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ISSN No:-2456-2165
Fig. 1: Deflection of Structural Steel after a fire andStructural Steel has collapsed after a fire
According to the hazard identification and risk risks are included in the extreme category, which means that
assessment document for workshop activities set by immediate action is needed.
Pamitra[8], there are two fire risks that can occur in the
workshop. The first is the risk of SMAW welding activities In this study, the risk matrix reference standard used is
and the second is the risks of grinding activities. Both of the risk matrix standard from AS/NZS 4360:1999[9].
Probability
Consequence
1 2 3 4 5
A H H E E E
B M H H E E
C L M H E E
D L L M H E
E L L M H H
Fig. 3: Risk Matrix based on AS/NZS 4360:1999
Based on the chart above, Steel loses its loadbearing c) Radiation Heat Transfer
capacity at a temperature in excess of 5500C during a fire, All surfaces with a limited temperature will radiate
risk of collapse of building structure is greatly increased. energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, even in
Maraveas[11] steel will lose its structural strength at the absence of an intermediate medium. The transfer
temperatures in excess of 5500C during fire events, in this of heat due to the difference in temperature between
condition, the risk of the structure collapsing is very high. these two surfaces is called radiant heat transfer[14].
The equation used in radiant heat transfer refers to
Heat transfer itself is heat energy that moves from one the Stefan-Botlzmann law, the equation is:
system to another due to differences in spatial
temperature[10]. When there is a temperature difference that 𝑞" = 𝜀𝜎(𝑇𝑆4 − 𝑇𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑟
4
)
occurs in a medium, heat transfer will occur. Judging from (3)
the media and the process, heat transfer is divided into 3,
namely: C. Finite Element Analysis Software (Ansys)
Ansys is software that is used to solve various
a) Conduction Heat Transfer engineering problem numerally using the finite element
Conduction is the process of heat transfer when a method (Muhammad, Ali, &Shanono, 2019)[15]. In Ansys,
temperature gradient occurs in a static medium, the created model will be broken down into smaller parts
either solid or liquid. The mechanism of heat transfer and united with nodes (Racmawaty, Dewi, Djakfar,
occurs due to the random movement of molecules. In &Wisnumurti, 2015)[16]. In engineering (and other
general, conduction heat transfer refers to the general disciplines), Ansys is useful in simulation work in structural
equation of the conduction rate equation (Fourier’s engineering, heat transfer, and fluid flow[17].
law) as follows[12]:
D. Fireproofing Coating
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 Fire protection can be divided into two types, namely
𝑞" = −𝑘∇𝑇 = −𝑘(𝑖 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘 𝜕𝑧 )
non-reactive or the most common types, namely boards and
(1) sprays, and reactive types, namely a thin intumescent film
layer that will expand to form charcoal as a heat insulator[1,
b) Convection Heat Transfer 18].This water-based protection material consists of
Convection is a heat transfer process that occurs polyvinyl acetate resin and filler for fire protection in steel
between a surface and a fluid moving at different structures. This material can expand and form an insulating
temperatures. The heat transfer mechanism occurs layer that prevents the temperature rise of the steel
due to the random motion of molecules and the structure[19, 20].
transfer of energy from the mass motion. In general,
the equation for determining the rate of heat transfer
refers to Newton’s Law of Cooling[13]. The equation
for the rate of convection heat transfer is:
𝑞" = ℎ(𝑇𝑆 − 𝑇∞ )
(2)
The spray is applied without air to speed up the quality part 21), flame retardant up to 3 hours and up (ASTM
of the finish, however brush and roller applications are also E119/NFPA 251), resistant to decorative coatings, ideal for
possible. Applied directly to the contours of the main visible steelwork[21].
substrate, flame retardant up to 2 hours and above (BS 476
Then the next alternative is a cement-based protective spraying on the surface to be protected. Can provide fire
material with a light density, or it can be called wet spray resistance up to 240 minutes or 4 hours according to ASTM
vermiculate cementitious. This material is applied by E119 (UL 263) standard[22].
Fig. 7: Illustration of the procedure for spraying wet spray vermiculate cementitious and the results
A B
Fig. 10: Geometric model I-Beam with fire protection type intumescent coating (A) without stiffener, and (B) with Stiffener
While the meshing for the I-Beams model uses a hexa-dominant because of its superiority which is able to form a mesh that
does not contain too many elements but has accurate results. In all geometries, the sizes are made the same, i.e. 3 mm for each
element.
In the exposure scenario which is considered in cross-sections which are perpendicular to the column height.
performed heat transfer analyses for column models, all Consequently, all cross-sections along height of each
exterior sides of the columns uniformly exposed to fire. column experience same temperature distributions[25].
Accordingly, there were no temperature difference between
the nodes which are positioned on axes parallel to height of Section Factor (Hp/A), is the ratio of the heated
the column and heat conduction has been acted in two perimeter of the steel section to gross cross sectional area of
dimensions. Therefore, heat has been flowing across the the section which has units of m-1[25].
Then fire rated requirement of Structural Steel (FRL) divides on to 60 min, 120 min, 180 min and 240 min. and then
determine the thickness base on table product thickness, the thickness base on section factor (Hp/A) and fire resistance
requirement[26].
Section factor (Hp/A), for intumescent coating & cementitious product protection configuration with values of perimeter Hp
for use in the calculation of section factor Hp/A (A/V)
I-Beam (Wide Flange) with dimension 250 x 125 x 6 x 19, A = 29,6 kg/m
Column (Wide Flange) with dimension 250 x 125 x 6 x 19, A = 29,6 kg/m
Figure 18 above shows an increase in temperature during temperature) at Ansys, shown in blue until it reaches a
a fire in the steel structure of the Pamitra workshop by temperature of 782,820 C, shown in red, which is achieved
convection from the initial temperature of 260 C (ambient within 600 seconds or 10 minutes.
Fig. 19: Detail display of temperature distribution in one part of the building in variation 1.A
Figure 19 above shows a detailed image of the angle of higher temperature rise (above 278,270 C) than the column
the steel structure workshop building which shows that the structure of the building during a fire, in Ansys it was
beams, rafters and roof of the steel structure experienced a indicated by green, yellow and orange areas.
Fig. 20: Detail display of total heat flux in one part of the building in variation 1.A
Figure 20 above shows a detailed image of the angle of higher heat flux increase (above 0,12932) than the column
the steel structure workshop building which shows that the section of the building structure during a fire, in Ansys it is
beam, rafters and roof of the steel structure experienced a shown with coloured areas, green, yellow and orange.
600.
782.8
2
700.
600.
5500 C
500.
400.
300.
200.
100.
23.519
100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 600.
The
picture above shows a significant increase in to peak temperature (782,820 Celsius). At 340 seconds or at
temperature within 600 seconds or 10 minutes in variation 5.6 minutes the temperature reaches 5500 C or critical
1.A (steel structure of the workshop building without temperature.
fireproofing coating protection) from ambient temperature
600.
0.29096
0,28906 W/mm2
0.28
0.24
0.2
0.16
0.12
8.e-2
4.e-2
4.9207e-19
0. 100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 600.
The picture above shows a significant increase in heat flux in the first 240 seconds or 4 minutes in variation 1.A (steel
structure of the workshop building without fireproofing coating protection) the heat flux has reached 0,28906 W/mm 2.
b) Variation 1.B building with a frame structure with fire protection layer type intumescent Cafco spray film WB3
Figure 23 above shows an increase in temperature Celsius (ambient temperature) at Ansys, shown in blue until
during a fire in the steel structure of the Pamitra workshop it reaches a temperature of 695,850 Celsius, shown in red,
building which is protected by a fireproofing intumescent which was achieved in time 15000 seconds or 250 minutes
coating by convection from an initial temperature of 26 0 or 4,1 hours.
Figure 24 above shows an increase in heat flux during coating from 8,2596e-12 to 0,097602 W/mm2 within 15000
a fire in the steel structure of the Pamitra workshop building seconds or 250 minutes or 4.1 hours.
which is protected by a convective fireproofing intumescent
15000
695.85 .
600.
5500 C
500.
400.
300.
200.
100.
26.
0. 2500. 5000. 7500. 10000 12500 15000
. . .
In the picture above, it can be seen that the temperature from ambient temperature to peak temperature (695,850
increase is quite long in a period of 15000 seconds or 4.1 Celsius). At 10500 seconds or at 175 minutes or 2.9 hours
hours in variation 1.B (steel structure of the workshop the temperature reaches 5500 C or critical temperature.
building protected by a fireproofing intumescent coating)
In the picture above, it can be seen that the increase in building protected by a fireproofing intumescent coating).
heat flux is quite long in a period of 15000 seconds or 4.1 The heat flux reaches 9,7602e-002 W/mm2.
hours in variation 1.B (the steel structure of the workshop
c) Variation 1.C building with a frame structure with fire protection type wet spray vermiculate cementitious Promaspray
P400
Figure 28 above shows an increase in heat flux during a fire in the steel structure of the Pamitra workshop building which is
protected by a fireproofing Promaspray coating by convection from 2,0895e-002 to 7,9301e-002 W/mm2 within 15000 seconds or
250 minutes or 4,1 hours.
15000
570.26 .
5500C
500.
400.
300.
200.
100.
26.
0. 2500. 5000. 7500. 10000 12500 15000
. . .
In the picture above, it can be seen that the temperature from ambient temperature to peak temperature (570,260
increase is quite long in a period of 15000 seconds or 4.1 Celsius). At 13250 seconds or at 220 minutes or 3.6 hours
hours in variation 1.C (the steel structure of the workshop the temperature reaches 5500 C or the critical temperature.
building protected by a fireproofing Promaspray coating)
7.e-2
6.e-2
5.e-2
4.e-2
3.e-2
2.e-2
1.e-2
2.3548e-17
0. 2500. 5000. 7500. 10000 12500 15000
. . .
In the picture above, it can be seen that the increase in heat flux is quite long in a period of 15000 seconds or 4.1 hours in
variation 1.C (steel structure of the workshop building protected by a fireproofing Promaspray coating) heat flux reaching
7,9301e-002 W/mm2.
d) Variation 2.A The structure of the building is in the form of I-Beam without fire protection coating application
Figure 31 above shows an increase in temperature Celsius at Ansys, shown in blue until it reaches a
during a fire in the I Beam structure of the Pamitra temperature of 966,170 Celsius, shown in red which is
workshop building which is not protected by a convective achieved within 360 seconds or 6 minute.
fireproofing layer from an initial temperature of 5170
Figure 32 above shows an increase in heat flux during layer from 1,4936e-9 to 1,1134 W/mm2 in 360 seconds or 6
a fire in the I Beam structure of the Pamitra workshop minutes.
building which is not protected by a convection fireproofing
360.
966.17
875.
750.
625.
5500 C
500.
375.
250.
125.
69.896
0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 360.
In the picture above, it can be seen that the temperature initial temperature of 5170 Celsius to the peak temperature
increase is quite short within 360 seconds or 6 minutes in (966,170 Celsius). At 130 seconds or at 2.1 minutes the
variation 2.A (I Beam Pamitra workshop building structure temperature reaches 5500 C or critical temperature.
which is not protected by a fireproofing layer) from the
0.75
0.5
0.25
1.4936e-9
0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 360.
e) Variation 2.B The structure of the building is in the form of I-Beam with fire protection layer type intumescent Cafco spray
film WB3
Figure 35 above shows an increase in temperature during a fire in the I Beam structure of the Pamitra workshop building
which is protected by a fireproofing intumescent coating by convection from an initial temperature of 587,540 Celsius at Ansys,
shown in blue until it reaches a temperature of 746,170 Celsius, shown in red which is achieved in 5400 seconds or 90 minutes or
1.5 hours.
Figure 36 above shows an increase in heat flux during intumescent coating from 6,4178e-8 to 0,0065528 W/mm2
a fire in the I Beam structure of the Pamitra workshop in 5400 seconds or 90 minutes or 1, 5 hours.
building which is protected by a convective fireproofing
700.
600.
5500 C
500.
400.
300.
200.
100.
49.523
0. 1000. 2000. 3000. 4000. 5000. 6000.
In the picture above, it can be seen that the temperature fireproofing intumescent coating) from the initial
increase is quite long in a period of 6000 seconds or 100 temperature to the peak temperature (827,310 Celsius). At
minutes or 1.6 hours at variation 2.B (I Beam Pamitra 3950 seconds or at 65 minutes or 1,1 hours the temperature
workshop building structure which is protected by a reaches 5500 C or critical temperature.
5.e-3
4.e-3
3.e-3
2.e-3
1.e-3
4.4741e-8
0. 1000. 2000. 3000. 4000. 5000. 6000.
In the picture above, it can be seen that the increase in workshop building structure which is protected by a
heat flux is quite long in a period of 6000 seconds or 100 fireproofing intumescent coating) heat flux reaches 6,5528e-
minutes or 1.6 hours in variation 2.B (I Beam Pamitra 003 W /mm2.
f) Variation 2.C The structure of the building is in the form of I-Beam with fire protection type wet spray vermiculate
cementitious Promaspray P400
Figure 39 above shows an increase in temperature it reaches a temperature of 748,430 Celsius, shown in red
during a fire in the I Beam structure of the Pamitra which is achieved within 5400 seconds or 90 minutes or 1.5
workshop building which is protected by a fireproofing hours. The picture shows that the inside is protected by
Promaspray coating by convection from an initial Promaspray (565,870 C) compared to the outside (6490 C).
temperature of 396,440 Celsius at Ansys, shown in blue until
Figure 40 above shows an increase in heat flux during coating by convection from 1,3651e-7 to 0,0063847 W/mm2
a fire in the I Beam structure of the Pamitra workshop in 6000 seconds or 100 minutes or 1, 6 hours.
building which is protected by a fireproofing Promaspray
5400.
829.55
800.
700.
600.
5500 C
500.
400.
300.
200.
100.
31.557
0. 1000. 2000. 3000. 4000. 5000. 6000.
In the picture above, it can be seen that the temperature fireproofing Promaspray coating) from the initial
increase is quite long in a period of 6000 seconds or 100 temperature to the peak temperature (829,550 Celsius). At
minutes or 1.6 hours at variation 2.C (I Beam Pamitra 3950 seconds or at 65 minutes or 1.1 hours the temperature
workshop building structure which is protected by a reaches 5500 C or critical temperature.
6000.
6.3847e-3
6.e-3
5.e-3
4.e-3
3.e-3
2.e-3
1.e-3
2.4216e-8
0. 1000. 2000. 3000. 4000. 5000. 6000.
In the picture above, it can be seen that the increase in workshop building structure which is protected by a
heat flux is quite long in a period of 6000 seconds or 100 fireproofing Promaspray coating) heat flux reaches 6,3847e-
minutes or 1.6 hours in variation 2.C (I Beam Pamitra 003 W /mm2.
In Figure 43 above, it can be seen that the temperature temperature of 529,160 Celsius at Ansys is shown in blue
increase during a fire on the I Beam with a stiffener of the until it reaches a temperature of 1037,90 Celsius, which is
Pamitra workshop building structure which is not protected shown in red. 360 seconds or 6 minutes.
by a convection fireproofing layer from an initial
360.
1037.9
1000.
875.
750.
625.
5500 C
500.
375.
250.
125.
72.393
0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 360.
In the picture above, it can be seen that the temperature fireproofing layer) from the initial temperature of 72,3930
increase is quite short in a period of 360 seconds or 6 Celsius to the peak temperature (1037,90celcius). At 110
minutes in variation 3.A (I Beam with stiffener Pamitra seconds or at 1.8 minutes the temperature reaches 5500 C or
workshop building structure which is not protected by a critical temperature.
1.25
1.
0.75
0.5
0.25
9.9412e-5
0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 360.
h) Variation 3.B The structure of the building is I-Beam with Stiffener Beam with fire protection layer type intumescent
Cafco spray film WB3
Figure 47 above shows an increase in temperature temperature of 586,40 Celsius at Ansys shown in blue until it
during a fire in the I Beam with a stiffener for the Pamitra reaches a temperature of 746,980 Celsius, which is shown in
workshop building structure which is protected by a red 5400 seconds or 90 minutes or 1.5 hours.
convection fireproofing intumescent coating from an initial
Figure 48 above shows an increase in heat flux during intumescent coating from 2,4896e-7 to 0,018636 W/mm2 in
a fire in the I Beam with the Pamitra workshop building 6000 seconds or 100 minutes or 1.6 hours.
structure stiffener protected by a convection fireproofing
5400.
828.13
800.
700.
600.
5500 C
500.
400.
300.
200.
100.
46.084
0. 1000. 2000. 3000. 4000. 5000. 6000.
In the picture above, it can be seen that the temperature fireproofing intumescent coating) from the initial
increase is quite long in a period of 6000 seconds or 100 temperature to the peak temperature (828,130celcius). At
minutes or 1.6 hours at variation 3.B (I Beam structure with 4000 seconds or at 66 minutes or 1,1 hours the temperature
stiffener Pamitra workshop building protected by a reaches 5500 C or the critical temperature.
1.5e-2
1.25e-2
1.e-2
7.5e-3
5.e-3
2.5e-3
2.1816e-8
0. 1000. 2000. 3000. 4000. 5000. 6000.
In the picture above, it can be seen that the increase in Pamitra workshop building structure protected by a
heat flux is quite long in a period of 6000 seconds or 100 fireproofing intumescent coating) heat flux reaches 1,8636e-
minutes or 1,6 hours in variation 3.B (I Beam with stiffener 002 W/mm2.
Variation 3.C The structure of the building is I-Beam with Stiffener with fire protection type wet spray vermiculate
cementitious Promaspray P400
In Figure 51 above, it can be seen that the temperature blue until it reaches a temperature of 748,550 Celsius, which
increase during a fire in the I Beam structure with the is shown in red which is achieved within 5400 seconds or 90
Pamitra workshop building stiffener protected by a minutes or 1.5 hours. The picture shows that the inside is
fireproofing Promaspray coating by convection from an protected by Promaspray (591,180 C) compared to the
initial temperature of 376.520 Celsius at Ansys is shown in outside (671,190 C).
Figure 52 above shows an increase in heat flux during Promaspray coating by convection from 1,7425e-7 to
a fire in the I Beam structure with a stiffener in the Pamitra 0,017587 W/mm2 in 6000 seconds or 100 minutes or 1,6
workshop building which is protected by a fireproofing hours.
5400.
829.67
800.
700.
600.
5500 C
500.
400.
300.
200.
100.
30.675
0. 1000. 2000. 3000. 4000. 5000. 6000.
In the picture above, it can be seen that the temperature fireproofing Promaspray coating) from the initial
increase is quite long in a period of 6000 seconds or 100 temperature to the peak temperature (829,670celcius). At
minutes or 1,6 hours at variation 3.C (I Beam structure with 3950 seconds or at 65 minutes or 1,1 hours the temperature
stiffener Pamitra workshop building protected by a reaches 5500 C or critical temperature.
1.5e-2
1.25e-2
1.e-2
7.5e-3
5.e-3
2.5e-3
3.6396e-8
0. 1000. 2000. 3000. 4000. 5000. 6000.
In the picture above, it can be seen that the heat flux stiffener Pamitra workshop building structure protected by a
increase which is quite long in a period of 6000 seconds or fireproofing Promaspray coating) heat flux reached 1,7587e-
100 minutes or 1,6 hours in variation 3.C (I Beam with 002 W/mm2.
To measure the strength of 2 coatings of different The isotropic thermal conductivity data of each coating
types, the same setting is used between variations including is not attached to the product specifications and only
the section factor of the building structure. attaches the density. With the results of this simulation,
obtained isotropic thermal conductivity from the results of
For coating type CafcoSprayfilm WB3, with this computer calculations by considering the critical
section factor, it takes about 3 mm of coating thickness temperature of stainless steel, which is around 550 degrees
which can last for 90 minutes. As for the Promaspray P400 Celsius.