Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Integration of RFID Technology: A Covid-19 Contact

Tracing Method for Health Security
Rainer P. Buo1, Rochelle Catria C. Dellosa2, Harmon Jade F. Geronimo3, Gleianne Joice O. Lequin 4, Fareed Khalid Jamil T.
Kohail5 & Elisa F. Grampil6
Philippine State College of Aeronautics, Pasay City, Philippines

Abstract:- In this pandemic, it is common knowledge for Force (IATF) planned to recommend an extension to the
every establishment, institution, and community that Office of the President the last week of April 2021 (CNN
contact tracing plays a crucial role in containing the Philippines Staff, 2021). Preferably, during these times of
COVID- 19 virus. This is where the integration of radio quarantine the government conducted contact tracing.
frequency identification (RFID) technology to contact Contact tracing is a technique used in a pandemic to reduce
tracing method plays a role for healthsecurity in, but not the number of infections by identifying people that were in
limited to, Philippine State College of Aeronautics. This contact with a person who has tested positive for COVID-19
study utilized experimental methods to identify the or individuals that exhibited symptoms of being infected
prototype’s data accuracy, precision, and effectiveness (Subina et al., 2021). Having done this, the researchers can
compared to manual or digital contact tracing. The address the situation at the initial level and recommend them
experiment exhibits a quick detection capability of RFID to self-isolate or quarantine for a period until symptoms
card users in varying distances and accurately reflects subside and test negatively. This method has been proven
and records the users’ information thatis only within the successful if done ingeniously like how the South Koreans
booth. However, upon the temperature check, the mapped out their contact tracing (Kim & Denyer, 2020).
scanned values were inaccurate compared to a
commercial temperature scanner but were almost precise As for the Philippines, unfortunately, it was inadequate
in terms of its consecutive temperature values. The compared to South Korea. According to the contact tracing
ability of the device to determine the rights to enter to the czar, Baguio Mayor Benjamin Magalong, the country’s
premises based on the temperature also requires tracing is ‘deteriorating’. He reported in the House health
development particularly the Arduino device itself since panel the country’s contact tracing statistics showing that the
the inconsistency of the program was assumed to be due contact tracing ratio declined from 1:7 to 1:3 (Talabong,
to maxing out the storage capacity for programming 2021). This means that on a national average, from tracing
codes. The findings of the study indicated that the seven contacts, it went to only three within a month per
integration of the RFID technology to contact tracing detected COVID-19 case. The response of the government to
had the potential to be a candidate of a new contacttracing this dilemma was to urge the localgovernment units (LGUs),
method viable to the institution and alike. business establishments, and individual users to utilize and
patronize StaySafe.PH application instead of other apps
Keywords:- Arduino, Smartphones, RFID Technology, (Department of the Interior and Local Government, 2021).
Contact Tracing, Integration. The Interior Usec. EpimacoDensing believed that exploiting
digital contact tracing, will successfully help in improving
I. INTRODUCTION the country’s contact tracing and prevent the spread of the
virus.
The novel corona disease officially called Coronavirus
Disease 19 or COVID-19 (Department of Health, 2020) Digital contact tracing was really a way to go for an
began to spread in the Philippines on January 22, 2020, and effective contact tracing system. However, its effectiveness
on March 1, 2020, there are already 633 suspected cases depends on several factors: internet connectivity, responsive
(Edrada et al., 2020). A year has already passed, and users, and smartphones (World Health Organization, 2020).
according to the new record from the DOH Covid-19 Digital contact tracing depends on an internet connection, so
Tracker (2021), we already have 1,006,428 total cases; users should have internet access before they can fill up
74,623 of these are currently active, 914,952 have recovered their contact tracing form through the tracing app. In the
and 16,853 have died. These numbers have kept on joint study by the World Bank and National Economic and
increasing for the past months despite the implementation of Development Authority (NEDA), it showed that the
community quarantines, COVID-19 health and safety country’s internet services are one of the slowest on a global
protocols, and contact tracing. scale and despite its poor performance it cost very high
(Leyco, 2020). This means that if the institution or
In order to limit the spread of the virus some areas of establishment does not provide free internet access to the
the country were placed in a Modified Enhanced users, the financial requirement to avail of 3G/4G mobile
Community Quarantine such as the NCR Plus including data will be shouldered by the users.
three other areas until April 30, 2021 (Parrocha, 2021) and
had continued on until May 2021 as the Inter-Agency Task

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Aside from users accessing the internet, one of the concerned personnel can perform contact tracing quicker. In
hurdles in line with digital contact tracing was requiring short, RFID technology COVID-19 contact tracing is more
people to download and use the application itself (Muscato, effective and safer method for health security.
2020). The survey conducted by the Oliver Wyman Forum in
six different countries showed that there was less than In line with the global pandemic that continues to
twenty percent in every country that was very much wreak havoc in the country, the researchers decided to
unwilling in sharing their identity and location through the conduct the study at Malolos City, Bulacan which aims to
app (Kreacic & Bosch, 2020). This showed how difficult it potentially be of use by the Philippine State College of
is to encourage users to participate in the contact tracing. One Aeronautics VAB Campus; the institution where they are
of the reasons behind this act was their distrust towards currently enrolled in. The study does not limit itself to the
concerned personnel that will handle their personal data. specified research locale but extends its far reach towards
They were afraid of data capitalism that multi-billionaire other schools, public or private establishments, and other
companies may exploit on the app especially when there is a functions as well. Similarly, its functionality is not limited to
lot of history of similar data being used as a source of profit. RFID technology but can be upgraded as well by means of
integrating QR codes, contact tracing apps, and the internet.
To use the contact tracing application, they must own However, for the purpose of feasibility, researchers focused
a smartphone first. Nowadays, these devices have become a only on the potential of RFID technology in the field of
necessity of our daily lives and an integral part of our contact tracing.
livelihood. According to a study by research firm Dcout, an
average smartphone user touches his or her device 2,617 As proven effective and safer method for health
times every day and 5,400 for extreme cellphone users security, the RFID technology as an instrument for contact
(Naftulin, 2016). If taken account of the ongoing pandemic, tracing was able to assist the contact tracers of the LGUs
it could somehow deduce that smartphones can as well be a quickly in identifying the people at risk of contracting the
critical medium for the spread of viruses. Olsen et al. (2020) virus due to close contact with an infected individual and/or
of Bond University also had the same conclusion in their person that exhibits symptoms of COVID-19. By containing
research which termed our devices as a “Trojan horse” in the virus in a small population and encouraging self-
the transmission of viruses. Despite the frequent warning to isolation and undergoing tests, it limited the community
disinfect oneself, most of the time people still forget to like transmission resulting in lesser COVID-19 positives and
those in India. There was only ten percent out of all the mortality cases.
health workers in almost all tertiary health care in India that
took their time to disinfect their devices (Panigrahi et al., The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has
2020).This showed that the tolerance to the health especially disrupted the normal life of people virtually in every co due
when using mobile devices in public makes people to its widespread infection around the globe. The sudden
vulnerable to contracting the virus. Take note that people implementation of strict measures forced schools,
use phones in public in order to file contact tracing forms restaurants, shopping malls to close and the transit system at
online and if users have a sluggish internet connection, this a standstill essentially shutting down most industries to a
would prolong their exposure to pathogens in the air even halt to slow the spread of the disease. The case numbers
more. exploded, so did the number of deaths, hitting the healthcare
system. During the disease outbreak, it spreads very quickly
The dependency of digital contact tracing to the among people and it becomes a challenge to trace the source
factors discussed above could be deemed as a weakness of to control the disease. It is urgent to discover the human-to-
the tracing mode. If one of the factors fails to perform its human contact such that patients and peopleat higher risk can
part, the entire process will not function. This is where the be identified and then physically isolated from the public.
integration of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
technology played its role. Instead of depending upon the In combat, these rising cases, contact tracing,
factors that are mostly provided by the users, the RFID isolation, and testing were some of the powerful public health
technology contact tracing system can be a stand-alone interventions available. The nations that have the most
system that does not require any internet connection and effectively controlled the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic
smartphones. Since it does not employinternet access, stored were noteworthy for conducting comprehensive tracing and
data and information are safely secured and do not need any testing. In doing so, a large, well-organized testing program
funds for internet security and connection services were combined with extensive efforts to isolate infected
subscription. There is no need for physical contacts through people and trace and quarantine close contacts.
mobile devices; thanks to RFID cards and high-frequency
antennas. Through this, users’ exposure to the environment As the strict measures were gradually lifted, people go
is limited and all they have to do is just walk and out of their homes for travel. Physical distancing measures
momentarily halt into the RFID Health Security Booth and are continued, in addition to that other public health
their contact tracing form is already filed, andtemperature is measures which were needed to control the disease. As
taken and recorded. Moreover, once people have entered the people were allowed again to go to shopping malls and
premises of the venue, contact tracers are be able to identify restaurants, the government mandates these establishments
who, when, and which gate that person entered through to perform contact tracing as a control strategyduring the de-
time-in and time-out data recording. Through this data, escalation of physical distancing.

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Currently, the method used by the establishments for
contact tracing was by manual means of filling up a sheet of
paper or a logbook which could be also a source of
transmission of the disease due to it being slower and
risking more time for human-to-human transmission and the
use of common ballpoint pens. Using the pen and paper
method could also introduce people with illegible writing
that cannot be traced when a positive case may have close
contact with that person. Another way some establishments
augment the downside of the manual pen and paper method,
they also implement a Quick Response (QR) code system
that a person can scan through their smartphone the
downside is not everyone has a ready access to cellular data
and can be slower dependingon the cellular reception.

An automated method could be implemented using

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to
collect the important contact tracing data. Implementing this
technology prevents illegible data to be lost, quickens the
process to reduce exposure, and can be done contactless to
reduce contact to any contaminated surface as well giving
wide access to the public. This automated system can
handle a large amount of data that can be later processed
and analyzed and giving people the ability to quickly
determine which people had close contact with others and
preventing the spread of the disease to a minimum.

 Conceptual and Theoretical Framework

In order to understand the RFID technology COVID-
19 contact tracing, this study used Information System
Theory as a guide to understanding the nature of the study. Fig 1 Conceptual Paradigm
Michael Stizza defined an information system as the
communication between humans and computers which allows II. METHODOLOGY
them to store and distribute data. On the other hand,
Information System Theory serves as a means to connect the The researchers gathered the data using experimental
general systems theory structural purposes and the world and methods. This method made use of data sheets to record the
technological information for a particular function through measurements, detection, and deduction the product will
computer algorithms (Lerner, 2004). It has five make. With the data gathered, the researchers were able to
distinguishable types of Information System Theory based identify the accurateness, preciseness, and speed of the
on Shirley Gregor’s research essay (2006) which are product to perform contact tracing and whether it is viable
analyzing theory, explaining the theory, predicting theory, as a new and better contact tracing method.
explaining and predicting theory, and design and action
theory. This study utilized pure experimental research. It
aimed to build an RFID Health Security Booth that would
This theory aims to provide explanations without automatically fill in contact tracing form together with body
attempting to do a precise prediction. Basically, the temperature, and sanitize individuals at the end of the
technology identified the what, who, when, where, and why, process. This allowed the students, instructors, non-teaching
and how was the suspected positive individual were able to staff, and visitors to enter the premises without making any
enter the school and do community transmission of the virus. contact and not be exposed to the environment for a
This in turn wouldassist the contact tracers in finding people prolonged period of time, unlike the manual and digital
that were in close contact with an infected individual. contact tracing method.

As of today, the virus continues to wreak havoc in the

country killing 26,891 in the process, 50,562 are active cases
while 1,452,813 have recovered (Department of Health,
2021). Despite the rise in numbers of recoveries, the
COVID-19 still poses a threat to the country, especially now
that the Delta variant discovered in India is now in our
country (South China Morning Post, 2021). Even with the
ongoing vaccines where Sinovac is mostly administered,
people can still get infected like how the Indonesian medical

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
health workers got infected by the Delta variant despite being
vaccinated with such a kind (Reuters, 2021). For this reason,
a better and safer contact tracing method for enclosed
facilities should still be introduced to the country, so that we
may limit the contact and aid in controlling the spread of the
virus.

A. Structural Design and Mechanical Design

 Security Booth
The security booth is the foundation and the mounting
structure for the disinfecting machine, temperature, RFID
scanner, display and ultra-high frequency antenna RFID
scanner.
Fig 4 Desinfecting System

 Temperature, RFID Scanner & Display

The RFID health security booth panel is a mounting
surface for two systems: aural and visual notification system
and temperature scanner system. The first system oversees
and notifies the user through displays and sound regarding
its temperature and rights to enter, while the other is
programmed to measure one's temperature only when the
user is present inside the booth.

Fig 2 RAFID Health Security Booth

Fig 5 RFID Health Security Booth Panel

 Ultra-High Frequency Antenna RFID Scanner

The UHF antenna RFID scanner is a device that
detects RFID cards within its range of operation and reads
its unique ID Number.

Fig 3 RAFID Health Security Booth (Exploded Version)

 Disinfecting Machine
A disinfecting system is a machine responsible for
killing the bacteria and viruses on the surface through
automated alcohol spraying people after they were deemed
allowed by the RFID Health Security Booth’s system. Fig 6 UHF Antenna RFID Scanner

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
B. Data Programming Apparatus finalized with a proper PCB connection and spacing for each
component on how each will fit the device structure. In
 Arduino Uno preparation for finalizing the circuit, they then proceeded to
The Arduino Uno Codes, make the microprocessor to cutting wires to appropriate lengths to fit in the device
interface into the different modules and transmit the data to structure and stripping the ends of the wires for soldering. In
a computer via serial communication protocol. doing so they were able to form the circuit where each
component was connected as the following; Wherethe RFID
 Procedure antenna’s RX is connected to the digital pin 3, the TX is
Due to the ongoing pandemic and limited financial connected to the digital pin 4, and the GND is connected to
resources, the procedure of making the RFID health security the Arduino's ground pins, which enables the Arduino to
booth was delimited to the available resources in-stock and communicate with the antenna and receive the data being
online and the researcher’s purchasing capability. Despite read from any RFID cards. Then for the digital pin 3 is the
the limitations encountered, critical components and devices control pin of the relay module which controls the relay on
were procured, and the mounting structure was built. when it can close the circuit, while its + is connected to 3.3v
With the use of proper designing, planning, and countless while the GND is connected to the Arduino ground. As for
trials and errors with the programming, the study was able the digital pin 6, the buzzer is connected to it while its
to pull off a new contact tracing method viable for enclosed ground is connected to the rest of the Arduino ground pins,
facilities like the Philippine State College of Aeronautics then the digital pin 7 is connected to one of the pins of the
and alike. push button while the other pin is connected to the Arduino
ground. As for digital ground 8 and 9, it is connected to the
The first step in creating the RFID health security booth positive end of the LED while its negative end is connected in
was the realization of the desperate need to aid in combating series to a 220Ω resistor and is wired to Arduino ground.
the rising number of Covid-19 positive in the country. This Then have the 16x2 LCD, infrared temperature sensor, and
has been done with the use of acquired knowledge from the gesture sensor’s SDA and SCL connected in series to each
experience accumulated over the academic years of other where the series connection of SDA is connected to
conducting different practical electronics activities, the analog pin 5 of the Arduino while the SCL is connected
particularly the RFID. This led the researchers to the to the analog pin 4 based from the I2C protocol. And the
conceptualization of utilizing the RFID technology as the grounds of the three components are connected in series to
core of the device that would allow the development of a the ground of the Arduino. The gesture sensor’s VIN is
contactless contact tracing system. To make this into reality, connected to the 3.3V of the Arduino, and its INT pin is
the researchers utilized the Arduino Uno as the main connected to the digital pin 2 of the Arduino. While the
platform for developing the device as this is what the 16x2 LCD and the infrared temperature’s VIN are
researchers are currently familiar with. In preparing for the connected to 5V of the Arduino. In connecting those to the
development, it began with the procurement of needed Arduino and programming the correct pins, the device is
electronic components through online shopping platforms. ready for testing.
As the components arrived, each component was manually
tested to see if they are working as intended and learn how
to properly integrate it into one coherent system by
reviewing its datasheets and prototyping test codes to make
each electronic component work how it was needed to
perform for the study. Learning how to control each
electronic component, it began with prototyping using a
breadboard on how each functional segment of the device is
going to operate by integrating each needed component to
form the functional segments. In doing so, tuning each
segment was necessary to attain the intended function. After
performing the prototyping for the segments, it proceeded
with integrating each segment to each other and still using
the breadboard, particularly on how it was supposed to work
in the device itself. In this stage, finalizing how the device
will work and how the segments are going to interact with Fig 7 Block Diagram of Complete Operation
each different segment of the device was exhibited. It then
proceeded with the development of the recording After designing, it is time to execute the plan to its
application that was used on a computer to capture the data physical form. Once again, it all starts with the structure. It is
from the device. This was done using Microsoft's Visual composed of four parts: bases, columns, wall panels, and the
Basic .NET programming language to create the windows roof. The two bases are made up of 1 piece of L-bar steel
program with a user interface and program it to work by (Figure 24) and 1 piece of flat bar steel, each is both cut
capturing the serial information from the device, taking and with an angle grinder at 50 cm in length and welded
recording it sequentially and adding the appropriate together to create 2 pieces of fabricated U-tube steel with
timestamp for bookkeeping. After programming and the dimensions of 50 cm in length, 4.85 cm in width, and
debugging were compiled for testing, the device is then two different height measurements, 8 cm, and 11.5 cm. The

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
difference in height is for an increase in support and A total of ten tests have been conducted on the
stability once assembled with the other parts. Like this experiments of the research study, where each test has three
process, the four columns utilized 1 piece of L-bar and 1 trials. The researchers used the RFID contact tracing
piece of flat bar steel but in lengths of 210 cm. After the prototype as the point of origin, whereas the RFID card users
cutting process, it is then welded together to form 4 pieces are at distances of 70-centimeters, 200-centimeters, and 400-
of fabricated U-tube steel with dimensions of 210 cm in centimeters away from the antenna.
length, 6.5 cm both in width and in height. As for the roof, it
is divided into three parts: the square structure, roof panels  On the first test, a shorter distance range has been
A, B, and C. The square structure is formed by2 pieces of L- conducted with 1 person present within 70-centimeters
bar steel cut in lengths of 40 cm and another 2 pieces of L- is enough to be detected, recorded, and be accurate to
bar cut in 86 cm length and welded all together to create a the system.
rectangular shape. This part would serve as a mounting
 On the second test, an increase of distance range has
structure for the roofing panels. Panel A, B, and C are metal
been conducted with 1 person present within 200-
sheets cut out to their respective dimensions and pieces.
centimeters is enough or may not be enough to be
Panel A hasa dimension of 86 cm x 40 cm while panel B is 2
detected, recorded, and be accurate to the system.
pieces of 40 cm x 15 cm, and panel C is 2 pieces of 86 cm x
15 cm. Lastly, the wall panels utilized wood and metal  On the third test, an increase of distance range has been
materials. Metal sheets were used for the outer right wall conducted with 1 person present within 400-centimeters
where the two access points are located, while the rest are is not enough to be detected, recorded, and be accurate
woods. In this part, plywood (Figure 32) is cut into four to the system.
dimensions: 1 piece of 95 cm x 50 cm, 1 piece of 75 cm x 50  On the fourth test, a short and long-distance range has
cm, 2 pieces of 106.5 cm x 50 cm, and 2 pieces of 86.5 cm x been conducted with 2 persons present within 70-
50 cm while the metal sheet is cut into two dimensions: 1 centimeters is enough to be detected, recorded, and be
piece of 95 cm x 50 cm and 1 piece of 75 cm and 50 cm. accurate to the system but within 200-centimeters is
Before the researchers proceeded to the next, they cut first a enough to be detected but not enough to be recorded
rectangular shape at the width of the bottom center part of the and be accurate to the system.
single-piece metal sheet panel (95 cm x 50 cm) with the  On the fifth test, a short and long-distance range has
dimension of 40 cm x 12 cm. Since the wall panels are been conducted with 2 persons present within 70-
done, the two access points and interactive panel will be centimeters is enough to be detected, recorded, and be
processed this time. The two access points make use of 1 accurate to the system but within 400-centimeters is not
piece of both L-bar steel and flat bar steel, both are cut in enough to be detected, recorded, and be accurate to the
lengths of 50 cm and a metal sheet that is cut into two system.
dimensions: 1 piece of 41.5 cm x 12 cm and 1 piece of 41.5  On the sixth test, a long-distance range has been
cm x15 cm. With the use of hinge, rivet (figure 34), and rivet
conducted with 2 persons present within 200-centimeters
gun permanently fasten the first metal sheet to the flat bar is enough to be detected, recorded, and be accurate to
steel by using 6 pieces of hinges and 24 pieces of rivets. the system but within 400-centimeters is not enough to
After that, the researchers did the same thing with the other be detected, recorded, and be accurate to the system.
metal sheet and to the modified metal sheet panel where a
rectangular shape was cut out. Instead of 6 pieces of hinges,  On the seventh test, a short, medium, and long-distance
the researchers used only 2 pieces accompanied by 8 pieces range has been conducted with 3 persons present within
of rivets. As for the interactive panel, the researchers cut 1 70-centimeters is enough to be detected, recorded, and
piece of metal sheet and 1 piece of plywood in dimensions be accurate to the system, distance within 200-
of 41.5 cm x 15 cm, this would serve as the mounting centimeters is enough to be detected but not enough to
structure for the RFID health security booth panel (Figure be recorded and be accurate to the system but within
5). 400-centimeters is not enough to be detected, recorded
and be accurate to the system.
III. RESULTS  On the eighth test, a shorter distance range has been
conducted with 1 person present within 70-centimeters
The system performed remarkably as it was viable to that results to be slightly inaccurate with an average
be a new and improved contact tracing method. A total of 3 0.29% error in accuracy and 5.451% error in precision.
sets of tests were conducted for the RFID Accuracy Test.  On the ninth test, a shorter distance range has been
These are Test Set A, Test Set B, and Test Set C in three conducted with 1 person present within 70-centimeters
separate trials. The test began with 1 person present, then 2 that results to be inaccurate with an average 8.278%
persons present, and lastly, 3 persons present within error in accuracy and 8.193% error in precision.
distances of 70-centimeters, 200- centimeters, and 400-  On the tenth test, a shorter distance range has been
centimeters away from the antenna. The second test was the conducted with 1 person present within 70-centimeters
Temperature Scanner Accuracy-Precision Test. It was a test that results to be inaccurate with an average 1.442%
where prototype TSS is compared with commercial TSS error in accuracy and 9.442% error in precision.
having 3 sets of 3 trials each. Lastly, the researchers also
calculated the speed it took for the prototype to process the
contact tracing form.

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 1 RFID Accuracy Test Set A - 1 person present at 70- On the fourth RFID Accuracy Test with 2 persons
centimeters. present at a 70- centimeters and 200-centimeters distance,
all results of the first person at 70- centimeters were
accurate since it reflected and recorded the user’s personal
information from the detected RFID card. The results for the
second person at 200-centimeters were not accurate even
though detection occurred since it did not meet the condition
for the information to be recorded on the system.

Table 5 RFID Accuracy Test Set B - 2 persons present at

On the first RFID Accuracy Test with 1 person present 70-centimeters and 400-centimeters.
at a 70-centimeter distance, all results were accurate since it
reflected and recorded the user’s personal information from
the detected RFID card.

Table 2 RFID Accuracy Test Set A - 1 person present at

200-centimeters.

On the second RFID Accuracy Test with 1 person On the fifth RFID Accuracy Test with 2 persons present
present at a 200- centimeters distance, all results were not at a 70-centimeters and 400-centimeters distance, all results
accurate with only one trial not detected and the information of the first person at 70-centimeter were accurate since it
was not recorded on the system. reflected and recorded the user’s personal information from
the detected RFID card. The results for the second person at
Table 3 RFID Accuracy Test Set A - 1 person present at 400-centimeters were not accurate since detection did not
400-centimeters. occur and the information was not recorded on the system.

Table 6 RFID Accuracy Test Set B - 2 persons present at

200-centimeters and 400-centimeters.

On the third Accuracy Test with 1 person present at a

400-centimeters distance, all results were not accurate since
no detection occurred and the information was not recorded
on the system.

Table 4 RFID Accuracy Test Set B - 2 persons present at

70-centimeters and 200-centimeters.

On the sixth RFID Accuracy Test with 2 persons

present at a 200- centimeters and 400-centimeters distance,
all results of the first person at 200- centimeters were not
accurate even though detection occurred since it did not
meet the condition for the information to be recorded on the
system. The results for the second person at 400-centimeters
were not accurate since detection did not occur and the
information was not recorded on the system.

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Table 7 RFID Accuracy Test Set C - 3 persons present at Table 9 Temperature Scanner Accuracy Test A - 1 person
70-Centimeters, 200-centimeters and 400-centimeters. present at 70- centimeters

On the Temperature Scanner Accuracy, Test A with 1

person present at 70-centimeters distance, the resulting
values showed that the Prototype Temperature Scanner were
slightly inaccurate compared to the Commercial
Temperature Scanner having an average of 0.29% error in
accuracy.

Table 10 Temperature Scanner Precision Test A - 1 person

On the seventh RFID Accuracy Test with 3 persons present at 70- centimeters
present at distances of 70-centimeters, 200-centimeters, and
400-centimeters, all results of the first person at 70-
centimeters were accurate since detection occurred and the
information was recorded on the system. The result for the
2nd persons at 200-centimeters were not accurate even
though detection occurred since it did not meet the condition
for the information to be recorded on the system. The results
for the third person at 400-centimeters were not accurate
since detection did not occur and the information was not
recorded on the system. On the Temperature Scanner Precision, Test A with 1
person present at 70-centimeters distance, the resulting
Table 8 RFID Speed Detection - 1 person present at 70- values showed that the Prototype Temperature Scanner has
centimeters a 5.451% error in precision.

Table 11 Temperature Scanner Accuracy Test B - 1 Person

present at 70-Centimeters

On the first RFID Accuracy Test with 1 person present

at 70-centimeters distance, the average time it took for the
RFID card to be detected, recorded, and accurately reflected
for the three trials is 0.80-seconds. In terms of the speed, it
took to detect the RFID card, Trial 1 got 1.32075 m/s, Trial
2 got 0.564516 m/s, and Trial 3 got 1.11111 m/s. As for the
average speed for the three trials, it is 0.99879 m/s or
approximately 1 m/s. On the Temperature Scanner Accuracy, Test B with 1
person present at 70- centimeters distance, the resulting
values showed that the Prototype Temperature Scanner were
inaccurate compared to the Commercial Temperature
Scanner having an average of 8.278% error in accuracy.

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 12 Temperature Scanner Precision Test B - 1 person original position. If forced to drag, push, or pull, the booth
present at 70-centimeters would experience stress that may cause degradation to the
integrity of the structure and possibly damage to the systems
mounted to it as well. Not to mention, it was considerably
heavy once assembled all together.

As for individual systems, it was observed that UHF

Antenna RFID Scanner has its own aural notification which
is deemed to be a nuisance since it would always give a
beeping sound whenever it detects a nearby RFID card.
Despite that, this is where the antenna exhibits great
On the Temperature Scanner Precision, Test B with 1 function. It was discovered that the detection capability can
person present at 70-centimeters distance, the resulting only reach up to 200cm away from the booth and it did not
values showed that the Prototype Temperature Scanner has cause any radio interference to the RFID card present at
an 8.193% error in precision. 70cm whether there were people at 200cm or 400cm
simultaneously. This is because the RFID Contact Tracing
Table 13 Temperature Scanner Accuracy Test C - 1 person Method Prototype is programmed to not prioritize the RFID
present at 70-centimeters card at the furthest distance but the one present inside the
booth. In short, aside from being detected by the antenna,
users are required to be physically present inside the booth
so that the gesture sensor would allow the process of
temperature scanning to meet the condition of processing
and recording the data. However, it was also determined that
if a guard knowingly or unknowingly let a person without an
RFID card enter the booth and coincidentally the antenna
detected a nearby person’s RFID card, it would show in the
record that the person with the RFID card has entered the
booth with a different person’s temperature even though the
person with the RFID card has not yet entered the premises.
This means the possibility of the prototype exhibiting faulty
On the Temperature Scanner Accuracy, Test C with 1 data recording falls on to the responsibility of the officer-in-
person present at 70-centimeters distance, the resulting charge and not the device itself. Overall, the antenna can
values showed that the Prototype Temperature Scanner were detect RFID cards, and the program accurately reflects and
slightly inaccurate compared to the Commercial records the contact tracing information of that person; user’s
Temperature Scanner having an average of 1.442 % error in unique RFID number, temperature, date, and time entered
accuracy. and exited. Take note that the RFID number can be used to
determine whose RFID is used, particularly the name and
Table 14 Temperature Scanner Precision Test C - 1 person from what course, year, and section the user belongs only
present at 70-centimeters during actual contact tracing. However, in terms of real time
validation of the user's identity it was noted that there was a
need to further develop the visual basic program since the
current setup was limited to the skill set of the researcher.

In terms of disinfection, it was determined to be

functional and operational since it not only automatically
disinfects after the process but can also be turned on by
pushing the switch for manual disinfection. Having said
On the Temperature Scanner Precision Test C with 1 that, it was also pointed out that there is a need to conduct a
person present at 70-centimeters distance, the resulting test for the Disinfecting System that would measure the rate
values showed that the Prototype Temperature Scanner has of volume of consumption of isopropyl alcohol per user and
an 9.442% error in precision. how much surface area is covered for single disinfection.

IV. DISCUSSION The Temperature Scanner system, on the other hand,

requires improvement. After testing its accuracy and
The researchers noticed that the RFID Health Security precision, it was considered inaccurate compared to
Booth structure was sturdy and almost like a commercially commercial temperature scanners and not precise in its
available walk-through metal detector door in terms of its consecutive data recordings for each test. It was also
appearance. In addition to that, it was also helpful for long- discovered that the program needs to be improved as well,
distance transfer since it can be assembled and disassembled. particularly the rights of a person to enter since it continually
However, the moment that it is built, one will find difficulty allowed a person to enter despite having a temperature that
in moving or storing it away since one has to take it all apart should be denied access.
one by one just to move it a few meters away from its

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
As discussed, the program has both successfully with its coding which was assumed to be affected by the
performed and failed its task in different areas of the maxing out of coding storage capacity of Arduino Uno.
prototype. It was assumed that the reason behind this
inconsistency is that the prototype has maxed out the Arduino  How far can the antenna reach the RFID tag?
Uno’s capacity to store program codes. This means if an The antenna can detect the RFID tag up to 200 cm
upgraded version of Arduino was used, it would not only distance only. If the RFID tag exceeds the 200 cm distance,
have consistent results, but it can also provide improvements then it will not be detected by the antenna.
to coding storage capacity, prevention of data loss,
additional features for security and system redundancy  How much time did the antenna take to detect the
which will be discussed in the recommendation section. RFID tag?
The shortest time that the antenna took to detect the
Aside from the problem of storing program codes, it RFID tag was 0.38 seconds at 70cm distance, and the
was also noted that there is a need to test the longevity and longest time was 10.53 seconds at 200cm distance. It took
frequency of the device to malfunction when it operates for an average time of 0.80 seconds for the 70-centimeters,
almost an entire day. Similarly, life expectancy of computers while at 200-centimeters it ranges between 1.93 to 10.53
should also be considered since as of its current stage of seconds.
development, it is still a necessity when operating the
device.  How fast (speed) did the antenna take to detect the
RFID tag?
Generally, this study identified that the RFID Contact The calculated speeds of detection for the RFID tag at
Tracing Prototype is viable as a new contact tracing method 70-centimeters by the UHF antenna RFID scanner were
that may be used at the Philippine State College of 1.32076 m/s, 0.56452 m/s, and 1.11111 m/s having an
Aeronautics. average speed of approximately 1 meter per second.

V. CONCLUSIONS  How much time is consumed by the user to complete the

health declaration form?
Given the results and the findings of data on this
study, the researchers, therefore, concluded that the RFID  How effective is RFID contact tracing compared to
Health Security Prototype is viable to be a new contact digital and manual methods?
tracing method that may be utilized at the Philippine State
College of Aeronautics to isolate and prevent the spread of RFID Contact Tracing is highly effective compared to
the Covid-19 virus. Also, the researchers concluded that the the digital and manual methods of contact tracing as it can
device requires further test and development to reach its full break the chains of transmission since it uses radio waves to
potential. send information in conducting rapid identification. RFID
Contact Tracing can contribute substantially to reducing
 What are the capabilities of the RFID contact tracing infection rates from one person to another since it does not
device in identifying and recording the RFID card need to share objects like ball pens or pencils in writing one's
owner’s basic information? information like in manual contact tracing method, instead,
the RFID tag holder must point the card near the RFID
The RFID contact tracing prototype can identify and scanner to detect. Moreover, RFID Contact Tracing also
record the RFID card owner’s unique RFID card number, does not require a person to have his/her gadget(s) and
temperature, date, and time entered and exited. As for the personal internet connection like what the digital contact
name, course, year, and section, it can be identified tracing requires. This means whether digital or manual,
separately by means of backtracking whose RFID card there would be less contact to objects for potential
number it belongs to. transmission of virus.

 What are the capabilities of the RFID contact tracing RECOMMENDATIONS

device in determining the rights of the RFID card
owner to enter the premises? In this research study, the researchers have
The RFID contact tracing prototype was not able to recommendations that can help to improve and develop this
determine whether a person is allowed, denied, or needs to project.
be assessed/evaluated by the school nurse. The problem lies
with its coding which was assumed to be affected by the It is highly recommended to use a higher model of
maxing out of coding storage capacity of Arduino Uno. temperature scanner than what has been used to improve the
accuracy and precision of the temperature being assessed in
 What are the capabilities of the RFID contact tracing the system. As for the system's accuracy in determining
device in determining the rights of the RFID card whether a person is allowed, to be denied, or to be assessed,
owner to enter the premises? it should be further reviewed by fixing the program code that
The RFID contact tracing prototype was not able to has been input to the system.
determine whether a person is allowed, denied, or needs to
be assessed/evaluated by the school nurse. The problem lies

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
The researchers also suggested upgrading the Arduino D04ZfiqPKyslMgj&ust=1642060084382000&
with more storage for codes and pins to make it viable for a source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAgQjRxqFwoTCIi8
stand-alone system where it has its own battery and memory sNHcq_UCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
card where data can be stored as backup storage and power [4]. A-Plus Paints Website. (2021). A-Plus All Weather®
since it is overly reliant on a computer for these two aspects. Premium Acrylic Waterproof Elastomeric Paint
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UHF antenna RFID scanner. https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apluspaints.com%2Fproduc
t%2Fa-plus-all-weather%2F&psig=AOvVaw2z980
It is also recommended to test the disinfection system YFv6CVaYFgya652u- &ust= 1642062871067000
to determine whether the people who will be entering the &source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAgQjRx qFwo
booth will be thoroughly disinfected all throughout. TCODc64Pnq_UCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
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maintain it to avoid damage to the device. yBaTjW-1os&ust=1642082853121000&source=
images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAgQjRxqFwoTCNCRk7
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