Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Geographic Information System of Dental Caries

Management (Sig-Mkg) to Improve the Quality of
Information in Dental and Oral Health Services in
Puskesmas
Luci Fitriyanti*)¹) Rasipin3
Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang
Dental Therapist and Hygienist Tirto Agung Rd., Semarang
Tirto Agung Rd., Semarang Jawa Tengah 50268, Indonesia Jawa Tengah 50268, Indonesia

Bedjo Santoso2 Diyah Fatmasari4

Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang
Tirto Agung Rd., Semarang Jawa Tengah 50268, Indonesia Tirto Agung Rd., Semarang Jawa Tengah 50268, Indonesia

Masrifan Djamil5
Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang
Tirto Agung Rd., Semarang Jawa Tengah 50268, Indonesia

Abstract Conclusion.
Background. It can be concluded that The application of SIG-MKG
The program to reduce the development of dental caries provides a significant improvement in the behavior of
in elementary school children has not been optimal. So Dental and Oral Therapists in the application of SIG-
far, the reporting mechanism of the inspection results is MKG, the quality of dental caries management, as well as
still manual so that the resulting data is inaccurate and the quality of data and information compared to before.
incomplete. The dental caries management geographic
information system (SIG-MKG) provides dental caries Keywords:- Dental Caries Management, Geographic
distribution data in support of effective and targeted Information Systems.
handling.
Purpose of Study. I. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this research is to produce a decent SIG-
MKG and its application effectively improve the behavior Dental and oral health in Indonesia needs serious
of dental and oral therapists, the quality of dental caries attention because a lot of people in Indonesia suffer from
management, and the quality of data and information. dental and oral diseases.[1] Common dental and oral health
Methods. problems include dental caries and periodontal disease.
The methods used are Research and Development and School-age children are a vulnerable group of dental health
pre-experimental design method. Respondents numbered disorders that need more attention.[2]
30 to assess the behavior (knowledge, attitude, and action)
of Dental and Oral Therapists in the application of SIG- There are 35% Dental and oral health problems that
MKG, the quality of dental caries management, and the occurred in elementary school children in Southeast Asia in
quality of data and information. Data tested using paired 2015.[3] Riskesdas data in 2018 stated that 57.60% of people
different tests, proportion tests, and regression tests. in Indonesia have dental and oral health problems.[4] The
Results. proportion of Indonesians according to Riskesdas in 2018 was
Expert validation test on SIG-MKG obtained an average 92.60% having dental caries problems in the five to nine year
feasibility of 97.23%. Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, age group.[4] The Global Burden of Disease Study (2016)
and actions after treatment increased significantly reports that permanent dental caries are included in one of the
compared to before (p=<0.001, p=0.032, and p=<0.001, diseases with the largest prevalence in various countries at
respectively). Quality of dental caries management and 95.00%.[5]
Quality of data and information improved significantly
after treatment (p=<0.001). Behavior affects Dental School-age children are one of the groups that are
Caries Management Quality and Quality of data and vulnerable to dental caries because they still have less
information (p=<0.001). knowledge of dental caries.[6] The results of the National

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Dental Health Survey 2015-2016 on 3500 children there are Presentation of spatial data forms can effectively be used by
3410 children who need care in terms of dental health. The policy makers in decision making.[16]
survey showed that about 73.90% of children have untreated
dental caries.[6] The high number of dental caries in children The model that researchers developed provides an
will hinder the development of the child so as to decrease the application to monitor and evaluate the spread of dental caries
level of intelligence of the child, even in the long term will events in certain regions online so that it can be accessed by
have an impact on the quality of life of the community.[6] policy makers and the general public anytime and anywhere.
This developed system is expected to assist relevant agencies
The Government of Indonesia has attempted to early in supporting effective and more targeted handling. This
detect dental caries through a child health screening program system is also expected to assist and facilitate relevant
to reduce the incidence of dental caries and reduce the agencies in conveying information related to dental caries to
development of dental caries in school children.[7, 8] The the general public.
program goes hand in hand with dental caries management
where each caries lesion is examined to determine the stage II. METHODS
of further caries then the results of the examination are
utilized in the prevention and promotion of dental caries This type of research is Research and Development. R
health program.[7] &D steps with reference to Borg &Gall (1983) by Sugiyono
(2013) among others first collect information on the resource
Coverage of primary school dental health networking in person as material to design the model build, design a model
Temanggung District in 2018 amounted to 99.67%, but only using the method Rappid Aplication Development (RAD)
7,129 students received treatment from a total of 18,008 then in the validation test experts by IT experts, health
students still needing treatment.[9] It can be concluded that promotion experts, and dental and oral health management
there is no reciprocity of health workers in the mechanism of experts, the next step is product trials using pre-experimental
reporting the results of the examination to the parents of the design methods with the design of One Group Pre -Post Test.
child for follow-up health services.[10]
This research was conducted at the puskesmas work
The reporting system of children's dental health area of the Temanggung health office in December 2020 until
management in Cipaku Health Center is limited to there January 2021. Respondents numbered 30 Dental and Oral
are/not cavities and wobbly teeth only.[11] This causes the Therapists to assess the behavior (knowledge, attitudes, and
quality of the examination data to be inaccurate, so the actions) of dental and oral therapists as well as the quality of
available information cannot be communicated to the parents data and information. Model test result data is tested using
of the student and there will be potential decision-making paired different tests, proportion tests, and regression tests.
errors by healthcare officers/providers in preventive
efforts.[12] III. RESULTS

Improved aspects of input, process, and output are Validation of experts against three people, namely
required in the quality of dental caries management with dental and oral health promotion experts, dental and oral
effective management through an ongoing process of early health management experts, and information technology
detection of dental caries, diagnosis of existing caries lesions experts Validation test results as follows:
at the dental level, and assessment of caries activity and risk.
This synergizes in recording, planning, implementing, Table 1. SIG-MKG Expert Validation Results
monitoring and evaluating the prevention of dental caries as No. Expert Score p-Value*
early as possible.[13] This will result in complete and 1. information
continuous dental caries history data in the needs of complete 92.90%
technology experts
and comprehensive services, especially in school 2. dental and oral
children.[14] health promotion 98.80% 0.012
experts
The fungsion of Provision of health information in the 3. dental and oral
web-based reporting system by puskesmas at this time, is still health management 100.0%
not optimal because the presentation of data is still semi- experts
automatic limited in the form of tables and graphs, while the *Interclass Correlation Coefficient
presentation of information based on regional maps has not
resulted in delays in Monitoring The Local Area.[15] The The results of the system feasibility assessment of the
description of the problem as the basis of thinking on the expert validator known p-Value of 0.012 show that SIG-
need for the development of geographic-based information MKG is relevant and feasible as a geographic-based
systems to support the presentation of geographic data in information system in the system of recording and reporting
conveying health information. dental caries incidents of elementary school children.

Utilization of Geographic Information System (GIS) in

the field of health is one of the methods to present or
visualize tabular data into health-related information.

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 2. Data Normality Test Results Before and After application of SIG-MKG was greater than before the
SIG-MKG Administration application of SIG-MKG with an increase of 1.44. Thus it can
Variable p-Value* be concluded that SIG-MKG provides benefits that further
Pretest Knowledge 0.100 improve attitudes in the behavior of Dental and Oral
Posttest Knowledge 0.022 Therapists.
Pretest attitude 0.072 Utilization of geographic-based information systems is
Posttest attitude <0.001 believed to be useful and assist users in obtaining
Pretest action 0.003 information. Trust in information technology that users
Posttest action <0.001 provide high value due to the inherent characteristics of the
Pretest Quality of data and information <0.001 system and assessment of the extent to which the system is
Posttest Quality of data and information 0.043 trusted to meet the needs according to their duties[19].
Pretest Quality of dental caries <0.001
management Table 5. Results of Actions Analysis Before And After The
Application of SIG-MKG
Posttest Quality of dental caries
0.018 Variable Mean±SD Delta (∆)±SD p-Value*
management
Action
*Shapiro-Wilk
Pretest 4.27±1.05 2.36±1.90 <0.001
Normality test results based on the table above show Posttest 6.63±0.61
pretest and posttest data of each variable is not normally *Wilcoxon
distributed (p<0.005), then the next analysis test using Non-
Parametric analysis is Wilcoxon test. The results of the analysis of actions before and after
the application of SIG-MKG showed the application of SIG-
Table 3. Results of Knowledge Analysis Before and After MKG effectively improved the action than before. This is
SIG-MKG Implementation proven by a significance value of less than 0.001. Based on
the average value is also known that the value of action after
Variable Mean±SD Delta (∆)±SD p-Value*
the application of SIG-MKG is greater than before the
Knowledge
application of SIG-MKG with an increase of 2.36. So it can
Pretest 3.67±1.45 4.23±2.89 <0.001
be concluded that the application of SIG-MKG effectively
Posttest 7.90±1.58
improves the action in the performance of Dental and Oral
*Wilcoxon
Therapists.
Wilcoxon test results in the table above show the
These results support research by Puri (2017) that
application of SIG-MKG effectively improves knowledge
utilizing information technology can facilitate human
from before as evidenced by the significance value of < 0.05.
resources in improving performance effectiveness [20]. In
The average result showed that the value after the application
this case, the utilization of information technology in its
of SIG-MKG was greater than before the application of SIG-
implementation is able to change the way employees view in
MKG with an increase of 4.23. This suggests that the
all work that was done manually while now can be done
application of SIG-MKG provides benefits that further
automatically [21].
enhance knowledge in the behavior of Dental and Oral
Therapists.
Table 6. Results of Quality Data and information Analysis
before and after the implementation of SIG-MKG
The effectiveness of information systems is closely
Variable Mean±SD Delta (∆)±SD p-Value*
related to the increasing competence of human resources
because the use of information technology encourages one in Quality of
understanding a thing where knowing and understanding a data and
information
particular object is the output of the process of one's 7.37±6.63 <0.001
Pretest 46.83±2.20
sensing[17, 18].
Posttest 54.20±5.11
Table 4. Results of Attitude Analysis Before and After *Wilcoxon
SIG-MKG Implementation
Delta (∆)±SD The results showed that the p-value of data quality and
Variable Mean±SD p-Value*
information before and after the application of SIG-MKG
Attitude
amounted to less than <0.001 less than 0.05. This means that
Pretest 15.33±1,81 1.44±2.21 0.032
there are differences in the effectiveness of data and
Posttest 16.77±2,27
information quality before and after the provision of SIG-
*Wilcoxon
MKG. The average value also shows that the value of data
quality and information after the implementation of SIG-
The table shows that the p-value in the attitude before
MKG is greater than before the implementation of SIG-MKG
and after the application of SIG-MKG is 0.032 which is
with an increase of 7.37. This means that the implementation
smaller than 0.05. This shows there is a difference in attitude
of SIG-MKG provides more effective and efficient benefits in
improvement before and after the administration of SIG-
the presentation of data and information compared to
MKG. The average value showed an attitude after the
previous systems. The use of this new system presents data

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 Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
and information that can be utilized by users. health networking and child health. Dental caries
management consists of early detection of dental caries,
The utilization of information technology significantly diagnosis of dental caries, and risk assessment of dental
affects the reliability of reporting to produce quality reports, caries.
the quality of employees involved in the preparation of
reports must understand and understand about the processes Detection of dental caries is one way to know the early
and implementation carried out in accordance with applicable signs of the occurrence of dental caries. The use of an
guidelines[22]. automated code system based on an information system can
make it easier for medical personnel to plan people's dental
Table 7. Effect of Behavior on Data and Information needs.[28]
Quality
Variable p-Value* The use of information technology in the diagnosis of
Knowledge dental caries can facilitate officers in decision making. This is
Attitude <0.001 in line with research by Arfajsyah, et al (2018) that mobile-
Action based dental caries diagnosis application as a tool for early
* linear regression diagnosis of dental and oral diseases.[29] In this case, the
utilization of information systems plays an important role in
The above results show that partially or individually the decision-making process so that it needs relevant
knowledge, attitudes, and actions affect the quality of data information according to the needs of an organization.[30]
and information. This is proven by a p-value smaller than
0.05. Dental caries risk assessment based on information
system is effective in the delivery of information because the
It proves that a person's behavior and the use of information system can provide benefits and understanding of
information technology have a positive effect on the quality the picture of dental caries risk factors so that the resulting
of the report [23]. In this case, the underlying human resource information can be used by the user to support the right
competency of a person achieves high performance [24]. decision making.[31]

Quality report results are relevant, reliable, comparable, Table 9. Effect of Behavior on Dental Caries Management
and understandable depending on competent human resources Variable p-Value*
judging by educational background, skills, and training [25]. Knowledge
The higher the quality of an apparatus in terms of educational Attitude <0.001
background, understanding its roles and responsibilities, Action
participating in training skills related to tasks will improve * linear regression
the reliability of reports in providing information[26].
The results of the influence test showed that partially or
Table 8. Quality Analysis of Dental Caries Management individually knowledge, attitude, and actions influenced the
Before and After The Implementation of SIG-MKG quality of dental caries management. This is evidenced by a
Variable Mean±SD Delta (∆)±SD p-Value* p-value smaller than 0.05.
Quality of data
and 31.67±3.04 These results show that with high knowledge, good
information 37.60±3.36 attitude, and good action is able to improve the management
Pretest 5.93±5.64 <0.001 of dental caries. this is because the performance management
system will succeed if the human resource capacity is able to
Posttest understand, analyze, and utilize the available information so
*Wilcoxon as to encourage their spirit of work.[32]

Overall, the p-value on the questionnaire's before and Product.

after total score was less than 0.001 < 0.05. This indicates The result product is one of the innovations to overcome
that there is a more effective application of SIG-MKG to the the problems faced by health workers, especially Dental and
quality of dental caries management. Overall the score Oral Therapists in monitoring and evaluating the incidence of
showed that the value after SIG-MKG administration was dental caries and optimizing the reporting of dental caries
higher than before sig-mkg administration with an increase of data in a particular region.
5.93 which means that SIG-MKG provides more effective
and efficient benefits to the quality of dental caries
management.

Management information system has the benefit of

providing information to support the planning, control,
evaluation and continuous improvement process.[27] In this
case, dental caries management information system can
support the recording and reporting of dental caries on dental

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
007 Sungai Pinang Samarinda. Jurnal Kesehatan Pasak
Bumi Kalimantan, 2020. 2(2): p. 60-69.
[7]. Kanehira, T., et al., The ICDAS (International Caries
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[8]. Sukarsih, S., A. Silfia, and M. Muliadi, Perilaku dan
Keterampilan Menyikat Gigi terhadap Timbulnya
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[9]. Temanggung, D.K., Profil kesehatan kab. temanggung
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Figure 1. Results of Dental Caries Data Distribution from [10]. Susana, A., Manajemen Kesehatan Peserta Didik
SIG-MKG Sekolah Dasar Di Kota Sukabumi: Studi Kasus di SDN
Surya Kencana CBM, SDN Dewi Sartika CBM, dan
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(student data and dental caries test results). SIG-MKG can [11]. Haryati, A., L. Muchlisoh, and R. Hidana, Gambaran
support the acceleration of the receipt of information on Standar Pelayanan Minimal Penjaringan Kesehatan
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