would cater the needs of both male and female students that
their language to avoid the appearance of playing the expert. will surely ensure the learning of the students to the
optimum level of development.
Also, research concluded that female authors used
more hedges than male authors in expressing their claims In addition, since results showed that men and women
and ideas and male authors had much tendency to use speakers excelled in different level as to the high
possessive adjective than females.This suggested that involvement and high considerateness styles of conversation
females used hedging devices more than men in their with their different linguistic features, it is now the
writings (Mirzapour, 2016). Also, the creation of an opportunity of the teacher to make use of these advantages
appropriate authorial identity by means of self-mention in order for him to inculcate the enthusiasm of the students
resources is critical for article writers in any discipline in towards learning English as a language. This is a great
order to present themselves as competent member of the avenue for the language teacher to further give activities that
discipline. would enhance the capabilities of both genders in learning
and applying English as a second language.
k) Affirmatives
There are many ways of which listeners and viewers VI. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER
can indicate affirmation with regards to the idea presented RESEARCH
by the speaker. It can be a nod, smile, or waving of hands. In
this study, results showed that affirmation was observable in This study used the conversational styles specifically the
the conversation of both male and female speakers by high-involvement and high-considerateness styles with the
quoting reference from that person’s idea. Also, results have linguistic feature as presented by authors of which it is in
shown that women speakers tend to agree or affirm more context of the classroom-based talk show production which
compared to men by using words like “yes”, “I agree” and discussed different topics. The type task which became the
“exactly.” primary focus of the analysis is quite challenging and
interesting since it allowed me to observe directly as to how
Additionally, this result conforms the proposition the male and female students speak out their thoughts and
which states that women use body language to affirm the ideas and as to how they are going to answer questions.
person who is communicating to them. They believe that
non-verbal communication demonstrates investment in the However, I found out that in talk show production,
conversation. This non-verbal signal may be a smile, a head there are some linguistic features in conversation of which it
nod or direct eye contact. When men are listening to others, turned out that it is hard to analyze like the questions,
they tend to remain still (Meier, 2018). Women often intensifiers, turn taking and speed since the task is talk show
interpret an absence of non-verbal affirmation from men as which is basically driven by the moderator. Thus, I would
disinterest in the conversation, a lack of understanding or suggest that the same linguistic features in conversational
even an effort to negate what is being communicated. style will be further studied but the classroom-based task
Women may even repeat themselves to provide more will be debate. I highly suggest debate because this task will
clarification or to entice the man to engage. Men may feel give a chance to both speakers, male and female, to use their
annoyed with this or they may even interpret the woman’s art of questioning as to rebut ideas. We can also observe the
behaviour as weak or as lacking in confidence. rate of speech in every speaker since debate has time
allotment. Further, we can also observe how these speakers
Lastly, another study about affirmation in social media tend to use the intensifiers, hedges, adjectives and
post shown that females do better in affirming certain post affirmatives as they are going to deliver their stand. Also, it
online by quoting others because they are quoting real is even better to have a topic that each gender could give
person. On the other side, the male used what-if situation their ideas, to make sure that there will be no biases during
and then tried to quote a couple of questions (FajarIbkar, the conversation. It is also important to have a competent
2017). It is safe to say that both genders have the required moderator which is highly recommended by the teacher
manifestations in effective affirmation in online during the conversation. Thus, a more effective and
conversations. But still, the impact of the sentence depends meaningful results could be drawn from this research and
on the understanding of those who read the quotation. could add to the growing body of literature about gender in
conversational styles.
l) Implications for Teaching Practices
This qualitative, conversational analysis study is A. Concluding Remarks
intended mainly to English teachers to achieve wider From the results of the study, I have concluded that
understanding and deeper consideration about the classroom women speakers are more verbose and indirect when it
activity participation and cooperation of both men and comes to delivering their speech since results have shown
women students. The results of the study rendered that women speakers talk more words within a minute and
explanations and reasons to the perspectives of the teacher used more adjectives compared to men speakers. However,
as to why their students behave in certain way, talk this way it is also another conclusion that amidst of the verbosity of
and in that way, they communicate with their classmates this the women speakers, they are the ones who are hesitant in
way. Further, with the findings of the study, it is hoped to delivering speeches compared to men as they obtained more

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fillers compared to men speakers of which, it was noticeable [9.] Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011).
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Moreover, conducting this study has absolutely helped Male-Female Language: Evidence from “Authur
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Volume 6, Issue 10, October – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

A Conversational Analysis on Classroom-Based Talk

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Conversational Comparative Analysis

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c) Turn Takings f) Establishment of Authority and Strategy

Types Sample Statements

…uhm, and also, I will only post when there are

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Abortion is a sin, if you’re not ready, then why

g) Questions in this study has shown that questions, as conversational

Percentage of Question by Gender

Fig. 1 Percentage of Question According to Gender

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Pero dilisilakadawatmismosailangsarilinaunsasila, h) Fillers

Fig. 4. The Ahm (Uhm) Antconc Concordance of Frequency

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Fig. 5 Percentage of Hedges According to Gender

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Fig. 6 Percentage of Intensifiers According to Gender

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Fig. 7 Percentage of Affirmatives According to Gender

The figure shows the percentage of the used Yes,

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Male 161 Female 206

Fig. 8 Percentage of Adjectives According to Gender

Fig. 9 The Occurrence of Different as Adjective Used by Male

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Actually, makaingon ko ngawala pa ko na depress Kung or sainyoha kung inyongbuhatonpero

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f) Establishment of Authority or Status Additionally, this finding is in parallel to the notion

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