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Volume 8, Issue 2, February – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Local Chicken Farming in Burkina Faso:


Current Situation
Kaboré Nicole S. B. 1*; Nenonene Amen.1; Ouattara Seydou2 ; Bougma Valérie 3
1
University of Lomé (UL), Regional Centerof Excellence on Avian Sciences (CERSA),B.P. 1515 Lomé, Togo
2
Center for the Promotion of Village Poultry Farming
3
Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso (UPB), Institute of Rural Development (IDR),01BP1091 Bobo-Dioulasso,
Burkina Faso

*Corresponding Author

Abstract:- The local chicken is of great economic and sector [10]. Indeed, livestock accounts for 40% of the
socio-cultural importance in Burkina Faso. However, world's agricultural production. The livestock sector in
this breeding is not well documented. The purpose of this developing countries accounts for more than one third of the
study is to provide an overview of this activity, which is agricultural gross domestic product [28]. Livestock
becoming increasingly important in both rural and peri- production is exported to countries in the sub-region such as
urban areas. A socio- economic survey was therefore Togo, Côte d'Ivoire and other African countries. Given the
conducted on 750 people in the three agro-ecological vulnerability of large livestock to climatic and sanitary
zones of the country. The study revealed that poultry hazards, strategies have been reoriented towards the
farming is practiced by 66% of men and 34% of women; improvement of short-cycle animals, particularly poultry
45% of them have not received formal education and [20]. Indeed, poultry farming, a short-cycle livestock
35.33% of them are literate in local languages. Among production, represents a boon for achieving food self-
the respondents, 39.47% have been trained in animal sufficiency. In West Africa, Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria,
husbandry and 21.47% are members of farmers' Burkina Faso and Togo have experienced a boom in this
organizations. Twenty percent of respondents are large- sector. In Togo, policies are aimed at supporting this sector,
scale producers who raise chickens exclusively. Among which is seeing its potential grow. In Burkina Faso,
the small producers, 70% of them operate a mixture of livestock is the second most important resource inthe
poultry species, while 30% are exclusively involved in primary sector after agriculture, contributing approximately
chicken. In terms of morpho-biometrics, local chickens 10 to 20% of GDP [9]. The poultry sector in Burkina Faso
weigh an average of 0.82kg with a maximum of 1.850kg. has a population of approximately 44 million head of
A strong correlation was found between the weight and poultry and is divided into two sectors: a particularly active
the length of the neck-cloaca (r =0.50), the weight and traditional sector (90% of the livestock) whose producers are
the age of the subjects (r=0.53). Local chicken farming in farmers, and a modern sector [20]. Due to its numerous
Burkina is characterized by a strong tendency to semi- potentialities (hardy species, easier production and requiring
divide (42%). The constraints noted for the activity are little investment, accessible to all), traditional poultry
diseases (35.2%), access to raw materials for food, farming occupies an important place in the quest for self-
financing and lack of infrastructure, and unfair sufficiency and sustainability of food security by
competition (14%). This study identified the strengths contributing to the livelihood of rural populations on
and weaknesses of poultry farming in three agro- religious, social, economic and cultural levels [9]; [3]; [2].
ecological zones of Burkina Faso. Despite this importance, local poultry production remains
deficient in relation to the needs of the population. This
Keywords: Poultry Farming ; Agro Ecological Zone ; deficit is due to the low productivity of the local chicken
Burkina Faso. commonly called "bicycle chicken". Indeed, the production
of this local chicken, whose meat is much more appreciated
I. INTRODUCTION than that of the fast-growing conventional chicken, is
undermined by its genetic potential and the availability of
The global economic context remains marked by food resources that do not favor rapid growth [1]; [14]; [26];
increasing unemployment, poverty, and health and food [25]; [17]; [23].
insecurity, which requires a deployment of efforts in favor
of the recovery of the primary sector,particularly agriculture, The general objective of this work is to characterize
livestock and fisheries. Thus, to meet the demand for meat local chicken farming in Burkina Faso in order to determine
products, about 45 million producers in developed countries the constraints and levers of this activity.
and 1.3 billion in developing countries work in the livestock

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Volume 8, Issue 2, February – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS In terms of agricultural and livestock production, the
Sahelian zone is characterized by semi-extensive to nomadic
 Study Area: livestock production, with cereal production being the
This study was conducted in the three agro- ecological mainstay. Human activities are essentially gold panning and
zones of Burkina Faso (Figure 1): the gum arabic trade. In the northern Sudanian area,
domestic to peri-urban livestock coexist with cereal farming
 The Sudanian zone, located in the south between 10° and (sorghum,rice, millet), groundnuts, and potatoes. It is a place
11°30'N latitude with a rainfall between isohyets 1200 to of sedentarization and small cross-border trade. The
900 mm; southern Sudanian zone is a reception and transhumance
 The Sudano-Sahelian zone, located between 11°30' and zone with high production of corn, sorghum, tubers, yams,
14° North latitude with a rainfall between 900 and 600 and cassava. It is an area of high human activity based on
mm and tourism, forests, shea nuts, etc. [7]. [7].
 The Sahelian zone located north of 14° latitude North
with a rainfall of 600 mm [7]. These choices are justified
by the climatic diversity that has a strong impact on
livestock activities.

Fig 1 Representative Map of the Agro-Ecological Zones of Burkina Faso and the Surveyed Communes

 Data Collection and Analysis: materials used, veterinary monitoring, biosecurity, socio-
A cross-sectional survey was conducted from economic parameters, the different uses of the products of
December 2019 to March 2020 in the three (03) agro the farm, the difficulties and recommendations of the
ecological zones of the country. The sampling was carried producers.
out using the "snowball" method [8] with individual
interviews by linkage screening where individuals in the The collected data were processed and analyzedwith the
initial sample were asked to identify acquaintances who SPSS software version 25.0 where parameters of position
should have useful information, who in turn identified the and dispersion of the statistical series were revealed while
next respondent. the R software version 4.1.0 was used to compare, on the one
hand, the quantitative dependent variables of the levels of
A total of 750 producers were surveyed (600 in the the agro-ecological zones factor by an analysis of variance at
North Sudanese zone, which has a high potential for short- the 5% threshold and when a significant difference is found,
cycle livestock production, 50 in the Sahelian zone, given a PPDS segregation test is used for the comparison of the
the security situation, and 100 in the South Sudanese zone, means; on the other hand, a linear statistical link is tested
which has a high potential for crop production but whose between the other quantitative variables by a Principal
livestock production is not as well developed as in the North ComponentAnalysis. Then, a Chi-square test of
Sudanese zone). Theselection criteria for the producers were independence and a two-tailed Z test were used to compare
three categories, including industrial, semi-industrial and the frequencies of the categorical variables. Finally, a
traditional. The questions concerned the socio-demographic multivariate analysis of the categorical variables was used to
characteristics of the producers, the typology of the farms highlight the correspondences of the characteristics
surveyed, the phenotypic characteristics of the local described.
chickens encountered, the feeding method, the types of raw

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Volume 8, Issue 2, February – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
III. RESULTS languages. In addition, only 21.74% of farmers belong to
farmers' organizations. For the level of education and
 Socio-Demographic Characteristics: literacy, the proportions are statistically identical for the
Under the conditions of the study and according to the three study areas. Only 39.47% of producers have received
sample considered, the gender of the respondents does not training in poultry farming; the proportion recorded in
significantly influence the number of flocks(Table 1). For all relation to training in poultry farming varies from one agro-
respondents, 66% of the local chickens in Burkina Faso are ecological zone to another. Indeed, 40.33%, 58% and 25%
kept by men, with variations according to the study area: of farmers have been trained in poultry farming, respectively
64%, 60% and 80% respectively in thenorthern Sudanian and for the Northern Sudanian, Sahelian and Southern Sudanian
Sahelian zones and in the southern Sudanian zone. In fact, zones.
statistically there is no significant difference in the
distribution of respondents by gender in the northern In terms of labor force, there is no significant
Sudanian andSahelian zones. difference between the Sahelian and South Sudanese zones,
but there are significant differences with the proportions in
The analysis of other socio-demographic the North Sudanese zone for both family labor (Table 1).
characteristics for the entire study population shows an
over-representation of married people (72%) compared to In general, the analysis of socio- demographic
single people (28%). There is also a predominance of characteristics shows that women's participation in poultry
uneducated farmers (44.9%), followed by those with farming is lower than that of men, with a relatively
secondary (34.4%), higher (19.74%) and primary (0.9%) acceptable level of training, although membership in
education. However, it should be noted that 35.33% of the farmers' organizations, the level of education and literacy
non-educated herders have taken literacy courses in local are not very satisfactory.

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics


Variables Modality Percentage
North Sudanese South andNorth Sahel South Sudanese Global
Gender Male 64,16a 60a 80b 66
Woman 35,84a 40a 20b 34
Marital status Single 27 32 32 28
Married 73 68 68 72
Level of education No 43,5 48 52 44,9
Primary 1 0 1 0,9
Secondary 36,33 30 25 34,4
Superior 19,16 22 22 19,74
Literate in Literate 34,16 40 40 35,33
local language Non-literate 65,83 60 60 64,67
Family 83a 100a 99a 94
Workforce Employee 0,5a 0a 1a 0,53
Family and 16,5a 0b 0b 13,2
employee
Training in poultry Formed 40,33a 58b 25c 39,47
farming Not trained 59,67a 42b 75c 60,53
Membership in a Belongs to 20,33a 26a 26a 21,47
Peasant Organization Does not 79,67a 74a 74a 78,53
belong

 Poultry Species Found on Farms in Burkina Faso:


Figure 2 presents the proportions of respondents according to the species of poultry raised in Burkina according to the farms
encountered. The survey revealed that chicken farmers are the most important;they represent 44%, followed by chicken and guinea
fowl farmers (20%), then chicken, ducks and others (14%); chickens and ducks (13%); chickens and others (8%); and chickens,
guinea fowl and others (1%).The chicken is therefore the species that is raised in the majority.

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Volume 8, Issue 2, February – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig 2 Poultry Species Raised

Table 2 Shows the Poultry Species Found on Farms in Burkina Faso.


Variables Age(Months) Weight(Kg) Lg Neck-Cloaq(Cm) Lg Legs(Cm) Height(Cm)
Age(Months) 1 0,5268 0,5018 0,2800 0,5087
Weight(Kg) 0,5268 1 0,2805 0,1328 0,2760
Lg Neck-Cloaq(Cm) 0,5018 0,2805 1 0,6953 0,9594
Lg Legs 0,2800 0,1328 0,6953 1 0,7772
Height(Cm) 0,5087 0,2760 0,9594 0,7772 1

Fig 3 Illustration of Poultry Farming Types


Legend: a Naked-necked chicken;b Mixed species of poultry in farming;c Turkeys;d Geese

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Volume 8, Issue 2, February – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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 Morpho-Biometric Characterization of the Animals:
Morpho-biometric characteristics Principal Component Analysis of the morpho- biometric parameters of the poultry
populations on the factorial map allowed to highlight the nature of the links between the variables (Figure 4).

The first two dimensions of the PCA summarize 84.45% of the information of which 61.65% for axis 1 and 22.80% for axis
2. The analysis of the graph of variables shows that the weight is strongly positively correlated with the age on the one hand, the
neck-cloaca length is positively correlated with the height but also with the length of the legs on the other hand.

If strong correlations are perceptible by pair or by triplet of values, it should be noted that all these ranges of values are all
correlated.

Fig 4 Highlight the Nature of the Links between the Variables

 Typology of the Farms:


Analysis of the parameters characterizing the typology of livestock farming reveals that the most common livestock farming
method is semi-divagation (Table 2), with the North Sudanian (35.67%), Sahelian (50%) and South Sudanian (47%) zones. More
than half of the producers own a poultry house, with 98.67% in the North Sudanese zone, 100% in the Sahelian zone and 98% in
the South Sudanese zone. The majority of poultry houses are of the traditional type in the northern Sudanian zone (42.33%) and
southern Sudanian zone(38%) and improved in the Sahelian zone (36%).

Purchasing is the main method of supplying raw materials: 70.17% in the North Sudanese zone; 68% in the South Sahelian
and North Sahelian zones; and 67% in the South Sudanese zone; followed by the own production-purchase method (13.83%, 16%
and 17% respectively for the three zones, in the order mentioned above) On average, 90% of producers vaccinate their poultry and
28% in the Sahelian zone clean their poultry regularly.

North Sudanese and 42% for the Sahelian and South Sudanese zones.

Table 3 Typology of Farms


Parameters Terms and conditions Agroecological zones Total
North Sudanese South andNorth Sahel South Sudanese
Total divagation 0 40 42 36,8
Semi-division 35,67 50 47 42
Breeding method Total Claustration 40,5 10 11 20,93
Total divagation seedling 23,5 0 0 0,27
divagation

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Presence of Yes 98,67 100 98 98,67
poultry house No 0,33 0 2 1,33
Traditional 42,33 32 38 41,07
Type ofchicken Improved 1,33 36 29 26,93
house Modern 25,83 32 33 31,73
Improved traditional 31,5 0 0 0,27
Free access 0,33 16 16 14,27
Access toraw Purchase 70,17 68 67 69,6
material Self-purchase access 13,83 16 17 16,13
Vaccination Yes 91,33 90 89 90,93
No 16 10 11 9,07
Cleaning Rarely 8,67 24 27 23,47
frequency
Occasionally 22,83 34 31 28,8
Regularly 28 42 42 47,73

Figure 5 Shows the Different types of Buildings Encountered in Livestock Farming.

Fig 5 Illustration of the types of Poultry Buildings Encountered


Legend: aPermanent Banco Building;b Round Hut in the Bobo-Dioulasso Fulani Zone;c Permanent Material Building;dInstallation
of Automatic Feeding and Watering Systems

 Power Supply:
The most used raw materials in order of importance are corn (rate), soybean meal (rate), and fish meal. A comparison of the
averages of the quantities of raw materials that can be used by rural producers reveals that the largest quantities of raw materials
are maize, soybean cake and fish meal (which show no significant difference between the agro- ecological zones (P>0.05). The
quantities ofcotton cake show significant differences between the North Sudanian and Sahelian zones (220.1 kg#64.46kg). For the
quantities of bran used, there are significant differences between the North Sudanese and Sahelian zones, as well as the South
Sudanese zone (308.603kg#173.2kg and 213.35kg). It must be said that maize is the most used raw material in terms of ingredient
for poultry feed, but this does not prevent its competitiveness in terms of use compared to other raw materials such as the protein
sources considered here from being significant because it is expensive and is becoming more and more inaccessible for animal
consumption.

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Volume 8, Issue 2, February – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Fig 6 Graph Illustrating the Availability of Raw Materials used in Poultry Feed

 Health:
The one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of the parameters related to the health of the reared birds indicated that the
average mortality rate was 14.2±9.73. This ratevaried according to the season, from 6.72±4.96 in the hot season to 21.83±xx in the
harmattan season (Table 4). This rate varied by season, ranging from 6.72±4.96 in the hot season to 21.83±xx in the
harmattan season (Table 4).The warm season has the lowest mortality rate.

However, it should be noted that 105 of the 750 individuals surveyed did not experience any mortality problems. The
maximum is 80% in harmattan and this concerns mainly chicks. In summary, it must be said that the harmattan period is severe
for poultry farming.

Table 4 Description of Mortality Rates by Season


Periods N Average Minimum Maximum
Harmattan 335 21,83±6,13 0,4 80
None 105 0 0 0
Hot season 101 6,72±4,97 0 15
Wet Season- Harmattan 209 12,71±8,34 7 75
Total 750 14,2±9,73 0 80

 Socio-Economic Characteristics:
The Principal Component Analysis of the socio-economic parameters of thepopulations surveyed on the factorial map made
it possible to highlight the nature of the relationships between the variables (Figure 7).

The first two dimensions of the PCA summarize 39.06% of the information, of which 25.82% for dimension 1 and 13.24%
for dimension 2.

It suggests that the prices of droppings, the number of chickens, the price of eggs and the annual revenues are highly
correlated. This indicates a relationship between the number of chickens, eggs laid, prices formed in the market and annual
revenues. Thus we find that the number of eggs sold as well as its market price, with respect to the representation by the cos2 , is
even morecorrelated with annual revenues than the previous group of values. This can be explained by the number of laying eggs
placed on the market. Indeed, producers of eggs for consumption have been the ones most encountered in modern chicken farms.

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Volume 8, Issue 2, February – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Fig 7 Factor Map of Poultry Commodity Price Formation in the Market

The analysis of diversity by the hierarchical classification performed structures the individuals in 5 classes.

 Class 1: is composed of individuals who share a large "number of guinea fowl eggs sold" and a high price for chicken, but a
low price for droppings, and a small number of chickens sold resulting in low annual revenues.
 Class 2: is composed of individuals with a high activity in selling guinea fowl as evidenced by the "Number of guinea fowl
sold, the price of droppings and the price of chicken, however, low values for annual revenues are observed due to the low
values in number of eggs and hens.
 Class 3: is composed of individuals with increasingly low economic activity in poultry, illustrated by low values for variables
such as manure price, annual revenue, number of chickens and guinea fowl sold, number of chicken eggs and guinea fowl sold,
egg price and chicken price.
 Class 4: is composed of individuals characterized from a socio-economic point of view by a high production of chickens sold,
a high price of droppings due to the intensiveness of the activity, the price of eggs as well as that of chicken. These producers
are specialized in the production and sale of chickens specifically.
 Class 5: is composed of individuals whose main socioeconomic activity is the production and sale of chicken eggs, hence the
high values of annual revenues as shown in Figure 8, where we notice that these two parameters are strongly positively
correlated.

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Volume 8, Issue 2, February – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Figure 8 Hierarchical Ascending Classification of Individuals.

 Difficulties and Recommendations:


In general, high chick mortality at start-up, high land pressure, unprofitable chicken selling prices (6.70%), difficulty in
accessing raw materials, veterinary inputs, limited technological skills (7.90%) and fraudulent entry of eggs (14.10%) as well as
diseases (35.20%) constitute the major difficulties of farmers (Table 5).

Table 5 Difficulties in the Poultry Sector Mentioned by the Respondents.


Difficulties Proportion (%) Of Difficulties Assessed In The Individuals Surveyed
Limitation of Technological Skills 7,9%
Chick Start-Up + Input Breakage 6,7%
Water 7,1%
Fraudulent Entry of Eggs 14,1%
Unavailability of medical inputs 0,1%
Non-existent workforce 7,2%
Disease 35,2%
Sales and fraudulent entry of eggs + quality of 0,1%
vaccination
Field problem + outdated selling price of chickens 6,7%
Health and nutrition problems 0,5%
Problem of egg disposal during the winteringseason 6,5%
+ diseases + shortage of veterinary inputs
Infrastructure problems 0,3%
Financial problems 7,6%
Total 100,0%

The approaches to solutions proposed by the respondents reveal that 21% of the requests revolve around subsidizing
food, followed by those including poultry inputs (20.10%). Also, 8.30% of the respondents requested training, financing, support
for the construction of quality poultry buildings and the supply of chicks, poults or chicks and 7.30% in addition to training
requestedmonitoring and technical support (Figure 9).

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Volume 8, Issue 2, February – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Fig 9 Proportion of Respondents Recommendations

IV. DISCUSSION that are not generally applied. There are no facilities for
quarantining animals. It should be noted that the acquisition
The predominance of men (66%) in local chicken of raw materials for food is difficult due to climate change
farming in Burkina Faso is in agreement with the results of and population growth, which creates a situation of food
several authors ([11], [18]). This may be related to the competition between humans and animals [22].
customs of the peasantry, which stipulate that family
responsibilities must be borne by the man, who is the The range of raw materials listed as being used
primary family manager. It can also be explained by the according to the agro-ecological zones surveyed corroborates
intrusion of men into the decision to sell and therefore the the results of several authors who indicate maize as one of
ownership of the chickens. According to [13], it is due to the raw materials most used in animal feed and especially in
socio-cultural considerations. However, our results are in poultry feed [6], followed by cotton and soybean cakes and
this contradicts the findings of [12], which concluded that fish meal in the three agro-ecological zones. It is also noted
56.6% of this activity was held by women. In reality, that lettuce, cabbage and onion leaves are used in poultry
women seem to be more involved in poultry farming as feed in the southernSudanian and Sudanian zones.
owners or managers of the family property held by the
husband. In addition, for security and cultural reasons, some The information obtained from the processing of data
women willingly declare their own property as their resulting from the characterization of health management
husbands'. (mortality rate according to the rearing period) is consistent
with that of [16], which explains it by a high mortality of
The strong predominance of chickens in the local chicks due to the lack of control of their rearing. Indeed, as
poultry population corroborates theresults of [12]; [24]; [11] biosecurity measures are not strictly applied, contamination
[18] and [5]. Guinea fowl come second in terms of numbers, is very recurrent and causes high mortality in the three agro-
as stated in [5], which finds that this situation mainly ecological zones, especially for local poultry. The breeding
concerns West and Central African countries such as Mali, of exotic chickens is more or less controlled.
Senegal, Togo and Benin, and Cameroon, in relatively
unsophisticated farming systems. The above points show the low profitabilityof extensive
livestock farming, which does not necessarily encourage the
The results of our analysis of phenotypic inflow of large sums of money. In the same way, the poor
characteristics (neck-cloaca length, tarsal length, height) are economic management due to the lack of training of these
in agreement with those published by [5] which states that breeders does not favor the extension of their activity. The
the growth of the chicken goes with the age. For the local sectors are not well organized economically.
chicken, it reaches its maturityat six (06) months of age.
The difficulties encountered are common to those
The elements that emerge from our analysis of the already found by other authors [21]; [27] which are
typology of the farms corroborate those of [5], which depict essentially the high cost, inaccessibility and unavailability of
a very low level of intensification in poultry farming, with poultryinputs such as raw materials which have seen a price
recourse to precarious shelters as rearing buildings; artisanal increase. The price of a ton of maize rose to 28,000 CFAF in
watering troughs and feeding troughs, generally made up of May 2021. The average cost of a kilogram of poultry feed
plates, or almost non-existent, with biosecurity measures has increased from 350FCFA in 2020 to 475FCFA in 2022.

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