Volume 5, Issue 12, December – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Relevance of Improvised Manual Foot Pump in

Instruction Delivery of Motor Vehicle Mechanics in
Technical Colleges in Rivers State
1
Amaechi, Onwuakalaegbule Joseph (PhD) & 2Ochogba, Chukwumela Obulor
1
Department of Industrial Technical Education
Ignatius Ajuru University of Education
2
Department of Vocational and Technology Education
Rivers State University

Abstract:- This study examined the relevance of I. INTRODUCTION

improvised manual foot pump in instruction delivery of
motor vehicle mechanics in technical colleges in Rivers The achievement of technology related goals has put
State. Specifically, this study sought to examine the most countries on their toes. As a very important tool for
relevance of improvised manual foot pump in instruction development, Nigeria as a country has keyed into
delivery of two strokes automotive engine and strengthening its educational system to achieve a technology
lubrication system in technical colleges in Rivers State. driven economy. This is evident with the introduction of
This study adopted descriptive survey design. The technical colleges in the country. Ogunmilade (2017)
population of this study comprised 29 motor vehicle described technical college as secondary institutions where
mechanics teachers and 16 motor vehicle mechanics individuals are trained to acquire skills, knowledge and
instructors in technical colleges in Rivers State. The attitudes required for either employment or for self-reliance.
population was manageable and was used for the study, Similarly, Ochogba and Ordu (2019) described technical
therefore, there was no sampling method adopted. Two college as an institution that prepares individuals with
objectives were formulated, answered and tested at .05 vocational skills relevant for employment, self-reliance or
level of significance. The instrument used for this study for admission into tertiary institutions.
was a survey questionnaire. The instrument was face
validated by two experts in the Department of Consequently, technical college students are trained in
Vocational and Technical Education in Ignatius Ajuru different skills such as motor vehicle mechanics, woodwork,
University of Education, Port-Harcourt and it was tested plumbing, computer craft, mechanical trades, radio,
for reliability using Cronbach Alpha Reliability television (RTV) and electronics works, electrical
Coefficient method. A reliability value of .93 was installation and maintenance (Ede, Miller & Bakare, 2010).
obtained. Mean with Standard Deviation were used to Similarly, Joseph, Makinde and Yakubu (2018) asserts that
answer the research questions while t-test statistical tools technical colleges train craftsmen and master craftsmen
was used to test the hypotheses. This study found among in building construction, Radio, Television and Electronic
others that the use of locally fabricated manual foot works, Electrical Installation, Motor Vehicle Mechanics
pump will facilitate the teaching of parts of piston, (MVM), Plumbing and Pipe fitting, Carpentry and
feature of cylinder, piston movement, top dead center Joinery, Painting and Decorating, Welding and
and bottom dead center, strokes, among others. It could Fabrication, Cabinet Making amongst others.
also facilitate the teaching of suction and discharge
thereby captivating the interest of students to learn However, these skills are relevant for human
Motor vehicle mechanics which is seen as abstract development through employment or self-reliance which is
subject. Therefore, it was recommended that manual the aim of establishing technical colleges in the country but
foot pump should be fabricated by students so that it this study focuses on Motor vehicle mechanics. Abd-El-Aziz
could be used for teaching two strokes automotive (2013) described Motor Vehicle Mechanics as trade
engines for effective instruction delivery. programmes in technical colleges which involves the
application of scientific knowledge in the design, selection
Keywords:- Instruction delivery, Manual foot pump, Motor of materials, construction, operation and maintenance of
vehicle mechanics, Technical College. automobiles. In this context, Motor Vehicle Mechanics
could be described as a trade in technical college that is
designed to equip individuals with automobile skills relevant
for the repair and production of automobile and its parts.

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Volume 5, Issue 12, December – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Basically, the goal of Motor Vehicle Mechanics be described as a machine that is locally designed to move
subject in Nigerian technical colleges is to produce water from one place to another without the use of
competent vehicle mechanics with sound knowledge that electricity. There are many different types of manual pump
should be able to diagnose and carryout repairs and/or available, mainly operating on a piston, diaphragm or rotary
maintenance on all types of Diesel and Petrol Vehicles vane principle with a check valve on the entry and exit ports
(Nigeria Board for Technical Education in Fadairo, 2009). to the chamber operating in opposing directions. Most
Similarly, NBTE (cited in Abd-El-Azziz, 2013) stated that pumps are either piston pumps or plunder pumps and are
Motor Vehicle Mechanics trade programme/training in positive displacement (Hills, 1996).
Nigerian technical college education was planned to produce
craftsmen and master craftsmen who should be competent The description of manual pump depicts two stroke
and skilful to carryout routine services and repair all types of automotive engines which mean that it could be used for
vehicles. instruction delivery of two strokes automotive engine. As
the name implies, the two stroke engine only requires two
The curriculum of motor vehicle mechanics in pistons movements (one cycle) in order to generate power
Technical Colleges and Senior Secondary Schools (Alturki, 2017). The engine is able to produce power after
encompasses five components namely; general education one cycle because the exhaust and intake of the gas occurs
subjects, trade, theory, related studies and workshop simultaneously (Wu, 2007). According to Wodi (2005), two
practice. This is to achieve the aim and goals of motor strokes engines operate on the principle of suction and
vehicle mechanics. exhaust. It takes air-fuel mixture through suction and then
does work with it and exhaust the mixture through the
Consequently, instructional delivery of motor vehicle exhaust pipe. From the foregoing, it could be seen that
mechanics, which is the same as teaching of motor vehicle manual pump operates like the two strokes automotive
mechanics in technical colleges, is different from the general engines, hence, a locally constructed foot pump can be used
type of education. Akaninwor (2006) described teaching as in teaching a class. Therefore, the researcher deemed it fit to
the conscious and diligent effort by a matured or examine the relevance of improvised manual foot pump in
experienced person to impact information, knowledge, skill instruction delivery of motor vehicle mechanics in technical
and attitude to an immature person, with the intention that colleges in Rivers State.
the learner will learn or come to believe what he had been
taught on good ground. This is to say that for teaching and  Purpose of the Study
learning to take place, there must be a teacher and a learner. This study examined the relevance of improvised
Also, the teacher will have to make use of resources that manual foot pump in instruction delivery of motor vehicle
could aid the exercise. In the case of motor vehicle mechanics in technical colleges in Rivers State. Specifically,
mechanics, the teaching process is practical based which this study sought to:
requires the use of facilities like machines and tools for 1. Ascertain the relevance of improvised manual foot pump
learning to be effective. This means that the required in instruction delivery of two strokes automotive engines
facilities for teaching motor vehicle mechanics have to be in technical colleges in Rivers State.
available in order to achieve the aims of teaching. 2. Examine the relevance of improvised manual foot pump
in instruction delivery of lubrication system in technical
Unfortunately, there have been serious complaints colleges in Rivers State.
about the neglect of educational system and the worst of it
all is technical colleges which is evident in the absence of  Research Questions
facilities that could aid teaching. Based on this, motor 1. What is the relevance of improvised manual foot pump
vehicle mechanics teachers mostly resort to the use of in instruction delivery of two strokes automotive engines
chalkboard and lifeless engines in teaching. According to in technical colleges in Rivers State?
National Board for Technical and Business (NABTEB) 2. What is the relevance of improvised manual foot pump
May/June Chief examiners’ report in Oyenuga (2010), the in instruction delivery of lubrication system in technical
use of chalkboard in teaching practical related subjects in colleges in Rivers State?
technical colleges account for the poor performance of
students in motor vehicle mechanics in the National  Hypotheses
Technical Certificate Examination in recent years. The following null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level
of significance
Consequently, motor vehicle mechanics teachers are 1. There is no significant difference in the mean responses
expected to improvise, which means that they are to source of MVM teachers and MVM instructors in Rivers State
for local materials or design anything that can function like on the relevance of improvised manual foot pump in
an engine or serve as instructional material. For instance, instruction delivery of two strokes automotive engines in
Ashiedu, Nwaoha and Izelu (2016) designed manual pump technical colleges in Rivers State.
and found that it is useful for agrarian in rural communities 2. There is no significant difference in the mean responses
and also for teaching. Pump as a machine that is used to of MVM teachers and MVM instructors in Rivers State
move gases and liquids by applying pressure greater than on the relevance of improvised manual foot pump in
those of the gases or liquids (Nneji, Okon, Nwachukwu, instruction delivery of lubrication system in technical
David & Ogbuanya, 2010). Therefore, manual pump could colleges in Rivers State

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Volume 5, Issue 12, December – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
II. METHODOLOGY  Validation of the Instrument
The instrument was face validated by two experts in
 Design of the Study the Department of Vocational and Technical Education in
The study adopted a descriptive survey research Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port-Harcourt. The
design. According to Nworgu in Nwankwo (2013), instrument was validated in reference to: wordings, sentence
descriptive surveys are studies which aim at collecting data construction/construct, ambiguity, appropriateness and
for the purpose of describing systematically the relevance.
characteristics, features and facts about a given population.
The present study is a descriptive survey because the  Reliability of the Instrument
researcher collected data from MVM teachers and The reliability of the instrument was established using
instructors in technical colleges in Rivers State in order to Cronbach Alpha Reliability Coefficient method for a
ascertain the relevance of improvised manual foot pump in measure of internal consistency of the instrument. Copies of
instruction delivery of motor vehicle mechanics in technical the instrument were administered to 6 motor vehicle
colleges in Rivers State. mechanics teachers and instructors in Bayelsa State using
purposive sampling method. The data obtained from these
 Population of the Study respondents were used to compute the reliability. The
The population of the study comprised all the motor coefficient value obtained was .93 which was used to judge
vehicle mechanics teachers and instructors in the four the reliability of the instrument and was considered high
technical colleges in Rivers State which comprised enough for the study.
Government Technical College Port Harcourt, Ahoada,  Administration of the Instrument
Tombia and Ele-Ogu. As at the time of the study, there was Copies of the instrument were administered directly to
an estimated population of 29 motor vehicle mechanics the respondents by the researchers. All the instruments
teachers and 16 motor vehicle mechanics instructors in the administered were retrieved and used for data analysis.
four colleges in Rivers State.
 Method of Data Analysis
 Sample and Sampling Technique Mean and Standard Deviation were used to answer the
The total population of 29 MVM teachers and 16 research questions while t-test was used to test the
MVM instructors was manageable. Basically, the entire hypotheses at .05 level of significance. Mean values less
population was used for the study; hence, it was a census than 3.00 were rejected, while Mean values equal or greater
study whereby the entire population was used without than 3.00 were accepted. Also, t-cal less than t-crit were
sampling. Therefore, there was no sampling method used for accepted meaning there was no significant difference in the
the study. mean responses of the two groups, while t-cal greater than t-
crit were rejected meaning there was a significant difference
 Research Instrument in the mean responses of the two groups.
The instrument for the study was a survey
questionnaire titled “Relevance of the use of Manual Foot III. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS
Pump in Instruction Delivery of Motor Vehicle Mechanics
(RMFPIDMVM). The questionnaire was structured in the  Research Question 1
pattern of 5 point Likert rating scale of Strongly Agree (SA- What is the relevance of improvised manual foot pump
5), Agree (A-4), Undecided (U-3), Disagree (D-2) and in instruction delivery of two strokes automotive engines in
Strongly Disagreed (SD-1). technical colleges in Rivers State?

Table 1: Mean Scores on the Relevance of Improvised Manual Foot Pump in Instruction Delivery of Two Strokes
Automotive Engines in Technical Colleges
MVM teachers (n1=29) MVM instructors (n2=16) DF=43
S/N Relevance SD1 Decision SD2 Decision
1 x 2 x
1 It is used to teach the parts of pistons 3.06 .85 Agree 3.25 .92 Agree
2 It is used to teach the nature of cylinder 3.17 .83 Agree 3.19 .92 Agree
3 It facilitates the teaching of piston movement 3.14 .75 Agree 3.06 .87 Agree
4 It enhances the teaching of swept volume 3.11 .94 Agree 3.10 .94 Agree
5 It is used to teach top dead center 3.17 .83 Agree 3.13 .88 Agree
6 Ensures the teaching of bottom dead center 3.03 1.01 Agree 3.14 .89 Agree
7 It is used to teach strokes in two stroke engines 3.14 .94 Agree 3.19 1.0 Agree
2
8 Makes it easier for teacher to teach complete revolution of two 3.02 1.08 Agree 3.00 .98 Agree
stroke engine
9 It is used to teach the constitutes of two strokes engines such as the 3.19 .87 Agree 3.11 1.0 Agree
material used for its production 2
10 It makes it possible for students to understand lubrication of pistons 3.25 .72 Agree 3.03 1.0 Agree

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Volume 5, Issue 12, December – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
1
11 It facilitates the teaching of connecting rod 3.25 .83 Agree 3.19 .92 Agree
Total 3.14 .88 3.13 .94
Source: Field Survey, 2020

Table 1 on relevance of improvised manual foot pump homogeneity. This finding is in line with Ashiedu, Nwaoha
in instruction delivery of two strokes automotive engines in and Izelu (2016) that designed manual pump and found that
technical colleges in Rivers State shows that MVM teachers it is useful for agrarian in rural communities and for
and instructors agreed that all the items highlighted are teaching.
relevance of improvised manual foot pump in instruction
delivery of two strokes automotive engine. This is based on  Research Question 2
the grand mean scores of 3.14 and 3.13 respectively, which What is the relevance of improvised manual foot pump
is above 3.00 stated as the acceptable mean. Also, the in instruction delivery of lubrication system in technical
closeness in the standard deviation of the two groups shows colleges in Rivers State?

Table 2: Mean Scores on the Relevance of Improvised Manual Foot Pump in Instruction Delivery of Lubrication System
in Technical Colleges
MVM teachers (n1=29) MVM instructors (n2=16) DF=43
S/N Relevance SD1 Decision SD2 Decision
1 x 2 x
12 It exposes students to the principle of 3.19 1.02 Agree 3.14 .94 Agree
suction
13 It exposes student to the principle of 3.30 .81 Agree 3.00 .98 Agree
discharge
14 Students will have the understanding of the 3.03 1.01 Agree 3.03 .92 Agree
lubrication of engine in stroke engine
15 It motivates students to learn lubrication 3.00 1.03 Agree 3.13 .94 Agree
system
16 It makes the teaching of lubrication easier 3.00 1.08 Agree 3.06 .87 Agree
17 It makes the lesson more enjoyable 3.14 .89 Agree 3.03 1.01 Agree
18 It captivates the interest of students in 3.08 .76 Agree 3.14 .89 Agree
lubrication system
Total 3.11 .94 3.08 .94
Source: Field Survey, 2020

Table 2 on relevance of improvised manual foot pump that designed manual pump and found that it is useful for
in instruction delivery of lubrications system in technical agrarian in rural communities and for teaching.
colleges in Rivers State shows that MVM teachers and
instructors agreed that all the items highlighted are relevance  Hypothesis 1
of improvised manual foot pump in instruction delivery of There is no significant difference in the mean
lubrication system. This is based on the grand mean scores responses of MVM teachers and MVM instructors in Rivers
of 3.11 and 3.08 respectively, which is above 3.00 stated as State on the relevance of improvised manual foot pump in
the acceptable mean. Also, the closeness in the standard instruction delivery of two strokes automotive engines in
deviation of the two groups shows homogeneity. This technical colleges in Rivers State.
finding is in line with Ashiedu, Nwaoha and Izelu (2016)

Table 3: t-Test for Relevance of Improvised Manual Foot Pump in Instruction Delivery of Two Strokes Automotive
Engines
Category n SD DF t-cal t-crit Remark
x
MVM Teachers 29 3.14 .88
43 .03 2.00 Not Significant
MVM Instructors 16 3.13 94

Table 3 shows that MVM teachers mean and standard Thus, there was no significant difference in the mean
deviation scores were 3.14 and .88 respectively, while responses of MVM teachers and MVM instructors in Rivers
MVM instructors mean and standard deviation scores were State on the relevance of improvised manual foot pump in
3.13 and .94 respectively. The t-cal value was .03, while the instruction delivery of two strokes automotive engines in
t-crit was 2.00 with DF = 43 at .05 level of significance for technical colleges in Rivers State.
two tailed test. This result shows that t-cal was less than t-
crit, which means that the null hypothesis was accepted.

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Volume 5, Issue 12, December – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Hypothesis 2 State on the relevance of improvised manual foot pump in
There is no significant difference in the mean instruction delivery of lubrication system in technical
responses of MVM teachers and MVM instructors in Rivers colleges in Rivers State.

Table 4: t-Test for Relevance of Improvised Manual Foot Pump in Instruction Delivery of Lubrication System
Category n SD DF t-cal t-crit Remark
x
MVM Teachers 29 3.11 .94
43 .10 2.00 Not Significant
MVM Instructors 16 3.08 94

Table 4 shows that MVM teachers mean and standard [2]. Akaninwor, G.I.K. (2006). A hand book on research
deviation scores were 3.11 and .94 respectively, while methods and statistics: paradigms in education,
MVM instructors mean and standard deviation scores were science and technology. Port Harcourt: Wilson
3.08 and .94 respectively. The t-cal value was .10, while the Publishing.
t-crit was 2.00 with DF = 43 at .05 level of significance for [3]. Alturki, E. (2017). Four-stroke and two-stroke marine
two tailed test. This result shows that t-cal was less than t- engines comparison and application. International
crit, which means that the null hypothesis was accepted. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications,
Thus, there was no significant difference in the mean 07(04), 49-56.
responses of MVM teachers and MVM instructors in Rivers [4]. Ashiedu, F.I., Nwaoha, T.C. & Izelu, C.O. (2016).
State on the relevance of improvised manual foot pump in Design and development of a manual pump for
instruction delivery of lubrication system in technical agrarian communities. International Journal of
colleges in Rivers State. Current Research, 8(3), 27378-27382.
[5]. Ede, E.O., Miller, I.O. & Bakare, J.A. (2010). Work
IV. CONCLUSIONS skills improvements needs of graduates of technical
colleges in machine shop practices for demand driven
Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded employment in south west zone of contemporary
that improvised manual foot pump that is locally fabricated Nigeria. Nigeria Vocational Association Journal,
to serve as liquid pumping machine for flood victims can 15(1), 18-27.
also be used in the classroom especially in Motor Vehicle [6]. Fadairo, O.O. (2009). Strategies for improving the
Mechanics for the teaching of two strokes automotive interest of automobile technology students in technical
engine and lubrication system. The use of this locally colleges in Ogun State. A thesis presented to the
fabricated pump will facilitate the teaching of parts of department to vocational teacher education, University
piston, feature of cylinder, piston movement, top dead center of Nigeria, Nsukka
and bottom dead center, strokes, among others. It could also [7]. Hill, D.R. (1996). A history of engineering in classical
facilitate the teaching of suction and discharge thereby and medieval times. London: Routledge
captivating the interest of students to learn Motor vehicle [8]. Joseph, Z. Makinde, A.A. & Yakubu, S. (2018).
mechanics which is seen as abstract subject. Competency needs of radio, television and electronics
works teachers for effective teaching in technical
RECOMMENDATIONS colleges, northern states of Nigeria. Multidisciplinary
Journal of Science, Technology and Vocational
Based on the findings, the following recommendations Education, 6(1), 20-31.
were made: [9]. Nneji, G.N., Okon, E.J., Nwachukwu, V.C., David,
1. Considering the situation of some technical colleges with N.A. & Ogbuanya, T.C. (2010). Basic technology for
regards to poor facilities for teaching, manual foot pump junior secondary schools. Lagos: Longman Nigeria Plc
should be fabricated by students so that it could be used [10]. Ochogba, C.O. & Ordu, C.N. (2019). Techniques for
for teaching two strokes automotive engines for effective enhancing students’ participation in automobile
instruction delivery. mechanical works in technical colleges in Rivers State,
2. In teaching lubrication system, manual foot pump should Nigeria. International Journal of Research and
be used by teachers to explain the principle of suction Innovation in Social Science, III(V), 220-224.
and discharge for effective instruction delivery. [11]. Ogunmilade, O.J. (2017). Core skills required by
graduates of motor vehicle mechanic work for
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