Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Geospatial Distribution of Waste Dumpsites

for Sustainable Solid Waste Management In
Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC),
Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
O. Mohammed*, A.T. Ogah1 and A. Mahnoud2
Nasarawa State University, Keffi Nasarawa State

Abstract:- This study examines the application of According to Babayemi, &Dauda (2009) there are
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in determining several factors influencing solid waste collection in Nigeria,
the spatial location and distribution of solid waste some of which are the lack of advanced technology facilities
dumpsites in Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC). for separation at its source, the strength of solid waste
This present study applied the Techniques of Geographic management policies and enforcement procedures,
Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) to environmental education and awareness, and the economic
dumpsites and selection in the emerging City of AMAC. status of individuals, among others.
Spatial data such as land use cover types; road, river and
settlement of theCity were extracted from a geo- Increasing population, rapid economic growth and rise
referenced high medium resolution satellite image in living standards have accelerated the process of solid
through on-screen classification using remote sensing waste generation throughout the world (Elmira et al., 2010;
software. The existing dumpsites were geo-located and Hering, 2012).
added as a layer to the map of AMAC. The land use
Therefore, locating proper sites for dumping solid
cover, settlement, river and roads were buffered at 1000,
1000 and 2000 meters respectively using preset criteria waste far from environmental resources, residential areas,
such as distance of dumpsites from a settlement at 1000 water bodies, roads, faults and settlements is essential for
m, surface water at 1000 m, roads at 2000 m and absence the management of solid waste in a proper way. Solid
of important economic or Ecological features; to wastes in urban areas mostly include wastes of plastics,
determine candidate dumpsites from the land-cover glass, fabrics, metals, and kitchen waste which have
types.Majority of dumpsites do not meet criteria for complex composition and late degradable characteristics,
location of dumpsite and many of them are cluster. For creating more harm to the environment.
the purpose of this work, 6 standard dumpsites were B. Statement
selected for Abuja Municipal Area Council, which is There are lots of implications when wastes are not
1000 meter away from settlement to avoid environmental properly handled and indiscriminately disposed of. The
challenge from dumpsite. Remote Sensing and effects are negative and could be detrimental. It poses risk to
Geographic Information System help in distributing our Environment, Health, Social and Infrastructure.
facilities in a real world for spatial phenomena.
Therefore, GIS play a significant role in Solid Waste When wastes disposed of indiscriminately are not
Management System. collected, it gives rise to unsanitary condition which poses
environmental and health hazard risk. The condition create a
Keyword:- Land use cover, dumpsite, buffer, remote sensing breeding ground for diseases causing agent to thrives and
and GIS. outbreak of diseases like cholera, diarrhea, Malaria, Tetanus,
I. INTRODUCTION Lassa fever, Typhoid and Yellow fever, Hookworm and
A. Background of study other parasite infestation. Indiscriminate waste disposal
Waste is any material discharged from human activities, promotes fecal contamination of the hands, food and water
which makes adverse impacts on human health and that can result to fecal-oral transmission diseases. Waste
environment. Solid wastes are non-liquid and non-gaseous disposed of indiscriminately can also result to water
products such as those from households, municipal, pollution, land pollution, drainage blockage, flooding and
supermarket, construction and industries (Ajay, 2019; infrastructural
Kapilan & Elangovan, 2018). Solid waste has become a degradationhttps://nigerianobservernews.com/2017/06/indis
global environmental and health issue in the contemporary criminate-waste-disposal-its-implications-and-the-way-
world both in developing and developed countries (UNEP, forward.
2005; United Nations, 2017). Such environmental Open dumpsites are a major problem to the
challenges combined with social, economic and land environment especially to the air that we inhale. Dumpsites
availability issues raise concerns over land management and emit obnoxious odors and smoke that cause illness to people
evaluation techniques (Coban, Ertis, &Cavdaroglu, 2018; living in, around, or closer to them. Pollutant deposited on
Lein, 1990; Philippe &Culot, 2009). land can enter the body through contaminated crops, fruits,

IJISRT22NOV093 www.ijisrt.com 123

Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
food products, animals and water. Dumpsite closer to D. Aim and objectives
residential areas can be a feeding place for dogs and cat a) Aim:
apart from rat. These pet with rodents can bring diseases The aim is to use Geospatial technique to distribution
with them to nearby homes. Respiratory diseases, irritation waste dumpsites for sustainable waste management in
of the eyes, nose and skin, gastrointestinal problems, Abuja Municipal Area Council.
allergies and psychological disorder have also been traced to
unregulated dumpsite and indiscriminate waste disposal. b) Objectives: The objectives are,
 Determination of current land use and land cover of
C. Justification Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC).
Remote sensing and GIS play a significant role in  Generation of dumpsites coordinate point from
management of municipal solid waste. Remote sensing help field survey
to locate suitable sites for waste disposal using satellite  Determination and validation of existing dumpsites
imagery. The main advantage of satellite remote sensing is in Abuja Municipal Area council
its repetitive and synoptic coverage which is useful for  Buffering of existing dumpsites away from
various studies in urban planning. Advancement in settlement, road and river in Abuja Municipal Area
computer science has introduced GIS as innovative tools in Council.
waste disposal management. GIS has emerge as a key
technology to manipulate and analyse Geographic data and II. STUDY AREA
powerful tool to collect, store, retrieve at will, display and
transform spatial data from the real world. A. Study Location
Abuja Municipal Area Council in Federal Capital
The location of disposal sites must consider socio- Territory of Nigeria is geographically located at 8.9230 N
economic, environmental and land use factors within the and 9.0170 N of the Equator and 7.340 and 7.540 E in (figure
city and ensure human safety. Benefit of Geographic 2). According to the 2006 population census the Federal
information system include; better information management, Capital Territory (FCT) has total population of 1,402,201
higher quality analysis, ability to carry out project efficiency (2006 population census) and land area of 1,769 square
and GIS optimize the travel time and cost function while kilometres (km2).
enhancing the accuracy.

Fig. 1: Study Area Map

IJISRT22NOV093 www.ijisrt.com 124

Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
B. Climate and Weather raining season is high and also temperature around this time
The Abuja municipal Area Council (AMAC), is moderate. The dry season stars by November and end in
experiences two climate seasons, wet and dry season with a April, humidity in this period is very low and the
brief of Harmattan, occasioned by the movement of the temperature is high due to free cloud cover Balogun (2001).
northeast trade wind, with the main features of dust and The soil in Abuja Municipal Area Council is good for
haze, intensified coldness, and dryness. Rainfall in the agriculture as it good for cash crop.
AMAC starts by March and end in October. Humidity in

III. METHODOLOGY3.0
A. Data Acquisition and Source

S/N Data Type Source

1 Landsat 8 (OLI) Imagery (30 meter resolution) Global Data
2 Coordinate points GPS Field survey
3 AMAC shape file Administrative Map of AMAC OSGOF
4 Road shape file Raster file GRID3
5 River shape file Raster file GRID3
Table 1: Data used for the project

B. Remote Sensing Image  For Water body, dumpsite was placed at least 1000 meter
In order to study current land use and land cover (LULC) away from water body to avoid hazardous emission from
of AMAC 2021 image. The Landsat data was acquired from waste.
the global land-cover website at the University of Maryland,  For roads, dumpsite was placed at least 2000 meter away
USA (URL; from an existing road so as to reduce transportation
http://glcfapp.umiacs.umd.edu:8080/esdi/index.jsp). The expenses.
acquire images was the Operational land Imager (OLI) of  For elevation, dumpsite was placed on slopes with less
2021 as shown in Table 1. The satellite image was obtained than 9% inclination.
on the 8th of November 2021 to follow weather consistence
and climatic suitability of the work. Landsat 8 Operational IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)
images consist of nine spectral bands with a spatial A. Result
resolution of 30 meters for Bands 1 to 7 and 9. New band 1 The tables 2 in this section displayed the results of the
(ultra-blue) is useful for coastal and aerosol studies. New coordinate of Municipal Solid Waste dumpsites equally
band 9 is useful for cirrus cloud detection.Global Position known as existing dumpsites in Abuja Municipal Area
System (GPS) device was used to determine the coordinates Council (AMAC).
of existing dumpsites.
During the field investigation, the coordinates of the
C. Site Selection Criteria existing dumpsites were obtained from the study area using
For the selection of the most suitable site for dumpsites, a hand-held GPS device by a field measurement approach.
the following criteria were considered for the available The coordinates of the existing dumpsites collected during
datasets. The proximity analysis based on the National field investigation was tabulated into an excel sheet and then
Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement imported into the ArcGIS environment, then converted to
Agency (NESREA): shape file. The dumpsites shape file was overlaid on land
 For built-up areas, dumpsite was placed at least 1000 use cover based on the adopted siting criteria.
meter away from all settlements for hygienic reasons.

S/No Location Latitude Longitude

1 Lugbe Car wash 8.97352 7.36752
2 Lugbe POLICE Signboard 8.97482 7.370005
3 Chika 1 8.993023 7.403382
4 Chika 2 8.992845 7.409847
5 Chika 3 8.993815 7.404528
6 Aleita 1 8.98924 7.403012
7 Chika (Jadore) 8.987362 7.406105
8 Aleita 2 8.986178 7.397357
9 Piwoyi Central Dumpsite 8.996953 7.38829
10 Federal Mortgage Bank Estate 8.963567 7.386918
11 Progress Dynamic Academy Penthouse 8.965042 7.38066
12 Aiben Emerald Garden Trade Moore Estate 8.959137 7.361003
13 Phase 2 bridge Trade Moore Estate 8.957015 7.368128

IJISRT22NOV093 www.ijisrt.com 125

Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
14 Ajuji hotel Apo 9.002023 7.473106
15 Behind zone E Apo 1 9.002121 7.45296
16 Behind zone E Apo 2 9.00134 7.47688
17 Apo settlement. High court 8.975974 7.500644
18 ORS Hotel Apo settlement. 8.976626 7.497941
19 Apo resettlement. Market 8.977583 7.503818
20 Guzape 1 (Asokoro) 9.01831 7.512792
21 Guzape 2 (Asokoro) 9.017635 7.5118
22 Guzape 3 (Asokoro) 9.016883 7.51132
23 Utako 9.064516 7.435675
24 Utako 2 9.061731 7.436493
25 Jabi 9.061701 7.418701
26 Jabi 2 9.062105 7.418318
27 UTC Area 10 9.035216 7.45826
28 Area 2 Dumpsite 9.035921 7.477784
29 Garki New Market 9.026657 7.491566
30 Area 1 Secretariat 9.026043 7.470263
31 Area 1 Durumi 9.019095 7.468173
32 Durumi 1 9.018203 7.468571
33 Durumi 1 new market 9.014735 7.468609
34 Gaduwa junction 9.003276 7.464111
35 Durumi 3 Central dumpsite 8.994915 7.462317
36 Durumi 2 (new site) 9.009072 7.462671
37 Court 9.282885 7.385489
38 Area Council 9.287262 7.3773
39 Stadium 9.283265 7.380225
Table 2: Coordinate points of existing dumpsites

Land use/land cover in the study area is dominated by and rock outcrop study area. Therefore, Abuja Municipal
urban activities, such as residential, institutions,commercial Area Council needs to be properly plan to avoid
and industrial area, with few areas (mostly undeveloped) environmental challenge.As we can see in figure 2 the
devoted farming activities. Inaddition to the major urban dumpsites are cluster, there is no proper arrangement; most
land uses mentioned above, other land uses/coverare forest of the dumpsites are not met criteria for siting of dumpsite.

Fig. 2: LU/LC with existing dumpsites

IJISRT22NOV093 www.ijisrt.com 126

Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Figure 3 shows the Abuja Municipal Area Council buffer and some that are not include; Pyakasa, Apo
road buffer of 2000 meter from dumpsites. From the result, settlement, High court, etc.
majority of the dumpsites are located within the range of set

Fig. 3: AMAC Road buffer with existing dumpsites

Figure 4 shows Abuja Municipal Area Council river too close to the water body. Therefore, the all other
buffer of 1000 meter away from dumpsites. Result showed dumpsites are very okay with the standard.
that Gosa dumpsite, Idu side dumpsite and Jabi dumpsite are

Fig. 4: AMAC River buffer of 1000 meter from water body

IJISRT22NOV093 www.ijisrt.com 127

Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Figure 5shows Abuja Municipal Area Council student perceive offensive odour from dumpsite and this can lead to
dumpsites, buffer 1000 meter away from settlement. These outbreak of disease. That is way 1000 meter away was
dumpsites location are selected to avoid environmental considered above any other factor for the selection of new
hazard from the community. When dumpsite is located close dumpsites in Abuja Municipal Area Council.
to resident, people living around here are continue to

Fig. 5: Student dumpsites selection for Abuja Municipal Area Council

B. Over View of Solid Wastes Disposal in Abuja Municipal open space which, cause the defacing of the aesthetics of the
area Council (AMAC) urban centres and the health threats to the inhabitants who
Municipal solid wastes which include plastics, other are exposed. The open dumpsites were seen sited at busy
biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes are streets and junctions, close to residential areas, close to
indiscriminately disposed of in AMAC. Plates 1, 2, 3 and 4 water bodies and in open fields, etc.
showed the way people indiscriminately dispose waste in an

Plate 1: Open dumpsite around the big estate (Source: Fieldwork, 2022)

IJISRT22NOV093 www.ijisrt.com 128

Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Plate 2: Open dumpsite around the big estate (Source: Fieldwork, 2022)

Plate 3: Open dumpsite around the street (Source: Fieldwork, 2022)

Plate 4: Open dumpsite around the street (Source: Fieldwork, 2022)

IJISRT22NOV093 www.ijisrt.com 129

Volume 7, Issue 11, November – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
C. Discussion ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Spatial Distribution of both authorized
andunauthorizeddumpsites is shown in figure 2, the illegal The authors acknowledge the moral support of
dumpsites are more concentrated in the low-medium density Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
populated part of The Abuja Municipal Area Council. The
unauthorized solid waste dumpsites can also be found along REFERENCES
water body. From the analysis in the study area, there is [1.] Ajay, S. (2019). Remote sensing and GIS applications
more unauthorized dumpsite than authorized dumpsite. The for municipal waste management.Journal of
unauthorizeddumpsites are cluster around Lugbe, Piwoyi Environmental Management, 243, 22−29.
etc.Findings in the study further show that authorized [2.] Babayemi, J.O.; Dauda, K.T. Evaluation of solid
dumpsite is situated in the study area as well, but the only waste generation, categories and disposal options in
well-known is Goza dumpsite close to Idu area. This Goza developing countries: A case study of Nigeria. J.
dumpsite need to be relocated because development has Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag. 2009, 13, 83–88.
reached this place, in fact there is two big estates in front of [3.] Balogun, (2001). The geology of the area is underlain
the dumpsite. by basement complex rocks. The annual rainfall is
Some dumpsites are very close to water body highest within the FCC and its environs which is
according to 1000 meter buffer away from the water body, about 1,631.7 mm. The annual mean
which is unfit for consumption for people around here. In temperature ranges between 25.8 and 30.2°C
the same vein, many of the dumpsites are close to the (Balogun, 2001).
settlement that can pose environmental hazard to people [4.] Coban, A., Ertis, I. F., &Cavdaroglu, N. A. (2018).
living around these places. Apart from other things, either Municipal solid waste management via multi-criteria
authorized or no authorized majority of the dumpsites do not decision making methods: A case study in Istanbul,
meet the criteria of 1000 metre buffer from the road they are Turkey. Journal of Cleaner Production, 180, 159–167.
very far from the road. [5.] Elmira, S., Behzad,N., Mazlin, B. M., Ibrahim, K.,
The locations of the dumpsites show serious negative Halima, T., &Saadiah, H. (2010). Urban solid waste
implications on infrastructural facilities in the area. Some management based on geo-informatics technology,
dumpsites were on drainages thereby obstructing the free University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Journal of
flow of water and this could eventually lead to flooding and Public Health and Epidemiology, 3, 54̶ 60.
erosion during the rainy seasons. A good number of the [6.] Hering, J. G. (2012). An end to waste?Science,
dumps were very close to buildings where they not only 337(6095), 1623−1623.
destroy the aesthetic value of the areas but also constitute [7.] Kapilan, S., &Elangovan, K. J. (2018). Potential
breeding grounds for vectors like mosquitoes and flies landfill site selection for solid waste disposal using
which transmit diseases like malaria, typhoid fever and GIS and multi-criteria decision analysis
cholera which are part of the highest killer diseases in (MCDA).Journal of Central South University, 25,
Nigeria. In some cases, they pollute surface and ground 570−585.
water, hence, exposing inhabitantsof the area to the [8.] Lein, J. K. (1990). Exploring a knowledge-based
consumption of contaminated water and food which is procedure for developmental suitability
inimical to their health. The people in these areas were also analysis.Applied Geography, 10, 171–186.
exposed to offensive odour and polluted air. [9.] UNEP. (2005). Selection, design and implementation
of economic instruments in the solid waste
V. CONCLUSION management sector in Kenya. New York, USA.
[10.] United Nations. (2017, December 2). World
It was concluded that the use of Geographic population prospects: 2017 revision population
Information System in analyzing a spatial analysis database. Retrieved from
especially when representingthe real world phenomenon, http://www.un.org/esa/population/unpop.htm.
helps in the integrating and simplifying the interpretation of
a distribution of afacilities especially the visual analysis and
interpretations. GIS play a significant role in Solid
WasteManagement System; it helps the Managers in
database creation and the stakeholders to know the exact
areaswhere there is need more attention rather than
concentrating on a particular area.This paper attempted to
analyze the distributions of sustainable dumpsites in Abuja
Municipal Area Council. To improve on existing dumpsite a
comprehensive assessment approach is essential to the
established performance of the present strategy, to provide
information to management for discourse that’s why
Geographic Information system is employed in showing the
spatial distribution of both legal and illegal dumpsites within
the study area.

IJISRT22NOV093 www.ijisrt.com 130