Global Warming Carbon Footprint and Footprint of Heat

Volume 7, Issue 6, June – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Global Warming: Carbon Footprint and

Footprint of Heat
Roberto Brusa Mechanical Expert Chief Technician
High School Diploma Olgiate Olona, Varese, ITALY
Abstract:- The research wants to complete basic ideas in That is, an increase of 150ppm (0.015%), corresponding
[4], with the aim to verify the Degree of Reliability of to approximately 772Gton of the total weight of the
results through a deeper consciousness and use of atmosphere.
measurable parameters related to the overheating
process. The amount of energy calculated in [4], 685Gtoe,
multiplied by the ratio of 2.5, provides the theoretical amount
Keywords:- electricity; water state diagram; latent heat; ice equivalent to 1712Gton.
pack; carbon footprint; footprint of heat.
The resulting difference between the total emission of
I. INTRODUCTION 1712Gton, and that relating to the increase of 772Gton
(150ppm), i.e., 940Gton, has been reabsorbed by the totality
Combustion processes have two aspects, like two sides of terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
of the same coin, that are the following:
 Carbon Dioxide Emission This until today.
 Heat Emission
For example, if we used hydrogen, considered clean and
The results of [4] put in evidence the effects of Heat renewable energy, having only water and zero carbon dioxide
Emission that was not presents in the general speeches and emissions as a combustion residue, we would still have a
discussions, available in scientific literature. production of heat for which overheating would continue to
grow.
I am aware of this general situation and for this reason I
would like to give evidence of the concepts used, with the There is only one way to lower the Earth's temperature,
only purpose to present the Scientific/Mathematic method of reduce combustion as much as possible, to NEVER exceed
the overheating processes in a more comprehensive manner the Earth's ability to dissipate heat into Space.
for a further analysis, available for everybody considerations
B. Heat Emission [6]
and modifications.
In [4], having considered the totality of the ice
For this reason, I want to proceed in a deeper analysis of concentrated in the polar caps, in the presence of salt water,
both these two aspects. freezing begins at a temperature below 0 ° C.
II. METHOD Directly from [9] in the chapter on the polar ice
formation process:
A. Carbon Dioxide Emission
According to the latest information contained in [10], in "It is therefore formed by freezing the ocean water
2018 the energy production was 14Gtoe, with a consequent which, being salty, freezes at about -1.8 ° C: the resulting ice
emission of carbon dioxide of about 36Gton. is in any case tasteless, consisting of unsalted water, as
during the freezing process the salts minerals remain in
I deduce that the ratio between emissions and energy solution, leaving just pure water to freeze. "
corresponds to 36/14 = approximately 2.5.
At 0 ° C, I could not consider the Latent Heat of
In [1] the total carbon dioxide emission referred to 2020 Liquefaction / Solidification, but I had to consider the
has a value of 51Gton, which roughly corresponds to the Specific Heat of the water when calculating the quantities
following distribution: involved.
70% Carbon Dioxide produced in combustion processes But terrestrial ice, or in the presence of fresh water,
for energy production (36Gton) solidifying at 0 ° C, needs to consider the Latent Heat of
Melting / Solidification for the definition of quantities, but I
30% Carbon Dioxide naturally produced by all living am not able to quantify, now.
organisms (51-36 = 15Gton)
The only idea I have is that of the analogy of the
From [8], the increase in carbon dioxide in the last 5000 temperature measurement diagram with that of the water
years has gone from 250ppm (parts per million or 0.02%) to state diagram.
400ppm (0.040%).
IJISRT22JUN1246 www.ijisrt.com 458

ISSN No:-2456-2165
In fact, in the trend of the measured temperatures made value because I am not able to quantify these variables: I
available by [2] we can see a linear increase in temperature therefore kept the value found by 589Gtoe.
starting approximately from the postwar period (year 1950).
Basically, the values reported in [4], i.e., 590Gtoe, can
Before that date, the relative stability of the temperature be considered verified, and therefore, until proven otherwise,
was guaranteed precisely by the Latent Heat of Melting / reliable.
Solidification.
As a last point of reflection, I wanted to point out that
The intersection of the two lines depicting the the value of the ice volume of 4.32Mkm³ reported in [4],
temperature trend indicates, starting from the year 1950, a does not yet represent the maximum.
linear increase which in my opinion represents the general
turning point, valid in all conditions, ice in fresh water or salt In fact, to reach the thermodynamic equilibrium point
water, in when we have entered the phase in which it between the atmosphere and water, it is necessary to
becomes legitimate in all respects to use the Specific Heat i.e. introduce the time factor, due to what we can define as
4.2kJ/kgC° in the calculation of temperature variations, "terrestrial thermal inertia".
having the Latent Heat i.e. 333kJ/kgC° ceased to have a
further effect of stabilizing the temperature. The value 4.32Mkm³ considers a time factor equivalent
to 2.2 years, a multiplicative factor to be applied to the
For this reason, I decided to recalculate the total energy quantity of Atmosphere considered.
starting from 1950, using the reference [3], obtaining
521Gtoe. If by hypothesis, therefore, we immediately reduce the
emission of heat to zero, we could not expect improvements
Of course, the energy from 1712 to 1950 equivalent to: at least until this point of thermodynamic equilibrium is
685-521=164Gtoe, consider the Latent Heat. reached, and only subsequently could we expect an effective
cooling.
The ratio between Specific Heat and Latent Heat is:
III. CONCLUSION
4.2k / 333k = 1/80.
I am perfectly aware of the disorientation faced with
Considering this ratio, it is like to have 164/80 = 2Gtoe, these problems, on the other hand, it would be the first time
that can be taken as valid using Specific Heat in calculation. that we find ourselves looking for solutions to a vital problem
of this magnitude, and we are looking, proceeding across the
I have also calculated the equivalent ice mass related to board and simultaneously, trying to unite instinct , scientific
Specific Heat, using the same formula in [4] obtaining 560k theory, experimentation, practical measurement and
cubic kilometer, very near to the annual water cycle value certification of results almost simultaneously, and therefore
580k cubic kilometer: in my opinion this is another we must consider and accept errors: "today I correct
unexpected confirms of the coherence between theoretical yesterday's errors, tomorrow I will correct today's errors".
assumption and real measurement.
The method and scientific evolution have allowed us to
In the final note in [5], relating to TES (Total Energy reach these results, providing us with the appropriate
Supply) it is specified that those relating to the use of theoretical and practical tools, to be able to consciously
electricity and the related heat produced are not included in decide which path to follow.
the data.
I wanted to mention a fundamental concept indicated in
From [9] I found data relating to electricity starting [7]:
from 1973, managing to calculate its value, equivalent to
66Gtoe, again starting from 1950, not from the beginning of "What is measured is managed"
the discovery of electricity, datable to 1890.
Intuitively, I believe that 1.8°C increase in water
Adding the three values, we get: 521+2+66 = 589Gtoe. temperature represents the feared point of no return, as we
would find ourselves in the condition in which the formation
Since electricity is also transformed into heat, I have not of the Polar Banks would no longer be possible, with all the
subtracted from this value the data relating to the Hydraulic, negative consequences that would derive from it.
Wind and Photovoltaic processes, as I had previously done.
My final opinion is that the priority and urgent aspect to
Furthermore, considering that to these values all the be considered in reducing global warming is represented
heat inputs due to nuclear or other experiments, such as from the reduction of HEAT Emission, from 14Gtoe in 2018
fusion, plasma, hydrogen etc., to atomic weapons used in the at least at the 1950 value, corresponding to 2.4Gtoe,
Second World War, of which we are all sadly aware, should approximately six time less: AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.
be added, that the negative effect due to greenhouse gases is
increasing, the variation of the terrestrial albedo, the fires that Up to now, 2022, we have not changed our behaviors.
destroy vegetation, all factors that tend to worsen the
situation, I have not considered further reductions to this Future is the result of action taken before, collectively.

ISSN No:-2456-2165
Let me conclude with an aphorism from Raimon
Panikkar:
"We are, all of us, the legitimate heirs of the sum total
of human wisdom".
REFERENCES
[1.] Bill Gates. Come evitare un disastro
[2.] COPERNICUS CMIP6 Climate Projections
[3.] DATA IS BEAUTIFUL. Global Energy Production by
Source.
[4.] https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6386549. Terrestrial
Overheating Analysis
[5.] IEA International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics
[6.] James Lovelock. Gaia - Novacene – Omaggio a Gaia
[7.] Robert Jhonson. 2030 L’ultima chiamata
[8.] Vaclav Smil. Energy – Growth - Numbers don’t lie
[9.] Wikipedia. Banchisa – Conversion of Units – Earth’s
Energy Budget - World Energy Supply –
[10.] WOLDOMETER. Statistiche Mondiali.

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Volume 7, Issue 6, June – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

Global Warming: Carbon Footprint and

IJISRT22JUN1246 www.ijisrt.com 458

IJISRT22JUN1246 www.ijisrt.com 459

IJISRT22JUN1246 www.ijisrt.com 460

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