Awareness On Sudden Volcanic

Volume 5, Issue 4, April – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Awareness on Sudden Volcanic

Eruptions through Infographics
Leslie Jamie C. Cobar
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences
University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
Abstract:- Infographics is one of the recently utilized A pre- and post-test was conducted in June 2018 using
information, education and communication material in ten (10) test questions about volcanic sudden eruptions and
disasters. As there have been an increasing number of countermeasures. Sixty (60) random samples from the
sudden volcanic eruptions and their hazardous impacts United States of America, 33 females and 27 males aged
on people, this research aims to explore infographics as 18-74 years old, were employed to answer tests using
an awareness tool for mitigation of sudden volcanic SurveyMonkey[2][4][5]. After answering the pre-test, the
eruptions. Comparison of pre- and post-test show the responders were tasked to read the infographics, then re-
significant improvement of scores of test-takers after take the examination. Out of the sixty (60), fifty-nine (59)
reading the infographics on the science of sudden had complete pre-test responses while, fifty-six (56) had
eruptions, statistics of events, risks and mitigation complete post-test responses. Comparison of pre- and post-
practices. test scores and test of significance by McNemar’s Test in
GNU PSPP software.
Keywords:- Awareness; Infographics; Sudden Eruptions,
Volcano. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
I. INTRODUCTION A. Pre-test and Post-test

Table 1a-b. shows the pre- and post-test answers for
Awareness and disaster communication are integral question 1: Volcanoes can erupt suddenly without prior
actions in terms of mitigation of disasters. As an warning. There was an increase in the “yes” respondents
information, education and communication (IEC) tool, from 76% in the pre-test to 100% in the post test.
infographics have been utilized as a tool to communicate
messages and provide awareness in various issues such as Table 2a-b. shows the pre- and post-test answers for
health and natural disasters[6]. Recently, sudden volcanic question 2: A small volcanic eruption can result to deaths
eruptions have been increasing as well as their impacts on and injuries. There was an increase in the “yes” respondents
people. Researches exist on awareness and communication from 95% in the pre-test to 100% in the post test.
of sudden volcanic hazards to the public[3]. However, the
effectiveness of infographics recent increasing number of Table 3a-b. shows the pre- and post-test answers for
sudden volcanic eruptions and their hazardous impacts on question 3: Disaster prevention information must be read
people, this research aims to explore infographics as an prior to hiking or visiting a volcano. Results for pre- and
awareness tool for mitigation of sudden volcanic eruptions. post-tests were similar with 98% “yes” respondents.
II. METHODOLOGY Table 4a-b. shows the pre- and post-test answers for
question 4: Evacuation maps and plans must be read and
Infographics as the study material for sudden remembered before hiking or visiting a volcano. There was
eruptions awareness was crafted in Canva, an online an increase in the “yes” respondents from 97% in the pre-
platform for graphic design and visualization. The test to 98% in the post test.
infographics were developed by considering the following
parameters: Table 5a-b. shows the pre- and post-test answers for
question 5: Evacuation shelters must be located before
A. Improvement of information on sudden volcanic hiking or visiting a volcano. There was an increase in the
eruptions (Appendix A.) “yes” respondents from 88% in the pre-test to 96% in the
 Science of sudden eruptions post test.
 Statistics of events
 Common risks for people Table 6a-b. shows the pre- and post-test answers for
question 6: One should not take photos close to a
B. Stressing the importance of countermeasures (Appendix “smoking” or “steaming” vent/crater of a volcano. There
B.) was an increase in the “yes” respondents from 62% in the
 Hardhat and proper equipment [1] pre-test to 96% in the post test.
 Shelters and evacuation plans
 Responsibility
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ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 7a-b. shows the pre- and post-test answers for ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
question 7: Proper equipment such as hiking boots, long-
sleeved shirt/jacket and long pants, must be worn when The author would like to thank the Japanese
hiking or visiting a volcano. There was an increase in the Government’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and
“yes” respondents from 93% in the pre-test to 98% in the Science and Technology for providing for the graduate
post test. school scholarship and support for field survey.
Table 8a-b. shows the pre- and post-test answers for REFERENCES
question 8: A hardhat must be worn before climbing or
visiting a volcano. There was an increase in the “yes” [1]. Baxter, P. and Gresham, A. (1997) Deaths and injuries
respondents from 54% in the pre-test to 86% in the post in the eruption of Galeras Volcano, Colombia, 14
test. January 1993. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research. 77(1-4): 325-338.
Table 9a-b. shows the pre- and post-test answers for [2]. Bramstedt, K., Ierna, B. and Woodcroft-Brown, V.
question 9: A social GPS application must be downloaded (2014) Using SurveyMonkey to teach safe social
before hiking or visiting a volcano so the authorities can media strategies to medical students in their clinical
monitor/control entrance and location of people for safety years. Communication and Medicine. 11(2): 117-124.
purposes. There was an increase in the “yes” respondents [3]. Fitzgerald R.H., Kennedy B.M., Wilson T.M.,
from 69% in the pre-test to 84% in the post test. Leonard G.S., Tsunematsu K., Keys H. (2017) The
Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic
B. Validation Ballistic Hazards. In: Fearnley C.J., Bird D.K.,
Tables 10a-b. show the cross-tabulation and test Haynes K., McGuire W.J., Jolly G. (eds) Observing
statistic for the pre- and post-tests of infographics on the Volcano World. Advances in Volcanology (An
sudden volcanic eruptions. The level of significance is at Official Book Series of the International Association
0.00 which indicates the intervention’s possibility as an of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior
effective tool for awareness on sudden volcanic eruption – IAVCEI, Barcelona, Spain). Springer, Cham
disasters. [4]. Symonds, E. (2011), “A practical application of
SurveyMonkey as a remote usability-testing tool”,
IV. CONCLUSION Library Hi Tech, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 436-445.
Retrieved from:
Infographics can be a useful and practical tool in https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108
terms of promoting awareness on sudden volcanic /07378831111174404/full/html
eruptions. Communication of specific hazards such as [5]. Waclawski, E. (2012) How I Use It: SurveyMonkey.
ballistics and proper countermeasures through the use of Occupational Medicine. 62(6): 477.
photos and short but critical messages can help responders [6]. World Health Organization (2017) Infographics:
and officials in mitigation of future sudden volcanic events. Health tips after natural disasters. Retrieved from:
https://www.who.int/mediacentre/infographic/hurrican
es/en/.
Table 1a:- Pre-Test Answers For Question 1.
Table 1b:- Post-Test Answers For Question 1.

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Tables 10a-b:- Cross-Tabulation And Test Statistic
APPENDIX A. INFOGRAPHICS WITH REFINED INFORMATION ON SUDDEN ERUPTIONS
Fig 1
Fig 2

ISSN No:-2456-2165
Fig 3
Fig 4

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APPENDIX B. INFOGRAPHICS STRESSING THE IMPORTANCE OF COUNTERMEASURES
Fig 5
Fig 6

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Fig 7
Fig 8

Awareness On Sudden Volcanic

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Volume 5, Issue 4, April – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

Awareness on Sudden Volcanic

I. INTRODUCTION A. Pre-test and Post-test

IJISRT20APR900 www.ijisrt.com 1302

Table 1a:- Pre-Test Answers For Question 1.

Table 1b:- Post-Test Answers For Question 1.

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Table 2a:- Pre-Test Answers For Question 2.

Table 2b:- Post-Test Answers For Question 2.

Table 3a:- Pre-Test Answers For Question 3.

Table 3b:- Post-Test Answers For Question 3.

Table 4a:- Pre-Test Answers For Question 4.

Table 4b:- Post-Test Answers For Question 4.

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Table 5a:- Pre-Test Answers For Question 5.

Table 5b:- Post-Test Answers For Question 5.

Table 6a:- Pre-Test Answers For Question 6.

Table 6b:- Post-Test Answers For Question 6.

Table 7a:- Pre-Test Answers For Question 7.

Table 7b:- Post-Test Answers For Question 7.

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Table 8a:- Pre-Test Answers For Question 8.

Table 8b:- Post-Test Answers For Question 8.

Table 9a:- Pre-Test Answers For Question 9.

Table 9b:- Post-Test Answers For Question 9.

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Tables 10a-b:- Cross-Tabulation And Test Statistic

APPENDIX A. INFOGRAPHICS WITH REFINED INFORMATION ON SUDDEN ERUPTIONS

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