Volume 7, Issue 2, February – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Innovative Management of Plastic Waste and

Utilisation of Green Practices: Towards Preservation
of Environment and Social Welfare
James Alistair Lucien: Safripol, Durban
Shipalana Machanduke Lucas: University of Limpopo

Abstract:- Management of plastic waste globally is seen as of plastic waste management. It is important to highlight that
a major concern since plastic waste has enormously this is a definitive issue to most organisations as it has
affected the environment and considered among others, potential of affecting their economic viability. This has
as a contributory factor to climate change. It is observed potential to hinders organisation’s aim of achieving its
that the plastic waste phenomenon has increased over a strategic goals and objective to remain competent in the
period, not only in quantity but also as a disastrous to the market. The organisations have an obligation to abide by rules
environment. This raised an empirical question of and regulations in order to maintain their reputation and retain
whether innovative management of plastic waste by support of their clients. However, lack of innovative ways of
relevant stakeholders such as organisations, communities, managing plastic waste is seen as a major challenge.
and government are yielding the desirable outcomes. This Therefore, this article highlights the plights and creative ways
article is aimed at exploring the insight of various role for effective plastic waste management.
players on the application of green practices as an effort
for creative ways of preserving environment, and social II. BACKGROUND
welfare. The qualitative approach with semi-structured
interviews were used to collect data from relevant Wiechers, Borland & Matsabu (2002) assert that waste
stakeholders in plastic waste management. In the process, management, particularly plastic waste has become a
the findings revealed the ineffectiveness of management worldwide problem since it causes serious harm to the
of plastic waste due to lack of strategic approaches and environment. For example, the study found that about 513
innovative ways for effective plastic waste management. million tons of plastic end up in the sea annually. The main
It is further observed that creative ways of managing contributing countries in Africa are Egypt (0.97 million tons),
plastic waste could be beneficial to the welfare of Nigeria (0.85 million tons), South Africa (0.63 million tons).
communities. It was also articulated that this approach Geyer, Jambeck & Law (2017) conceded by indicating that
can be economically profitable to the organisation and plastic is accessible and cheaper to produce. These authors
communities. The idea of creative ways and the use of further point out that plastic material can last long and cannot
technology on plastic waste management is found to be in be easily disposed by natural methods. Brouwer, Hadzhiyska,
line with the strategic point of view that executive Loakeimidis & Ouderdorp (2018) state that countries which
management and community representatives had about are applying municipal solid waste (MSW) management
deal with plastic waste for economic viability and properly, plastic waste is disposed through recycling, burning
preservation of the environment. or landfilling. However, there are countries which depend on
the traditional way of plastic waste management (Samiha,
Keywords:- Green Practices, Plastic Waste Management, 2014; Despeisse et al, 2017).
Environment, and Innovative Management.
There are various strategies formulated by governments
I. INTRODUCTION globally to articulate innovative ways to deal with plastic
waste challenges. Rudolph, Kiesel & Aumnate (2017)
Plastic waste management is a major challenge globally, postulate that management of waste, particularly in
particularly in developing countries. It is observed that poor developing countries is often seen to be poor and attributes to
management of plastic waste mostly contributes to negative weak economic and social welfare. These scholars further
environmental impact such as extreme climate change. It is highlight that these factors result from lack of proper
worth noting that most organisations that are producing environmental legislation, financial management, and
plastic, are largely affected by the way plastic waste is administrative capacities. This initiated a debate on the need
disposed by consumers. According to Rudolph, Kiesel & for innovative ways for plastic waste recycling. It is vital to
Aumnate (2017), plastic waste disposal methods include highlight that the existing ways regarding recycling of plastic
recycling and remolding, which most of the entities turned to worldwide provide a view that waste materials are a
make income instead of benefiting from the real output. This resourceful instead of being problematic. Drawing from this,
practice has a potential of negatively affecting the image and the circular economy considers recycling as the strategy to
reputation of organisations since residents are often using reduce the negative impact of plastic waste on the
methods that are destructive to the welfare of people and environment and as an opportunity for job creation.
environment. The organisations may also find themselves in
conflict with rules and regulations regarding the correct ways

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Volume 7, Issue 2, February – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
According to Kobza & Schuster (2016), the circular environment. Mensah (2007) postulates that green practice
economy is viewed as a life cycle planning that is aimed at could include actions that possibly reduce the effects on the
materials and products preservation value chain, where a environment and on the other hand becomes beneficially to
waste material is transformed into a usable material. The the economic growth.
circular economy approach has been adopted in many
developing countries including South Africa, particularly in It is important to note that the environment is negatively
various economic sectors for economic stimulus. Challenges affected, particularly at the streams and oceans. In this regard,
such as degrading of environment, scarcity of resources and plastic waste is spreading at alarming rate, which causes harm
high cost of products are observed to be the main drivers for to the living species. However, the plastic manufacturing
adopting this approach. Hence, remanufacturing, recycling companies globally are of the view that green practices are
and other similar approaches in the business strategy, are not realistic in opposing initiatives of Plastic Federation of
remedies to these challenges. Be that as it may, a shift from South Africa. In contrast to this contradiction, Brouwer et al
linear economy to circular economy is often confronted with (2018) point out that greenery should be taken into
some difficulties and resistance from other role players. consideration in order to preserve environment and social
welfare. In this regard, several innovative methods for waste
Urbinati, Chiaroni & Chiesa (2017:54) maintain that management are suggested. These include innovative
“role players such as governments, policy-makers and methods such as recycling, reduction of plastic waste, burning
business leaders are lacking an approach or guideline to and landfills.
outline methodology on how organisations could adapt to the
circular economy”. It is observed in Oudhia (2010:34) that  Recycling
“places that are highly populated and urban areas, citizens are Willis, Maureaud, Wilcox & Hardesty (2017) view
mainly affected with poor management of plastic waste, recycling as the reusing of the plastic waste from a process of
which contributes to their health hazard”. Oudhia (2010:34) production for the similar produce or different product.
further postulates that “hundreds of millions of plastic bags Samiha (2014) add that recycling as innovative way of
that are being issued by shops half of the number is regarded disposing waste is seen as a global inclination towards a
as waste that pollutes the environment and as a result the circular economy. The worldwide trend of environmental
livestock and wildlife are affected”. It is worth noting that awareness of the communities, clients and suppliers has
poor plastic waste management has a detrimental effect on the increased compliance of industries on set standards of
lives of people and environment. It is on this background that environment to sustain the environment and social welfare.
this article analyses the effects of utilisation of green practices Samiha (2014) further outlines that recycling is regarded as
and strategies for effective plastic waste management in the one of the most well-known innovative measure to fulfil the
context of various stakeholders such as organisations, required standard of preserving the environmental. Smith
communities and government. (2010) argues that recycling is considered as the most
important aspect to achieve a circular economy by reducing
III. RESERCH METHODOLOGY waste, mitigating environmental impact as well as creating
equity and reputation of customers and suppliers.
This article is embedded within the qualitative research
approach to explore the opinions of participants sourced from Despite that recycling is regarded as the creative way for
the relevant stakeholders such as representatives of greenery practice, it can also be subjected to exploitation. For
organisations, communities and local municipalities in instance, waste such as plastic and steel are collected with the
Durban region, South Africa. Purposive sampling method main aim of making an income. The fact that this practice is
was used to select participants who took part in the study. For often not regulated and controlled by the government, there is
instance, 57 participants (20 organisation representatives, 20 an element of exploitation of waste collectors and vendors,
community representatives and 17 local municipality while the manufacturing companies are earning high returns.
representatives) were involved in the study. Nyalunga (2006) supports this notion by indicating that in one
of Africa's leading dumps in northwest Kenya, some
IV. LITERATURE REVIEW communities are living through recycling of waste. Nyalunga
(2006) points out that mega plastic industries are filthy rich
A. Features of green practice and waste management through the poorest individual’s efforts who are collecting
The growing trends of population often leads to high waste such as plastic bottles and containers in order to make
production of waste, particularly plastic waste and other hard living.
material products. This resulted in various features of waste
management, which has become a difficult issue for The number of companies that are recycling waste,
organisations to apply creative ways to avoid pollution of particularly plastic waste is drastically increasing in the
environment. According to Smith (2010) green practice is developing countries. For instance, the South African Tire
viewed as an approach that result into ecology which is not Manufacturing Conference (SATMC) (1998) reported that
harmful to the environment by preserving it and natural there were about 100 companies recycling plastics in South
resources for the present and generation to come. Smith Africa. Furthermore, in January 1997 the Plastic Federation
(2010) further indicates green practice is also seen as an and Plastics South Africa was launched to provide a solid
approach of protecting the planet and natural resources by expression of plastic industrial obligations such as
adapting innovative ways to minimise damage to the environmental upliftment, addressing the problem of plastic

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Volume 7, Issue 2, February – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
littering, educating communities on recycling initiatives, as  Reduction of plastic waste
well as spreading a positive message regarding plastic Reducing plastic waste may reduce the impact of plastic
production and usage through local media. In addition, Botha waste on the environment and minimise the actual need for
(2000) suggests some of the awareness initiatives. These green practices. The amount of waste is reduced by
initiatives include the following: aggregating the efficiency of resource use and prolonging the
 To encourage plastic manufacturers on compliance with life of the product. As a result of this, the key to the reduction
international accepted standards for circular economy, is careful arrangement in the use of plastic so that waste
 To facilitate publications on preservation of environment reduction can be avoided in the early stages (Sheth, 2011).
focussing on schools and environmental organisations, Karani & Jewasikiewit (2007) postulates that waste reduction
 Arrangement of environmental programmes on South is a fundamental step towards an effective waste management
African Broadcasting Corporation stations covering local strategy. In first world countries, grocery shops have adopted
communities, the use of less plastic bags to reduce the amount of waste the
 To mobilise funds for educational and environmental volume of which, though preferred and coveted by many, can
bodies in conjunction with South African Education and be a big problem to the residents and the city municipalities
Training, in terms of dealing with the waste. The authors agree that
 To mobilise sponsors for slogan such as ‘Keeping South reduction in the volume of plastic packaging and plastic bags
Africa Beautiful’ initiative for two-and-a-half years. will go a long way in managing plastic waste. Literature by
Hultman & Corvellec (2012) has reported trivial
It is worth noting that the recycling initiatives started to improvements in the waste disposal machineries in many
yield significant results. For instance, the Plastics Federation cities in the low-and middle-income countries in Africa.
of South Africa report of 2001 states that since the launch of
the Green Cage project in 1999, more than 100 job In its waste management report, the Environmental
opportunities were created, and the number of plastic waste Management Association (EMA) (2018) reports that there are
material collected by means of these cages increased various measures taken by shop owners in ensuring that waste
drastically (PFSA, 2001). Although, this initiative was a is properly controlled. However, no statistics are available on
success and that it has contributed to alignment of South the effectiveness of this. It is also vital to stress that there is
African environmental standards with international once, the limited literature on how plastic manufacturing companies in
government should not ignore the negative impact of South Africa uses waste reduction as a way of managing
recycling initiatives on communities that are living in poverty plastic waste.
and could be easily exploited (Nyalangu, 2006). The four-
year target of the current Plastic Federation of South Africa In May 2003, the South African government enacted
set a four-year target which is aiming to reprocess about 300 regulations related to the banning of production of thin-film
000 tonnes of plastic waste material. This recycling initiative plastic shopping bags. The government advocated that such
focuses at large cities such as Johannesburg, Cape Town, thin-film plastic shopping bags were indiscriminately
Richards Bay, and Durban. discarded because they had no intrinsic economic and
recycling value (PFSA, 2003). However, in as much as the
Vince & Hardesty (2017) postulate that the inclusive of regulations led to significant reductions in plastic shopping
‘separation-at-source’ for plastic waste initiatives to informal bags in the environment, the law resulted in several
areas focuses on community participation in Gauteng unintended negative consequences, as jobs were lost because
Province. Vince and Hardesty (2017) further argue that some businesses in the plastic shopping bag manufacturing
achievement of this goal should be in such way that are sector closed. The 2005 report from the Plastic Federation of
participating in recycling process are not subjected to South Africa on these same regulations also reveals that key
measures without being exploited by third parties or stakeholders, such as industry, business and labour, lobbied
intermediaries, plastic organisations allowed for the against the introduction of the regulations but without success
formation of recycling facilities and the use of garden sites as (PFSA, 2003). On average, business went down by about
arrangement facilities. On the same note, the waste 83% with a conservative 25% reduction in employment
management approach has identified main deliverables for (PFSA, 2003).
the change of waste from landfills, which is to reduce waste
to landfill through waste reduction and recycling; and Despite international drive towards minimising plastic
institutes a recycling economy in the city of Johannesburg. waste, many organisations in developing nations such as
Vince & Hardesty (2017) also stated that generally, the India, South Africa and Brazil are more focused on limiting
perceptions on recycling held by plastic manufacturing firms the effects of the waste on the organisation’s image than on
were primarily negative, going on to state that these reducing the waste itself. It has largely been due to
companies often only put forward the ideal that they environmental regulations and legislature to force growing
supported recycling initiatives when, they were actively organisations in these countries to comply with specific waste
against the practice as it was showing to negatively affect standards, specifically in the plastic industry.
their bottom line and operating profits.

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Volume 7, Issue 2, February – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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 Burning of plastic waste Thornhill (2012) claims that solid waste being disposed
Another method for disposing of plastic waste and in landfills has more than doubled in the past eight years from
managing waste in general is to burn it (incineration). 122 million metric tons in 2012 to 262 million metric tons in
Although not viably considered as a green practice by many 2019. The research also found that the US had plenty of space
states and environmental scientists, it is an effective way of to landfill solid waste. Additionally, the research found that
reducing landfill capacity in countries where landfills the US had plenty of space to put waste in 2005 (more than
themselves pose an even bigger threat to environmental 70 years of space), but the rate that this space has been filled
fidelity. In Europe, incineration facilities are used as a last has increased so rapidly that the country has recently been
resort for overbearing landfills and even then, the waste that forced to 'export' waste to China in exchange for trade
is to be burned is segregated such that a minimal quantity of agreements (Philippines-Canada Local Government Support
toxic fumes and gases are produced (Ritchie, 2017). Program (LGSP), 2003). Landfills are disposed of with so
much waste, and landfilling will continue to be a major way
Conversely, Chinese cities are reducing landfills and for people to manage waste in the future, so research into
showing more interest in incineration by building waste ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is of utmost
furnaces (Rich, 2016). China has several burning factories, importance. In addition to recycling and reducing waste, other
with one in Shanghai called ‘Minhang,’ which is allegedly the green practices like incineration of viable waste can reduce
largest one in China and possibly the world (Samiha, 2014). the burden placed on landfills.
Burning of plastic is more popular in developing nations and
this practice usually produces foul odour and toxic gases that Plastic waste in South Africa, particularly in urban areas
in themselves are harmful to human health and environmental such as Durban, is disposed of in trash cans, dumpsters, or
fidelity. According to Nyalunga (2006), the Campania region drains. Most houses store their plastic waste in bin bags. As a
in southern Italy has experienced serious problems with waste result, increasing amounts of plastic waste are swept into such
management issues since the mid-1990s. The author records facilities until they are filled, then collected or disposed by
that the area between Naples and Caserta has even been given solid waste workers in Durban (Oelofse et al., 2007). There
a nickname called ‘the land of fire’, because of the numerous are two major types of waste disposal: legal and illegal. Most
blazes burning up huge mounds of plastic waste. of the waste is dumped illegally in landfills by residents who
run out of storage space or who are just trying to get rid of
In Nigeria, “8.3% of residents in Bama town collect junk at home. In a similar vein, 12 percent of households bury
plastic waste and nearly all of the waste is set ablaze amidst their plastic waste in dogged pits, and most plastic waste from
other refuse at refuse disposal points, usually within the households is disposed of in open areas (Oelofse et al., 2007).
neighbourhood, near to communities and residential homes” If there is no control over illegal dumping and improper waste
(Oelofse, Viljoen, Taljaard & Botes, 2007:232). Oelofse et disposal by residents, the landfill system will collapse as
al., (2007) further acknowledge that this open burning results mentioned earlier because there is no way to regulate the
in air pollution. The collected plastic waste is ditched into damage caused by improperly stored non-biodegradable
open dumps, where it may be burnt, and in most cases is materials.
dumped in illegal dumping sites. In South Africa, the
Environmental Management Agency (EMA) is dazed by the South Africa’s plastic waste management systems,
outcry from various segments on air pollution, which is according to Oelofse et al. (2007), are inefficient when
mostly cause by the plastics which are burnt in ditches and compared to those in first-world countries. South Africa has
mostly coming from backyard plastic waste burning as well a thriving, expanding plastic industry, which generates waste
as the burning of trash in skip bins in and all around the at a rate of 2 to 3% each year (Macozoma, 2000). According
central business districts. It is a common method in South to Macozoma (2000), the principal alternative for waste
Africa to get rid of waste through burning, and this mostly management in the country is the dumping of ordinary waste
because local authorities fail to regulate collected refuse in landfill regions. Garbage dumping at landfills is becoming
(Committee of South Africa, 1999). the favoured method of waste disposal in South Africa due to
socioeconomic causes, yet space constraints at these sites are
 Landfills becoming a severe concern. Landfills, according to the
Eichstad (2002:121) stipulates that “placing of waste in Environmental Management Authority (EMA, 2003), are a
a landfill involves burying and storing waste in order to get major environmental and human health threat.
rid of it or keep it in one specific area; and this is one of the
most common waste disposal and waste management systems B. Plastic waste hierarchy
common in first-world and developing countries”. Borrowed Kumar, Bhattacharyya, Vaidya, Chakrabarti, Devotta &
pits, abandoned and unused mining spaces often results in Akolkar (2015) argue that the main aim of the plastic waste
landfills. According to Rich (2006), a ‘properly formed and hierarchy is to focus on a subsection of sustainable business
well-managed’ landfill can be a hygienic and equally models related to sustainable plastic management (SPM).
inexpensive method of disposing waste material. Be that as it SPM can be considered as an intermediary to reduce the
may, there are several hostile environmental impacts due to environmental harm of plastic materials. This is a revision of
poorly designed or poorly managed landfills (Rich, 2016). two related definitions of sustainable innovations in plastics
and plastic waste. Sustainable plastics can be defined as
plastics that are fit for purpose, require minimal resources,
generate minimal waste, and pose a slight risk to social and

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environmental systems (Kumar et al., 2015). Minshall, Gray 2017). Due to the difficulties of managing plastic trash, it is
& Hadim (2017) define plastic waste innovation as an activity generally agreed that avoiding it is the best way to reduce
in which stakeholders add value to plastic waste and close the plastic waste pollution. As garbage may not end up in proper
material cycle, better managing plastic waste to reduce disposal pathways, a new category is introduced to the
Disperse, recycle or reuse plastic waste and avoid plastic hierarchy: cover, capture, and remove from the environment
waste. In this regard, even recycling and green practices in (Urbinati, Chiaroni, & Chiesa, 2017). Plastic waste that has
general associated with the circular economy can be exploited been captured can subsequently be returned into the plastic
by those who illegally use these practices for profit. economy and recycled, repurposed, destroyed, or disposed of
in a more environmentally friendly manner. Waste that does
The term waste is avoided and instead involves not go via regular management mechanisms, such as the
management (Kumar et al, 2005), as many ways to reduce the 'plastic soup' of ocean plastic and microplastics found in Artic
environmental damage caused by plastics are to treat them as Sea ice, can be difficult and expensive to remove.
resources rather than wastes. SPM can be followed at the
system level. Filters for household washing machines for Capturing mishandled plastic is considered the least
capturing, for example, B. microplastics, by implementing effective action to reduce pollution. The waste hierarchy is “a
waste management arrangements, including plastic valuable framework to communicate and place in order
management, or at the product level (Minshall et al., 2017). plastic waste management, but there are some cautions and
The variety of SPM procedures can be characterised along the debates worth taking note of” (Urbinati, Chiaroni, & Chiesa,
waste hierarchy, shown in Figure 1. 2017:34). Certain preferred options may not be available
depending on the structure of the plastic substance.
Fig 1: Hierarchy of waste management Secondary polymers created from recycled materials, for
example, are frequently unable to be recycled and must be
downcycled or discarded. Certain complicated materials,
such as the plastic-paper-aluminum sheets found in beverage
cartons, are difficult to reuse or recycle, leaving treatment
options restricted.

According to Despeisse (2017), the general public

understands the short-term effects of waste on the
environment, such as the negative effects of littering on city
upkeep, drainage system blockages, and wildlife harm,
whereas manufacturers of complex waste products are more
concerned with developing means to counteract their
association with long-term effects of mismanaged waste, such
as the release of harmful chemicals.

C. Challenges for plastic waste management

Even though efforts to control plastic trash have been
made, it is important to note that there are still underlying
difficulties that contribute to poor garbage management.
These difficulties are divided into two groups. Institutional
obstacles, for example, include a lack of clear line authority,
Source: Minshall et al. (2017) inadequate waste management and sanitation standards, and
unpredictable service and collection frequency, whereas
According to Despeisse (2017), the EU Waste domestic challenges include a lack of information and
Framework Directive (WFD) supports the waste hierarchy as knowledge, attitudes, and household issues.
a means of emphasizing waste management based on
environmental performance. The hierarchy begins with  Institutional challenges
prevention, which includes employing substitute materials or Poor institutional role is considered a major challenge to
delivery channels (for example, using digital items instead of municipal waste management in developing countries. This
physical materials) to avoid plastic from being formed, problem has been intensified by increasing population and
followed by reusing, containing, repairing, renovating, or rapid urbanisation. Steyn and Dlamini (2000) noted that
reassembling a product. municipalities’ management in developing countries usually
spend about 20 to 50 per cent of municipal expenditure on
The next stage is re-cycling, which includes up-cycling waste management service delivery which eventually results
and down-cycling, in which the product is transformed into a in low level of service provision. These very low levels of
new or improved version of itself (Willis et al, 2017). waste service delivery are ascribed to inefficient institutional
Processes such as incineration, which absorbs energy from management. The institutional challenges such as lack of a
the plastic, are examples of energy retrieval. The hierarchy's well-defined line of authority, ineffective sanitation rules,
final choice is disposal, which essentially means landfilling, unreliable services, and erratic collection schedules are
dumping, or burning without energy recovery (Willis et al., discussed below.

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 Lack of clear line of authority Then, the institutional commitments necessary to
Most municipalities in South Africa do not have well- achieve the principles and practices of satisfactory sanitation
defined and recognized lines of power in their institutions services are the responsibility of the municipalities.
(Wiechers, Borland & Matsabu, 2002). The absence of Unfortunately, sanitation regulations are not currently being
clearly defined organizational roles and obligations in cities properly enforced by the municipalities of South Africa,
for employees means that superiors are more likely to face mainly due to population growth, urbanization and
ongoing omissions. Due to this condition, it also means that industrialization, which means a large part of the community,
there is no clear regulation of the right lines of personnel in mainly rural, lacks sanitation and waste treatment. For the
the urban, resulting in inadequate assignment of duties. The successful implementation and enforcement of sanitation
lack of oversight manifests itself in an environment with rules, the municipality's management must know and be
weak institutional practices. As a result, ineffective familiar with the basic provisions of the relevant policy
monitoring often leads to inadequate attention to waste guidelines. It seems that many staff directly in charge of
collection services, where waste can be found on the streets providing waste management services are not fully aware of
for days (Samiha, 2014). These irregularities in waste their responsibilities due to inadequate and poor methods of
collection patterns have become a major challenge requiring disseminating information (Macozoma, 2000). Macozoma
urgent attention along with strengthening institutional (2000) also points out that there are gaps in sanitation and
systems in centrally run cities. Unclear authorities have waste management rules that can cause serious problems for
contributed to private providers outsourcing waste collection cities in enforcement due to inadequate institutional practices.
obligations who are perceived to be more organized and suitability of employees in areas, such as the life cycle of a
equally resourced, thereby increasing the burden of providing landfill before it is closed. Therefore, municipal waste staff
waste services to cities. A perfect line of government is one should familiarize themselves with the rules and regulations
where the roles and duties of every person in the city are on sanitation and waste management as well as the provisions
clearly stated. Having a clear reporting line ensures that of the law through training courses, seminars and seminars.
employees are aware of their responsibilities in the to enhance their expertise.
municipality (Geyer et al., 2017).
 Unreliable service and collection frequency
 Ineffective waste management and sanitation rules Solid waste collection has also encountered several
Another important impediment to successful waste and hurdles in recent years, according to SAPPI (2004), however
sanitation management in South Africa is a lack of awareness the difficulties faced by one municipality may differ from
of the aims, responsibilities, and capabilities of various levels those faced by another. Most of the time, the technological
of government (SATMC, 1998). The Bill of Rights stipulates procedures proposed for trash collection, storage,
that communities have fundamental rights to obtain social transportation, treatment, and retention are inadequate to
services, including trash service delivery, as stated in the meet the needs of most collection regions. According to the
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 106 of National Treasury (2013), the employment of inefficient
1996, Chapter 2), as referenced in Karani & Jewasikiewit technology and/or equipment types, particularly imported or
(2007). Furthermore, national, provincial, and local international donor equipment, destabilizes the efficiency of
governments must establish policies and targets for trash garbage collection operations and equipment maintenance.
reduction and recycling, while municipalities are responsible Unfortunately, the variety of materials in garbage has
for overall waste management planning and bylaw exacerbated the problem, which now includes plastic
formulation. These commitments, according to Beningfield packaging, paper, and technological waste in addition to food
(2002), include the provision of economic assistance to waste and ash. Unreliable garbage collection services and
support waste minimisation and recycling in their areas. irregular collection have resulted from a failure to consider
criteria relevant to a specific location. According to
According to the report of the National Treasury (2013), Sanderson (2005), governments waste money by purchasing
although the waste management is mainly controlled by the large numbers of collection vehicles that aren't put to good
cities directly under the central government, there is often use or are only used for a short time. This is also an indicator
inconsistency in the application, direction and operation of of institutional flaws. Unsuitable equipment is bought in most
the waste management system. Waste management functions situations due to corruption, although in other cases, waste
vary from city to city, as each municipality must have its own equipment is purchased with the expectation that it will
regulation. Legislation must be specific to services provided perform efficiently (Geyer et al., 2017).
with fees and rates normally associated with the services
provided. The National Sanitation Policy emphasizes that  Domestic Challenges
municipalities have the primary responsibility for sanitation The following domestic challenges in relation to plastic
(Sanderson, 2005). According to the National Sanitation waste management are identified and discussed hereunder.
Policy, adequate sanitation services mean the collection,
treatment or purification of human waste, domestic  Lack of information and knowledge
wastewater, sewage and wastewater resulting from the Information and knowledge obstacles, according to
commercial use of water. commercial. Beningfield (2002), are linked because the trash collection
authority has an obligation to inform and interact with its
citizens and households about the local recycling program.
People are frequently unclear of what they are supposed to

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accomplish, or which articles should be placed in which D. Strategies to improve plastic waste management
receptacle. This could be due to the emergence of This section presents strategies for improving the
sophisticated recycling efforts, particularly for the management of plastic waste. Unpacked strategies include
management of plastic trash, as well as a lack of knowledge building sustainable business models, waste management
and education about these campaigns and initiatives in campaigns, the use of technology, national waste
developing nations. management strategies, the creation of institutions, and
partnerships.
 Household issues
Many of the problems to waste management, according  Sustainable Business Models
to Lucas (2010), are focused on personal expense and Companies that consider environmental objectives in
inconvenience. He also points out that, in practice, most their institutional strategy or value intents, according to
South African homes are not large enough to accommodate Willis, Maureaud, Wilcox, and Hardesty (2017), are said to
multiple garbage storage containers. As a result, there may be execute sustainable business models. Samiha (2014) provided
storage issues for the boxes or wheelie bin containers both a comprehensive definition, stating that business models that
within and outside the house. According to Lombard (1999), include active multi-stakeholder management, the creation of
many people acknowledge that recycling their waste material monetary and non-monetary value for a diverse range of
has not yet become ingrained in their daily household stakeholders, as well as means to maintain relationships with
routines, so it is not automatically taken out, and some people the environment, will create a long-term position. The
forget to sort at the source, ensuring that plastic waste is circular economy is emphasized in a subset of sustainable
separated from other types of waste such as food waste. This business models. The circular economy is a major supply-
minor issue contributes to South Africa's rising problem of chain overhaul in which materials are cycled constantly rather
plastic trash pollution. People can profit economically by than moving linearly from use to disposal (Urbinati, 2017).
exploiting the problem in this way. A person could, for
example, begin purchasing plastic waste from within a These global business models aim to eliminate waste
community for small amounts of money. This person might streams while also closing resource loops. Most plastic
then profitably sell the rubbish to a recycling company. materials cannot currently be recycled without losing their
Although it appears that this aids in the recycling of the high-quality properties. After recycling, they lose their
goods, there is also the possibility that the collector will begin technical and commercial worth as a result of this.
forcing residents to retain garbage unnecessarily for a little Innovation, according to Willis et al. (2017), is an important
fee. This waste may be recycled without the collector's feature of long-term company models. Entrepreneurs and
'businesses,' and should be handled by the municipality and well-known companies can take stock of present practices
certified collectors who are recognized by recycling and make strategic improvements to better their own business
companies. models by documenting them. These advancements can help
achieve objectives like increasing production, raising
 Attitudes revenues, and promoting sustainability. According to
Developing theoretical models to explain how people's Urbinati (2017), organizations avoiding business model
attitudes can predict behavior has been the focus of many innovation might result in inefficiency and missed
investigations. According to Beningfield (2002), knowing or opportunities. Furthermore, the possibility of protocol
observing the activities of others can give the impression that violations, lawsuits, or reputational damage as a result of bad
one's own contributions are worthwhile. According to a plastic management could push a corporation to change its
national survey in the United Kingdom, 5-10% of home business strategy.
composters began after being encouraged by a friend
(Benningfield, 2002). In addition, where procedures are so  National Waste Management Strategy
well-established that customers never bother to challenge Brouwer, Hadzhiyska, Ioakeimidis and Ouderdorp
them, habits might stymie the adoption of new behaviours. (2017) suggest that putting the law into action is seen as the
There is some confusion over the role of the local government key to maintaining green practices in plastic waste
in recycling, according to Vince & Hardesty (2017). management. From this perspective, this guidance helps
agencies at different levels to standardize how legal
Some individuals hear half-truths about what happens to requirements apply and the format of planning, licensing,
the waste from the media or their neighbours, and this has a monitoring, and reporting. Lazarevic, Aoustin, Buclet and
detrimental impact on their motivation and mood. Others, on Brandt (2010) acknowledged that both governments and
the other hand, are uninterested in recycling or believe that it citizens should be responsible for confronting waste disposal
is not beneficial to them personally. A key impediment has issues and seemingly deviating from current incinerator or
been found as indifference or a general lack of interest in the landfill practices. In addition, the waste management strategy
concept of prevention (Wiechers, Borland & Matsabu, 2002). requires local governments to develop an integrated waste
Another impediment to appropriate trash disposal is the belief management plan (IWMP) to ensure proper enforcement of
that it is someone else's job. Most individuals believe that the law. This should be integrated into the plans of each
garbage disposal is the responsibility of the municipality. A county municipality and ultimately into state waste
sense that businesses and industrialists are more responsible management. plan. It is imperative that these plans include
for the trash problem than consumers is sometimes blamed the plastic manufacturer responsible for producing products
for a lack of engagement. that can ultimately be waste.

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Volume 7, Issue 2, February – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
It also guides everyone involved in the disposal of productive while minimizing their environmental impact.
plastic waste, not just the business community. Therefore, Furthermore, technological advancements have changed the
IWMP's policy documentation aims to build skills and guide way waste management works. Containers at rubbish
the community, providing users with a systematic approach disposal, for example, include automatic sensors that send out
to key issues such as: B. Information needed for planning, fast signals when they are full and need to be emptied.
how to collect data, and how to generate information from the
data (Sanderson, 2005). The waste management plan must be Innovating to prevent plastic waste and trash in general,
reviewed, updated and expanded on a regular basis and must first-world countries are usually at the lead. These
include a draft plan that specifies the required actions, technologies are frequently transferred or sold to
timeframes and budgets. Sanderson (2005) agrees that such a underdeveloped countries. In South Africa, significant
strategy will help all municipalities systematically plan and expansion in plastic production has been matched by rapid
budget waste management activities and be easily growth in plastic garbage during the last decade. However,
incorporated into an integrated development planning technical advancements and efficient waste management
process. increase. systems have not been able to keep up with the rate of demand
and output (this is evident by the fact that plastic waste
 Creating Agencies remains a problem in the country). Regardless of the
According to Karani & Jewasikiewit (2007: 140), waste safeguards put in place, it is critical that the government
management is an essential prerequisite for ecologically regulates plastic manufacturers and collaborates with them to
sustainable development. Waste management strategies have use developed-country technologies. From the standpoint of
been introduced in South Africa. This is evidenced by the stakeholders, investing in innovative techniques to speed
South African government's establishment of the plastic manufacture and ensure minimal waste would be
Environmental Management Agency (EMA). This agency tremendously profitable (Galloway et al., 2017). This could
oversees the enforcement of waste management laws and be financially beneficial to the company while also having a
oversees the performance of local councils on all positive impact on the environment and communities.
environmental issues. In addition, EMA is tasked with taking
the lead in educating people on proper waste disposal. This  Partnerships
allows waste to be collected properly and efficiently, trash As Hultman & Corvellec (2012) suggests, all waste
cans to be properly emptied, and plastic waste to be treated to management activities, primarily in local governments,
reduce pollution and hygiene issues. Beningfield (2002) also involve residents, institutions, local governments, and B.
introduced and enforced legislative, procedural, and national partnerships. For example, in Yarra, Thailand, recycling and
policy frameworks that emphasized the government's reduction programs have been established as a result of poor
transition to environmental awareness and the transition from community and city government relations (Kumar,
an "end of pipe" approach to integrated waste management Bhattacharyya, Vaidya, Chakrabarti, Devotta & Akolkar,
policies. Suggests that you need to. This is the responsibility 2015). Similarly, in Delhi, the Government of India has
of these Environmental Agencies. Such agencies in first worked with the private sector and urban dwellers to
world countries not only exist to uphold environmental introduce payment methods for recycling PET bottles (Kumar
regulations against citizens, but also against large et al., 2015). Private sector initiatives, such as public and
organisations and industries whose waste streams affect the private community partnerships, have also helped improve
environment (Sanderson, 2005). It is also the responsibility of the efficiency of plastic waste management systems
environmental agencies to mitigate the exploitation of green (Kanyane, Houston & Sausi, 2013). Collaboration between
practices for profit by people who are looking to hoard and governments, research institutes, non-profit organizations
sell plastic waste. (NGOs), plastic manufacturers, and communities can reduce
the environmental impact of plastics and significantly
 Use of technology improve plastic waste management. However, it is imperative
There is also a need for technical innovation to enable that these partnerships be concluded with agreement and
more effective waste management operations, in addition to proper legal compliance so that neither party can claim any
the specified standards and commitment by government interests or use the partnerships to obtain their own financial
agencies (Kanyane, Houston & Sausi, 2013). The application benefits.
of technology should allow for proper plastic waste
management. Machines that allow for the recycling of plastic  Improved Recycling Rates and Techniques
trash also aid in increasing recycling rates and reducing the The Durban City Council (2011) reports that recycling
environmental impact of plastic waste. Large waste and waste management companies are investing in improving
management organizations have also reaped the benefits of tools and processes. The recent development of single-stream
customer-facing technology that is rich in features. Plastic- recycling, which allows individuals to dispose of all waste in
producing companies are also constantly developing one bottle, has reduced people's sorting work and
technologies to increase production while reducing waste. significantly improved recycling rates. Studies show that both
local and municipal governments are implementing more
Technology has considerably contributed to the effective plastic waste treatment systems by improving
decrease of the complexity and cost of modern-day waste recycling rates. As a result of stakeholder involvement (from
management systems, according to Galloway, Cole, and major plastic manufacturers in the city such as Nampak,
Lewis (2017), making them even more efficient, safer, and Afripack, Safripol), waste collection and the installation of

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Volume 7, Issue 2, February – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
appropriate waste treatment facilities in its jurisdiction have company. As a result, the perspectives of individuals such as
been improved. rice field. community members and local environmental authorities on
each of these concerns are likely to differ from those of
Over the last decade, companies have been under global stockholders who earn directly from company activity.
pressure to create better recycling processes and develop
more efficient tools and systems (Edward, 2003). According V. FINDINGS
to Glasson, Therivel, and Chadwick (2005), increasing
recycling rates in European countries such as Germany, The findings uncovered the inadequacy of the
Finland, Sweden, and Denmark are primarily simple, such as executives of plastic waste by every single applicable partner
jagged garbage facilities and payashogo stations that deliver and an absence of key methodologies for compelling
cash. It depends on the implementation of the system. administration of plastic waste. Nonetheless, according to
Establishing a recycling facility where community members stakeholders’ viewpoint, it would be very beneficial to put
can exchange plastic waste collected for money in exchange resources into creative exercises that attention on process
for plastic waste. designing and plan to smooth out plastic creation by
guaranteeing creation with insignificant waste. It was
 Waste management campaigns additionally expressed that this approach can be financially
To address the issue of plastic waste, the South African beneficial to the association and emphatically influence the
Environmental Management Authority often launches an climate and networks. This is predictable with the chronicled
intensive waste management program, also known as a waste hypothesis expressed by Smith (2010) who shows that with
management campaign (Wiecher et al., 2002). These regards to plastic waste administration, particularly among
programs include raising awareness of proper waste disposal, nearby networks, authentic proof recommends that investors
promoting hygienic waste disposal, distributing anti-plastic of assembling associations ordinarily hall against plastic and
waste labels to all stores and specific products, and cleaning waste guidelines which straightforwardly affect the
campaigns. Includes organizing. Coordinating solid waste association's presentation. As of late in any case, investors in
management should also focus on a clearer definition of created nations have started to embrace the thought of natural
monitoring and assessment, especially the use of indicators mindfulness and on second thought of retaliating against
that facilitate the recycling and reuse of plastic waste. limitations and guidelines, they presently look to adjust and
Appropriate indicators should be included in national law to advance capable garbage removal for of building brand power
coordinate the overall approach to plastic waste management and notoriety (Smith, 2010). About individual discernment on
(Griffiths, 2005). From this perspective, municipalities need green practices and use of plastic, most respondents shared
to encourage the participation of plastic manufacturers, locals the insight that green practices about squander plastic
and consumers by reasonably providing plastic waste administration are vital strategies for controlling plastic
recycling facilities and infrastructure. waste. The finding is reliable with Smith (2010) who
expresses that practically speaking, the vast majority outside
 Stakeholder perceptions on plastic waste management of their work jobs, hold positive discernments towards the
When it comes to green practices, many big companies usage of any green practice. Edward (2003:11) upholds that
take a holistic approach. Recycling policies and activities that notwithstanding, a few pessimistic perspectives towards
support the circular economy are areas of interest and greening, all things considered, overviews generally show
potential benefits to manufacturers as they open new ways to that the vast majority are by and by strong of long-haul
recycle their materials. About the disposal of plastic waste, greening techniques and gently support momentary greening
historical evidence is that manufacturing company strategies also. On the inquiry regarding effect of plastic
shareholders are usually opposed to plastic and waste laws, waste administration, all respondents brought up that plastic
which adversely affect the company's success and have a waste adversely affects the climate. The finding is steady with
direct impact, especially among the community. It shows that the view in Despeisse (2017) who noticed that with regards
it is (Smith, 2010). to monitoring the adverse consequences of plastic waste on
the climate, the overall population comprehend the
Shareholders in developed countries, on the other hand, momentary impacts, for example, the hindrances of littering
have only recently embraced the concept of environmental on city upkeep, the blockages of seepage frameworks and the
awareness. Instead of fighting borders and laws, they seek to damage to untamed life. Nonetheless, the makers of mind-
adhere to and promote safe waste disposal to strengthen their boggling side-effects are more worried about creating means
brand and reputation (Smith, 2010). In practice, Smith (2010) to check their relationship with long haul impacts of bungled
claims that most people outside of their employment duties waste, for example, the arrival of hurtful gases through
have positive attitudes toward the use of any green technique. consuming that can add to a worldwide temperature
alteration.
According to Edward (2003), despite some negative
attitudes toward greening, most individuals are personally
supportive of long-term greening procedures and somewhat
supportive of short-term greening methods when it comes
down to it. However, it should be highlighted that
stakeholders (as defined by the stakeholder theory) include
people who aren't employees or who don't own stock in a

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
VI. CONCLUSION [14]. Griffiths, M. (2005). Making its Mark — The Green Dot
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techniques and the management of plastic garbage. The Waste Hierarchy: From the Sociomateriality Book of
literature has highlighted the challenges and options for Eastern Structures.
successful plastic waste management, while certain players [16]. Kanyane, M., Houston G. & Sausi, M. (2013). State of
have demonstrated a business sense about how plastic trash is South African Public Service in the context of macro
managed. This has resulted in the creation of a competition socio-economic environment. Journal of Public
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green practices for economic viability and effective plastic [17]. Karani, P., & Jewasikiewit. S.M. (2007). Waste
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