Volume 7, Issue 3, March – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Local Community and use of Ceiba petandra in

Banwa Province in Burkina Faso
1 2
Vincent ZOMA Wendpanga Jacques Ismaël TARAMA
Geography department Permanent Secretariat of the National Council for Burkina
Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Faso Sustainable Development
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso
3
Alassane TRAORE
Water and forest inspector
Burkina Faso

Abstract:- Regardless of the continent, man has a landscape is made of plants, they populate our plates, make
relationship with plants, but each community ritualizes its and retain our soils, adorn our lives and our walks.
relationship with its environment according to various
factors. This relationship is often distinct from the Thus, each community ritualizes its relationship with its
practices of other neighboring communities and environment according to various factors. This relationship is
influenced by the language of communication. This often distinct from the practices of other neighboring
research aims to analyze the relationship between communities and influenced by the language of
sociolinguistic communities of the Banwa province in the communication [5].
western part of Burkina Faso, and the species Ceiba
pentandra (L.) Gaertn. The fieldwork based on an It is in this context that the present study aims to analyze
ethnobotanical survey involved 267 people chosen at the relationship between sociolinguistic communities of the
random and divided into three age groups comprising Banwa province in the western part of Burkina Faso, and a
men and women, most of whom are illiterate. It essentially plant species (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn).
emerges from the study that the values of the indices of
diversity and equitability of knowledge are low according The species is known to be useful to humans. Indeed,
to gender, and according to age. These values indicate an Ceiba.pentandra (L.) Gaertn called kapok or cheesemaker in
unequal distribution of knowledge of the species between French, is a species well known to certain local communities
respondents. In addition, the study revealed 6 forms of for its various uses (in traditional medicine, in food, as a
uses of the products of the species and among the different source of energy for cooking, in the field of crafts, etc.). The
parts of the species, the leaves are more in demand than cheese maker has a sacred meaning for local populations in
the bark and the fruit. many parts of the world, including in tropical Africa where it
often serves as a palaver tree ([6], [7], [8], [9], [10]). At the
Keywords:- Ceiba Pentandra, Communities, Banwa, Burkina level of the natural range of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn, a
Faso. large number of studies relate to its taxonomy ([11], [12]).
However, studies devoted to evaluating the ethnobotanical
I. INTRODUCTION knowledge of the species and its woody potential are rare.

Humans use elements of the environment such as plants The present study therefore aims, as we have already
for survival. Indeed, as noted by [1], the plant world that mentioned, to analyze the relationship that exists between
surrounds us and feeds us never ceases to amaze us because sociolinguistic communities of the Banwa province in the
man has learned to use what nature puts in his hands, in western part of Burkina Faso, and the species Ceiba
particular, flowers, leaves, bark, sap, etc. for millennia, not pentandra (L.) Gaertn.
only to eat, but also to heal, clothe and house.
II. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH
Regardless of the continent, man has a relationship with
plants ([2], [3]). As the [4], we live in plants. Just look around The study area of this investigation is the Banwa province
us, or around cities, and the observation is there: the located in the administrative region of Boucle du Mouhoun in
Burkina Faso (Map 1). It is part of the country's cotton zone.

IJISRT22MAR923 www.ijisrt.com 520

Volume 7, Issue 3, March – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Map 1: Geographic location of the study area

Banwa Province is entirely located in the South complementary in the sense that they make it possible to
Sudanese climatic sub-zone of Burkina Faso. There are 2 answer different specific questions in a given area [14].
seasons there. The rainy season from May to October, with
average monthly temperatures varying between 25° and 28°C Regarding sampling, the random method was used. It
and a dry season from November to April marked by the consisted in selecting within the surveyed population, a
harmattan. It is characterized on the one hand by a dry and sample of size having knowledge on the use of the species so
cold wind with low temperatures (around 25°) from that each element of the sample has the same probability of
November to the end of January and on the other hand, by a being selected and that all elements of the population have the
dry and hot wind with high average monthly temperatures same chance of belonging to the sample ([15], [16]). The
often exceeding 40° C from March to April. Precipitation, following mathematical formula established by [17] was used
which varies from 700 to 1000 mm per year, is irregular and to estimate the size of the sample to be considered:
poorly distributed in space. Hydrographically, the province of
2
Banwa has a very dense hydrographic network, especially in 𝑈1−𝛼 × P(1 − p)
its western half. The hydrographic network falls within the 2
𝑛=
watersheds of the Mouhoun River and the Kossi River. This 𝑑2
province is largely a flat area. The relief is quite monotonous  n: the size of the sample to be considered.
and altitudes rarely exceed 360m [13].  p: the proportion of informants who declared having
knowledge about the use of the plant. This proportion p of
For data collection in the field, a semi-structured survey informants was determined a posteriori.
questionnaire was developed. Before its use, a test made it  𝑈1−2
𝛼: the value read on the standard normal law
2
possible to assess its applicability in the field. This distribution table, this value is 1.96, a value most often
contributed to better planning of the field data collection rounded to 2 (with α=5%) for a sample size greater than or
process. Then it was administered to the populations to collect equal to 30 individuals;
information on the uses of the species. The main data  d: this is the margin of error of the estimate which has been
collected relate to the identity of the respondent, the set at a value according to the desired precision; its value can
respondent's knowledge of the species and its uses. Two be between 5% and 10%.
categories of ethnobotanical studies were used. These are the
descriptive ethnobotanical study and the causal
ethnobotanical study. These two approaches are

IJISRT22MAR923 www.ijisrt.com 521

Volume 7, Issue 3, March – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
In the context of this study, it was set at 5%. The method These indices were calculated according to the gender
thus adopted has already been used in several ethnobotanical and age groups of the population surveyed. The age classes
studies in West Africa ([18], [19], [20]). proposed by [23] were used.

For the choice of people to be surveyed during data DImax=log2n

collection, the so-called "snowball effect" method was EI= Index of equitability of knowledge of respondents
applied. It consisted of initially identifying a competent DI=Diversity index of knowledge of respondents
informant for the subject of study and then the latter after his Max DI=Maximum Knowledge Diversity Index
passage of the survey, in turn indicates another competent
informant from the same community. This process continued The EI varies between [0; 1] and makes it possible to
until the investigation of all the informants competent for the measure the degree of homogeneity of the knowledge of the
subject of the study in each locality concerned. At the end of respondents. If EI ˂0.5 the diversity of respondents'
the survey, the size of the sample of informants was 267 knowledge is not homogeneous but if EI≥0.5 this diversity is
people. Given this number, the application of the previous homogeneous; this means an equitable distribution of
formula made it possible to determine the proportion p=0.21. knowledge within the populations surveyed for the use of the
species.
Concerning the analysis, the survey data were
summarized in tables using the EXCEL 2010 software. After These indices were calculated according to the gender
the data entry operations, the same software was used to and age groups of the population surveyed. The age classes
generate the graphs illustrating the results obtained. To assess proposed by [23] were used
the uses and importance of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn 𝑅𝐶𝐹 = 𝑆/𝑁 × 100
according to ethnic groups, three statistical parameters were - S: the number of people who provided an answer in
calculated: relation to a given use of products from the species
studied.
 The Diversity Index (DI) of respondents' knowledge. [21] - N: total number of people interviewed.
ecological diversity index was used to estimate the diversity - The Use Value of [24] modified by [25]. This index makes
of uses of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. This index was it possible to evaluate the importance of a plant in a
calculated using the following formula: community of populations surveyed. The use value of each
organ was calculated by the said formula which is:
𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖
𝐼𝐷 = − ∑ ( ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2( ) 𝐼𝑛
𝑁 𝑁
𝑈𝑉 = ∑ 𝑈𝑖/𝑛
Ni= is the number of uses cited by the respondent and N is 𝑖=1
the total number of uses recorded by the survey.
- If all respondents have the same knowledge of the species, Ui = the number of uses that each respondent knows per
the value of the index is maximum and equal to organ of the species studied.
DImax=Log2n where log designates the natural logarithm n= the total number of informants interviewed.
and n is the total number of respondents. Diversity is low
when DI≤3; average if DI is between 3 and 4; then raised III. RESEARCH RESULTS
when DI≥4.
- The Fairness Index (EI) of knowledge of respondents. By The results of the research presented in this study relate
equity index, we mean the ratio between real diversity and respectively to the age structure and distribution according to
maximum theoretical diversity [22]. According to the the ethnic groups of the people surveyed, the ethnobotanical
same source, this index is calculated from the following knowledge of the populations on the species and the product
formula: uses of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.

𝐸𝐼 = 𝐷𝐼/𝐷𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 A. Age structure and distribution according to the ethnic

groups of the people surveyed
DImax=log2n The number of people surveyed is 267 people, 33% of
EI= Index of equitability of knowledge of respondents whom are women and 77% men. These respondents belong
DI=Diversity index of knowledge of respondents to the following ethnic groups: Bobofing, Bobowulé or
Max DI=Maximum Knowledge Diversity Index Bwaba, Bobodioula, Peulh, Mossi. They have an average age
of 57 years old and 89.51% of them are illiterate. In addition
The EI varies between [0; 1] and makes it possible to to the representatives of local authorities and forest services,
measure the degree of homogeneity of the knowledge of the the people surveyed are divided into several socio-
respondents. If IE ˂0.5 the diversity of respondents' professional categories. These are traditional leaders,
knowledge is not homogeneous but if IE≥0.5 this diversity is blacksmiths, breeders, traditional healers and religious
homogeneous; this means an equitable distribution of leaders.
knowledge within the populations surveyed for the use of the
species.

IJISRT22MAR923 www.ijisrt.com 522

Volume 7, Issue 3, March – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
In addition to the results related to the age structure and B. Ethnobotanical knowledge of the populations on the
the distribution according to the ethnic groups of the people species
surveyed, the study deals with the ethnobotanical knowledge The results (Table 1) show that the value obtained (DI =
of the populations on the species. 0.44) for men is higher than that for women (DI = 0.23).

Table 1: Diversity Indices (DI) and Equitability Indices (EI) of knowledge on the use of the species by respondents
Sex DI EI
Men 0,44 0,18
Women 0,23 0,1
Global 0,67 0,28
Age
Youth (≤30years) 0,16 0,07
Adult (31-60 years) 0,22 0,09
Source : study data

Knowledge about the use of the species is considerable

for men (EI=0.18) compared to women (EI=0.1). The overall Table 2 allows us to know the local names of the space
values of diversity of use of the species studied as well as according to the ethnic groups in our research area.
those of the equitability of knowledge on the use of the
species according to sex are respectively 0.67<0.5.

Table 2: Local names of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn according to ethnic groups in the study area
Ethnic groups Local names Meaning
Bobodioula Prêe-Prôo fast growing tree
Bobofing Prêe-Prôo fast growing tree
Bobowulé Djâa Big tree
Bwaba Tchâamou Tree indicating a village by its height
Bwaba Tchônou Big tree
Dafing Banan yiiri Tree that cures many diseases
Dafing Bamba Big tree
Mossi Gunga
Peulh Bâtinée
Source : study data

According to Table 2 above, the local names of the addresses the uses of the products of Ceiba pentandra (L.)
species vary from one ethnic group to another in the study Gaertn.
environment.
C. Uses of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn products
Apart from taking into account the ethnobotanical The uses made of the products of Ceiba pentandra (L.)
knowledge of the populations on the species, the study Gaertn, by the local populations are diverse and
varied (figure 1).

Fig 1: Proportions of responses related to the different categories of use of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn products in Banwa
province
120 100
87.27
rate of answer in (%)

100
80
60 25.09
40 13.48 7.49 1.87
20
0

Types of use

Source : study data

IJISRT22MAR923 www.ijisrt.com 523

Volume 7, Issue 3, March – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
6 categories of uses of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn made it possible to highlight the
were mentioned by the respondents. Furthermore, the most used organs (figure 2).
frequencies of citation of the uses of each vegetative organ of

Fig 2: Frequencies of citations by respondents of organs of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn

bark
18% Fruits
17%

leaves seed
33% 14%

wood
flower Root thorn stem 6%
1% 2% 4% 5%
Source: study datav

The results in Figure 2 show that the leaves (33.13%) the respondents and therefore the most removed by the
and the bark (18.47%) are the most used. The results show population, are the bark (photo 1) and the leaves (photo 2).
that the organs of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn most cited by

Photo 1: Debarked trunk of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Photo 2: Harvesting Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn
Gaertn in the village of Dogo (Municipality of Balavé) leaves by women in the village of Badinga
(municipality of Balavé)

A. Traoré’s cliche Tronc écorcé means debarked trunk

The results of the study reveal that the most used organs of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn are the leaves (VUorg =1.40) and the
barks (VUorg =0.78) as shown in Table 3.

IJISRT22MAR923 www.ijisrt.com 524

 Volume 7, Issue 3, March – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 3: Values of the indices of use of the different organs of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn cited by the respondents
Organs Values of use
Leaves 1,4
Bark 0,78
Fruits 0,7
Seed 0,6
Wood 0,24
Stems 0,2
thorn 0,19
roots 0,07
Flowers 0,04
Source : study data

Table 3 which presents the values of the indices of use the experience accumulated with age is the main source of
of the various organs of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn cited by information at the local level about the use of plants.
the respondents according to the use values. The use of certain
organs such as flowers, fruits (pods) and seeds can be harmful As for the local names of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn,
to the survival of the species if their harvest is not each ethnic group gives at least one name to designate the
accompanied by precaution. The people met are in favor of species. These names symbolize many realities and assume
the rehabilitation of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn in the the existence of a long history with the species in the study
Banwa province because of its socio-cultural, socio- area. The literature reports that other localities take their name
economic and ecological importance. from plants. The case of Vudome or Hountigome, a locality
in the Ouatchi environment whose name means "under Ceiba
The results of the study presented in this part are the pentandra (L.) Gaertn." [30]. This is also the case of the
subject of a discussion in relation to the literature review in village of Bananrodougou (village of cheesemakers) located
the rest of the study. in the municipality of Bama, about twenty kilometers from
Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso.
IV. DISCUSSION OF THE RESEARCH RESULTS
B. Health and food orientation of uses
The discussion of the results of the study concerns on The uses made of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn by the
the one hand, the diversity of knowledge on the species, and populations in the province of Banwa are diverse. All the
on the other hand, the health and food orientation of the uses interviewees report the food use of the species. This may be
of the species studied. linked to the interest in this use. On this point, [12] report
similar findings from this food use. These authors report the
A. Varieties of knowledge about the species use of the leaves of the species in cooking.
The values of the indices of diversity and equitability of
community knowledge of the species are low. This indicates As for the types of diseases treated by the species, they
an unequal distribution of knowledge among respondents. are varied in the study area. This could be related to its
Indeed, a small group of respondents retain most of the spectrum of use and for the diversity of its parts taken for
knowledge about the species. The values of the diversity and medicinal purposes. Moreover, several of these diseases
equitability indices reveal that men have more knowledge (fever, mental illnesses, conjunctivitis, abscess, paronychia,
about the species than women. Thus, knowledge of Ceiba cough, malaria, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, female sterility) are
pentandra (L.) Gaertn in the study area varies widely cured by the plant as mentioned by [31] and [32]. However,
according to gender and age. the literature indicates other diseases cured by parts of the
species and which are not revealed by the present study.
These results are comparable to those of [26], by [27] According to [33], the plant treats growth retardation in
and [28] obtained with other species that have been the children. Also, studies have listed Ceiba pentandra (L.)
subject of similar studies. These are respectively Artocarpus Gaertn as a plant used by the population in Congo Brazzaville
altilis, Mansonia altissina and Chrysophyllum albidum. For in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers [34].
example, [26] revealed that informants know about
Artocarpus altilis with an unequal distribution of knowledge Regarding ethnobotanical use values, leaves and bark
from a gender perspective (DI and EI men=0.05 and 0.53 are used more. This could be explained by the preference of
versus DI and EI women=0.04 and 0.49). the organs sought. This result is confirmed by [32] who reveal
that the leaves of Ceiba pentandra (L) Gaertn are used as
Moreover, in the study area, the elderly (age >60 years) vegetables in cooking. The same source reports that the bark
have more knowledge of the species, as evidenced by the is galactagogue, febrifuge and aphrodisiac. It can treat female
values of the relatively high diversity and equitability indices. sterility, cough, malaria, diarrhea, gastralgia, dental caries,
This knowledge could be explained by the long experience gingivitis, etc.
accumulated on the plant by the elderly. According to [29],

IJISRT22MAR923 www.ijisrt.com 525

Volume 7, Issue 3, March – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
These results presented above show that Ceiba [8]. F. R. Irvine. Woody Plants of Ghana with Special
pentandra (L) Gaertn is a very useful plant with regard to its Reference to their Uses. Oxford University Press. 191
wide range of uses. p., 1961.
[9]. C. W. Dick, E. Birmingham, M. R. Lemes and R. R.
V. CONCLUSION Gribel. Extreme long-distance dispersal of the lowland
tropical rainforest tree Ceiba pentandra L. (Malvaceae)
This study on the use of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn by in Africa and the Neotropics. Molecular Ecology16:
the sociolinguistic communities of the province of Banwa, in 3039-3049, 2007.
Burkina Faso reveals the interest that these groups give to the [10]. J. A. Lobo, M. Quesada, K. E. Stoner Kathryn. Effects
species. of pollination by bats on the mating system of Ceiba
pentandra (Bombacaceae) populations in two tropical
Knowledge of the species is linked to the profile of the life zones in Costa Rica. American Journal of Botany
person interviewed. Thus, people of advanced age, especially 92: 370-376. DOI:10.3732/ajb.92.2.370, 2005.
men, know the species. This shows the work that needs to be [11]. S. Guinko. Illustrated flora of the Kou classified forest,
done so that young people also know about the species and 143p., 2009.
especially its virtues. Indeed, the study also shows that Ceiba [12]. M. O. Eyog, O. Ndoye, J. Kengue and A. Awono. The
pentandra (L.) Gaertn is used by sociolinguistic communities eatable Forest Fruit Trees of Cameroon, 203p., 2006.
for food, health care, commerce, crafts, energy needs and [13]. R. Kissou, B. Hema, I. Ouédraogo, V. M. Tiemounou,
construction. These different solicitations concern organs of P. A. Sankara. Morpholopedological study of the Kossi
the species. These are the leaves, barks, fruits, seeds, wood, and Banwa provinces, scale 1/100,000. Technical
stems, thorns, roots and flowers. The use of certain organs report, MAHRH, 90p., 2003.
such as flowers, fruits (pods) and seeds can be harmful to the [14]. U. P. Albuquerque and N. Hanazaki. Five problems in
survival of the species if their harvest is not accompanied by current ethnobotanical research and some suggestions
precaution. Consequently, the people met are in favor of the for streng theming them. Human Ecology, 37:653-661,
rehabilitation of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn in the Banwa 2009.
province because of its importance on the socio-cultural, [15]. W. G. Cochran William. Sampling techniques, 3rd
socio-economic and ecological levels. edition. Willey, New York. 10 P., 1977.
[16]. R. L. Scheaffer., W. Mendenhall, R. L. Ott R. and G. K.
REFERENCES Gerow G. Elementary Survey Sampling,
7thedn.Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, Boston. 432p.
[1]. S. Bascot. 10 daily uses of plants you never knew 2006.
existed, 2017, online, [17]. P. Dagnelie P. Theoretical and applied statistics.
https://www.consoglobe.com/utilisations- Brussels: De Boeek and Larcier 508 + 659 p., 1998
insoupconnees-plantes-cg, consulted on March 19th, [18]. [18] C. Dadjo, A. E. Assogbadjo, B. Fandohan, R. Glèlè
2022. Kakaï, S. Chakeredza, T. D. Houehanou, P. V. Damme,
[2]. S. Chanvallon Stéphanie. Anthropology of the B. Sinsin. ‘‘Uses and management of black plum (Vitex
relationship of Man to Nature: Nature experienced doniana Sweet) in Southern Benin’’, In Fruits, vol. 67
between destructive fear and intimate communion. (4) 239-248,2011.
Social anthropology and ethnology. Rennes 2 [19]. K. Koura,C. J. Ganglo, A. E. Assogbadjo, C. Agbangla.
University; European University of Brittany 522 ‘‘Ethnic differences in use values and use patterns of
p.,2009. Parkia biglobosa in Northern Benin’’. Journal of
[3]. A. Danet. Interactions between plants in a community Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 7: 42, 2011.
context: an experimental approach in Spain and Bolivia. [20]. A. E. Assogbadjo, K. R. Glegle, F. G. Vodouhe, C. A.
Plant's biology. Montpellier University, 151 p.,2017. M. S. Djagoun, J. T. C. Codja and B. Sinsin.
[4]. French Agency for Biodiversity, 2019, the threatened Biodiversity and socioeconomic factors supporting
flora of metropolitan France, online, https://www.cbn- farmers'choice of wild edible trees in the agroforestry
alpin.fr/images/pdf/presse/dp/2019-02-04-Dossier-de- systems of Benin (West Africa). Forest Policy and
presse-flora-threatened-France-metropolitaine.pdf, Economics, 14:41-49, 2012.
consulted on february 28th 2022. [21]. C. E. Shannon. and W. Weaver. The mathematical
[5]. W. Kelbessa. The rehabilitation of traditional theory of communication, 127p.1949.
environmental ethics in Africa Diogenes n° 207, July- [22]. R. Dajoz. Summary of ecology. Dunod, Paris, 551
September. Pp 20-42., 2004. p.,1996.
[6]. A. Siepel, L. Poorter, W. Hawthorne William. [23]. A. E. Assogbadjo, R. GlèlèKakaï, F. J. Chadare, L.
Ecological Profiles of large timber species. In: Thomson, T. Kyndt , B. Sinsin, D. P. Van. Folk
Biodiversity of West African Forests. Poorter, L, classification, perception, and preferences of baobab
Bongers, F., Kouame, F.N. and Hawthorne, W.D products in West Africa: Consequences for species
(editors). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. conservation and improvement. Econ Bot, 62:74–84,
403p,2004. 2008.
[7]. H. M. Burkill. The Useful Plants of West Africa. Second
edition. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Pp. 278-283,
1985.

IJISRT22MAR923 www.ijisrt.com 526

Volume 7, Issue 3, March – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
[24]. O. L. Phillips & A. H. Gentry, A.H. Les plantes utiles
de Tambopata, Pérou. II: Tests d’hypothèses
supplémentaires en ethnobotanique quantitative.
Botanique économique 47: 33-43, 1993.
[25]. S. C. Rossato, H. F. De LeitãO-Filho & A. Begossi.
Ethnobotany of caiçaras of the Atlantic Forest coast
(Brazil). In Economic Botany, 53, pages387–395, 1999.
[26]. G. S. Akouêhou, C. A. Goussanou Cédric, R. Idohou, F.
E. Dissou, and P, Azokpota. Sociocultural importance
of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (Moraceae) in
southern Benin. Journal of Applied Biosciences
75:6173–6182, 2014.
[27]. A. A. Wedjangnon, T. Houetchegnon and C. Ouinsavi.
Ethnobotanical characteristics and socio-cultural
importance of Mansonia altissima A. Chev. in Benin,
West Africa. Forest Studies and Research Laboratory
(LERF), Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou.
Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 2016. Vol.29, Issue
3: 4678-4690? 2016.
[28]. O. T. Lougbegnon,K. M. Nassi and G. H. F. Gbesso.
Quantitative ethnobotany of the use of Chrysophyllum
albidum G. Don by local populations in Benin. Journal
of Applied Biosciences 95:9028–9038 ISSN 1997–
5902, 2015.
[29]. N. Bakiri, M. Bezzi, L. Khelifi and M. Khelifi-Slaoui.
Ethnobotanical investigation of a medicinal plant
Peganum harmalal in the region of M’sila (Algeria) /
Revue Agriculture. Special issue 1 (2016) 38 – 42,2016.
[30]. S. Akpavi, M. Kanda, K. Odah, K. E. Akpakpah, K.
Kossi-Titrikou, I. I; Boutaré Innocent I. and K.
Akpagana. Socio-cultural value of food plants: a
preservation factor. European Scientific Journal
November 2013 edition vol.9, No.32 ISSN: 1857 –
7881,2013.
[31]. M. Arbonnier Michel. Trees, shrubs and lianas of the
dry zones of West Africa, CIRAD-MNHN, 573p., 2002.
[32]. J. C. Okafor, R. Ham. Identification, use and
conservation of plants in southeastern Nigeria, in Issues
of African biodiversity bulletin n°3; 8p.1999.
[33]. J. R. Ibara, I. R. D. G. Elion and O. A. W. Etou Ossibi.
Ethnobotanic survey about congolese medecinal plants
presumed anti-ulcer Phytothérapia; 5: 118- 120, 2007.
[34]. P. Zerbo, R. J. Millogo, O. G. Nacoulma- Ouedraogo
and D. P. Van. Attribution to the knowledge of
medicinal plants used in infant care in San country,
Burkina Faso. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Science. 1(3): 262-
274, 2007.

IJISRT22MAR923 www.ijisrt.com 527