Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Hydrochemical Study of Groundwater Qualities of

Some Areas of Imphal West District of
Manipur, India
Dr. Nandababu Singh Laishram*
Associate Professor (Inorganic Chemistry)
Department of Chemistry
D.M. College of Science, Imphal – 795001, Dhanamanjuri University, Imphal

* Corresponding Author’s

Abstract:- Fifteen groundwater samples were collected I. INTRODUCTION

from three villages namely Kanglatongbi, Awang Sekmai
and Tengdoyan of Imphal West district of Manipur As the population growth increases day by day all
during pre-monsoon period(May) of 2018. They were over the world, rate of urbanization and hence extension of
analyzed for physico-chemical parameters such as urban areas also increase to accommodate increasing
temperature, pH, TDS (total dissolved solids), electrical population growth[1]. Consequently many surface water
conductivity(EC), total alkalinity(TA), CO32-, HCO3-, bodies sites are also losing to a large extent due to
total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and Cl-. The construction of residential houses / buildings, office
values/concentrations of the different physico-chemical buildings, institutions, commercial areas etc. As a result of
parameters for the fifteen groundwaters were found to such urbanization and expansion of urban areas, there is
be below/ within the acceptable limits / recommended scarcity of surface water which is mainly required for
values of BIS standard for drinking water as well as that drinking (after proper treatment), other domestic, irrigation
of WHO. Thus all the fifteen groundwaters were found (or agriculture) and industrial purposes. As an impact of
to be suitable for drinking from physico-chemical such shortage of surface water for human needs, there is a
analysis point of view. However this does not guarantee great demand for groundwater for drinking, other domestic,
that such groundwaters are 100%, safe for drinking as irrigation (or agriculture) and industrial purposes.
there is need for investigations on some heavy metals
such Fe, As, Pb, Cd, Hg etc. and microbiological analysis Groundwater is about 0.6% of the total global water
of such groundwaters. Such groundwaters were found to resources and out of it, only 0.3% is extractable
be suitable for other domestic and irrigation purposes. economically[2]. It should not be taken for granted that such
Further, strong positive correlations of total hardness ground waters are always safe for drinking, irrigation and
with Ca2+, Na+, Cl- and moderately positive correlation industrial purposes. Their qualities have to be monitored
between total hardness and Mg2+ were indicative of the from time to time in order to examine whether they are fit
fact that the total hardness of the fifteen groundwaters for drinking, other domestic, irrigation and industrial
were mainly due to the presence of dissolved chlorides of purposes just like that of surface water. Therefore many
Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+. Again correlation coefficient data researchers of different countries had carried out
indicated that Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ were present investigations on the qualities of groundwaters not only the
mostly in the from of chlorides but to a lesser extent, as surface waters in order to examine whether they are fit for
bicarbonates in the fifteen groundwaters. drinking, other domestic and irrigation purposes mainly [3-
7]. Similarly, in India also, many researchers had carried out
Keywords: Physico-Chemical Parameters, Drinking, extensive researches on the qualities of ground waters
Domestic, Irrigation, BIS And WHO. besides investigation on the qualities of surface waters from
time to time so as to examine whether such groundwaters
not only the surface waters, are fit for human consumption
including other domestic and irrigation (or agricultural)
purposes mainly [8 – 14].

The present aim /objective of the research work is to

carry out hydrochemical study of groundwater qualities of
some areas of Imphal West district of Manipur so as to
examine whether such groundwaters are fit for drinking,
other domestic and irrigation purposes mainly.

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD

 Study Area:
Altogether three villages of Imphal West district namely (i) Kanglatongbi (ii) Awang Sekmai and (iii) Tengdoyan, were
selected as most of the people of these villages are very much dependant on groundwater for drinking, other domestic and
agricultural purposes. Samples were collected from fifteen (15) different sampling sites of these three villages. The different
sampling sites alongwith their geographical locations (longitudes and latitudes) are detailed in table-1 below.

Table 1 Locations of Different Groundwater Samplings Sites

Sample Code (with source) Sampling sites Longitude Latitude
S-1 (Dug well) Tengdoyan Makha Leikai(1) 93052/57//E 24054/37//N
S-2 (Dug well) Awang Sekmai Nongthombam Leikai 93052/52//E 24057/37//N
S-3 (Dug well) Kanglatongbi Tispari(1) 93052/32//E 24057/58//N
(Bhakta Bahadur Karki’s residential area)
S-4 (Dug well) Kanglatongbi Tispari (2) 93052/31//E 24058/0//N
(Near Dilip Poudel’s residential gate)
S-5 (Dug well) Kanglatongbi Tispari(3) 93052/29//E 24058/2//N
(Krishna Prasad Champagain’s residential area)
S-6 (Dug well) Kanglatongbi Tispari (4) 93052/30//E 24058/3//N
(Khadka Bahadur Thapa’s residential area)
S-7 (Dug well) Kanglatongbi Tispari (5) 93052/29//E 24058/10//N
(Ramesh Upprety’s residential area)
S-8 (Dug well) Tengdongyan Makha Leikai (2) 93052/59//E 24054/43//N
S-9 (Dug well) Kanglatongbi Tispari (6) 93052/36//E 24057/49//N
(Moirangthem Inao’s residential area)
S-10 (Dug well) Kanglatongbi Tispari (7) 93052/28//E 24058/18//N
(Mr. Sanjit Thapa’s residential area)
S-11 (Dug well) Kanglatongbi Tispari (8) 93052/36//E 24058/17//N
(Near Nandalal Ranjali\s residential area)
S-12 (Dug well) Kanglatongbi Tispari(9) 93052/40//E 24058/18//N
(Front of Narmada Ghimraj’s residential area)
S-13 (Dug well) Kanglatongbi Tispari (10) 93052/45//E 24058/20//N
(Near Kewali Bista’s residential area)
S-14 (Dug well) Kanglatongbi Tispari (11) 93052/29//E 24058/20//N
(Santosh Budathoki’s residential area)
S-15 (Dug well) Kanglatongbi Tispari (12) 93052/23//E 24058/23//N
(Rajesh Baskota’s residential area)

 Analysis Of Groundwater Samples:

The chemicals were of AR grade and were used as received. Chemicals used were HCl, NaOH, phenolphthalein indicator,
methyl orange indicator, Eriochrome Black T indicator(EBT), murexide indicator, disodium salt of EDTA, NH4OH,
MgSO4.2H2O, NaCl, NH4Cl and K2CrO4.

Fifteen (15) groundwater samples (S-1 to S-15) were collected in well sterilized polythene bottles of one litre capacity each
during pre-monsoon period (May) of 2018. The samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH,
total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity(TA), electrical conductivity(EC), total hardness (TH), CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+,
Na+ and K+. For sampling and analyses, guidelines of APHA were strictly followed [15]. Parameters like temperature, pH, TDS
and electrical conductivity were measured at sampling sites while remaining ones were determined at departmental research
laboratory.

Brief procedures / methods and instruments used for the measurements/ determinations of different physico-chemical
parameters are shown in table-2 given below.

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Table 2 Instruments and Methods used for Measurements / Determinations of Physico-Chemical Parameters
of Fifteen Ground Water Samples
Physico-chemical parameters measured / determined Instruments and brief methods used
Temperature TDS Meter (TDS-3) (TDS/Temp.) (HIMEDIA, India)
pH pHep® Pocket-sized pH Meter (HI98107) (HANNA Instruments.
Romania)
TDS (Total dissolved solids) TDS Meter (TDS-3) (TDS/Temp.) (HIMEDIA, India)
Electrical conductivity (EC) Conductivity Tester (Dist3: HI 98303) (HANNA Instruments, Romania)
Total alkalinity (TA) Titrimetric method with standard HCI solution using
phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators
CO32- and HCO3- By calculation method from total alkalinity values
Total Hardness (TH) EDTA titrimetric method (using Eriochrome Black T indicator)
Calcium (Ca2+) EDTA titrimetric method (using Murexide indicator)
Magnesium (Mg2+) By calculation method
Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) Flame Photometer 128 (Systronics, India)
Chloride (Cl- ) Argentometric titrimetric method (Using K2CrO4 indicator solution)

For finding out irrigation (agriculture) water quality parameters such as RSC (residual sodium carbonate) and SAR (sodium
adsorption ratio), the following relationships were used [16-18]:
RSC= (CO32+ + HCO3-) – (Ca2+ + Mg2+)

𝑁𝑎 +
And SAR = 2+ 2+
, where all ionic concentrations were expressed in milli-equivalents / litres (meq/L).
√𝐶𝑎 + 𝑀𝑔
2

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

All the fifteen (15) groundwater samples were found to be colourless and odourless. The experimental values of different
physico-chemical parameters are shown in table-3 given below:

Table 3 Values / Concentrations of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Groundwater Samples

Sampl Tempe pH TDS Electric Total HCO- Total Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ Cl-
e Code - (mg/L) al Alkalinit 3 hardness (mg/L (mg/L (mg/L (mg/L (mg/L
rature conducti y (mg/L (asCaCO ) ) ) ) )
(0C) vity (as ) 3)
(S/cm) CaCO3) (mg/L)
(mg/L)
S-1 21.2 6.8 108 222 49 59.8 42 4.8 7.3 13.8 19.4 17
S-2 21.1 7.3 109 223 58.7 71.6 68 18.4 5.3 17.4 2.1 28.4
S-3 21.8 6.7 68 142 44.1 53.8 44 12 3.4 10.3 0.8 11.3
S-4 22.3 6.7 75 156 44.1 53.8 46 11.2 4.4 12.3 1 12.8
S-5 23.1 6.6 87 183 39.2 47.8 54 11.2 6.3 13.6 1.6 17
S-6 22.9 6.9 79 164 44.1 53.8 50 11.2 5.3 12.5 1 12.8
S-7 22.5 7.1 77 158 58.7 71.6 48 9.6 5.8 12.5 1.1 11.3
S-8 22.7 6.6 95 203 44.1 53.8 54 9.6 7.3 18.2 2.2 22.7
S-9 23.6 6.6 60 124 44.1 53.8 38 8 4.4 9.7 0.6 7.1
S-10 23.4 6.8 70 149 53.8 65.6 46 10.4 4.9 10.8 0.6 8.5
S-11 24 6.6 58 124 44.1 53.8 36 8.8 3.4 9.9 0.5 5.7
S-12 24.2 7.1 57 119 44.1 53.8 38 7.2 4.9 9.5 0.5 5.7
S-13 23.6 6.6 64 142 44.1 53.8 44 10.4 4.4 10.6 0.9 9.9
S-14 23.2 6.7 71 149 53.8 65.6 50 11.2 5.3 10.5 0.5 8.5
S-15 22.9 6.8 67 140 49 59.8 44 11.2 3.9 10 0.5 7.1

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Physico-Chemical Parameters: values of total hardness for the fifteen groundwaters are
below the acceptable limit (200 mg/L) of BIS standard for
 Temperature: drinking water [19]. All the fifteen groundwaters belong to
The temperatures of the fifteen dugwell groundwater soft water category (0-75 mg/L) as their values of total
samples (S-1 to S-15) are in the range 21.1 – 24.20 C. S-12 hardness are below 75 mg/L [21].
has the highest temperature (24.20 C) while that of S-2 is
lowest (21.10C).  Calcium (Ca2+):
The concentrations of Ca2+ for all the groundwaters
 Ph: (S-1 to S-15) range from 4.8 mg/L to 18.4 mg/L. S-2 has the
The pH values of the fifteen groundwater samples highest concentration of Ca2+ (18.4 mg/L) while that of S-1
range from 6.6 to 7.3 S-2 has the highest pH value (7.3) is lowest (4.8 mg/L). All the concentrations of Ca 2+ for the
while each of S-5, S-8, S-9, S-11 and S-13 has lowest value fifteen groundwaters are below the acceptable limit (75
of pH (6.6). All these pH values are within the acceptable mg/L) of BIS standard for drinking water [19].
limit (6.5 – 8.5) of BIS standard for drinking water as well
as that of WHO [19, 20]  Magnesium (Mg2+):
The concentrations of Mg2+ for all the fifteen
 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): groundwaters (S-1 to S-15) range from 3.4 mg/L to 7.3
The TDS values for all the fifteen groundwaters (S-1 to mg/L. Each of S-1 and S-8 has the highest concentration of
S-15) are in the range 57 – 109 mg /L. S-2 has the highest Mg2+ (7.3 mg/L) while each of S-3 and S-11 has lowest
value of TDS (109 mg/L) while that of S-12 has the lowest concentration of it (3.4 mg/L). The concentrations of Mg2+
value of it (57 mg/L). All the values of TDS are below the for all the fifteen groundwaters (S-1 to S-15), are below the
acceptable limit (500 mg/L) of BIS standard for drinking acceptable limit (30 mg/L) of BIS standard for drinking
water[19]. Further, as the values of TDS are below 1000 water [19].
mg/L, such groundwaters may also be used for other
domestic purposes [21].  Sodium (Na+ ):
Regarding the concentrations of Na+ for all the fifteen
 Electrical Conductivity (EC): groundwaters (S-1 to S-15), they are in the range 9.5 - 18.2
The electrical conductivity values for all the fifteen mg/L. S-8 has highest concentration of Na+ (18.2 mg/L)
groundwaters (S-1 to S-15) are in the range 119 – 223 while S-12 has lowest concentration of it (9.5 mg/L). The
𝜇S/cm. S-2 has highest electrical conductivity value (223 concentration values of Na+ for all the fifteen groundwaters,
𝜇S/cm) while that of S-12 is lowest (119 𝜇S/cm). are below the threshold limit (200 mg/L) of WHO [20].

 Total Alkalinity (TA):  Potassium (K+):

The total alkalinity values for the fifteen groundwaters The concentrations of K+ for all the fifteen
range from 39.2 mg/L to 58.7 mg/L. Each of S-2 and S-7 groundwaters (S-1 to S-15) range from 0.5 mg/L to 19.4
has highest value of total alkalinity (58.7 mg/L) while that mg/L. S-1 has higest concentration of K+ (19.4 mg /L) while
of S-5 is lowest (39.2 mg/L) All these values of total each of S-11, S-12, S-14 and S-15 has lowest concentration
alkalinity for the fifteen groundwaters (S-1 to S-15) are of it (0.5 mg/L).
below the acceptable limit (200 mg/L) of BIS standard for
drinking water [19].  Chloride (Cl-):
The concentrations of Cl- for all the fifteen
 Carbonate (CO32-) and Bicarbonate (HCO3-): groundwaters (S-1 to S-15) are in the range 5.7 – 28.4 mg/L.
Each of the groundwater samples, has concentration of S-2 has highest concentration of Cl-(28.4 mg/L) while each
CO32- equal to zero. However, concentrations of HCO3- for of S-11 and S-12 has lowest concentration of it (5.7 mg/L).
all the fifteen groundwaters, are in the range 47.8 – 71.6 All the groundwaters (S-1 to S-15) have their concentrations
mg/L. Each of S-2 and S-7 has highest concentration of of Cl- below the acceptable limit (250 mg/L) of BIS
HCO3– (71.6 mg/L) while that of S-5 is lowest (47.8 mg/L). standard for drinking water [19].

 Total Hardness (TH):  Groundwater Quality for Irrigation (Agriculture)

The total hardness values for all the fifteen Purposes:
groundwaters (S-1 to S-15), are in the range 36 – 68 mg/L. For all the fifteen groundwaters (S-1 to S-15), the
S-2 has the highest value of total hardness (68 mg/L) values of RSC (residual sodium carbonate) and SAR
whereas S-11 has the lowest value of it (36 mg/L). All these (sodium adsorption ratio) are shown in table-4 given below:

Table 4 Values of RSC and SAR for Different Groundwaters

Sample S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15
Code
RSC 0.140 -0.180 0.003 -0.038 -0.293 -0.112 0.217 -0.197 0.120 0.153 0.163 0.119 0.001 0.080 0.100
(meq/L)
SAR 0.925 0.919 0.675 0.788 0.805 0.770 0.786 1.077 0.683 0.691 0.718 0.669 0.694 0.647 0.655

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
From the above table, it is clearly seen that the values Thus from RSC as well as SAR values point of view,
of RSC for the fifteen groundwaters (S-1 to S-15) range all the groundwaters are fit for irrigation (agriculture)
from – 0.293 meq/L to 0.217 meq/L. S-5 has lowest value of purposes.
RSC (-0.293 meq/L) while that of S-7 is highest (0.217
meq/L). As all the RSC values of the fifteen groundwaters  Statistical Interpretation Based On Correlation
are less than 1.25 meq/L, they are fit for irrigation purpose Coefficient (r) Values:
[17]. For the fifteen groundwaters (S-1 to S-15), the
correlation co-efficient(r) values for different variable pairs
Again the values of SAR for all the fifteen of physic-chemical parameters are shown in table-5 given
groundwaters are in the range 0.647 – 1.077. S-14 has the below:
lowest value SAR (0.647) while that of S-8 is highest
(1.077). So, all these groundwaters belong to excellent
category of water for irrigation (SAR value upto 10 ) [18].

Table 5 Correlation Co-Efficient(R) Values of Different Variable Pairs of Physico-Chemical

Parameters of Different Groundwaters
Temp. pH TDS EC TA HCO3- TH Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ Cl-
Temp. 1
pH -0.350 1
TDS -0.805 0.314 1
EC -0.777 0.263 0.996 1
TA -0.389 0.661 0.304 0.278 1
HCO3- -0.390 0.662 0.310 0.278 0.999 1
TH -0.556 0.420 0.721 0.725 0.417 0.417 1
Ca2+ -0.363 0.373 0.267 0.263 0.361 0.360 0.790 1
Mg2+ -0.346 0.116 0.753 0.765 0.128 0.128 0.424 -0.220
Na+ -0.606 0.248 0.883 0.898 0.201 0.202 0.791 0.370 0.715
K+ -0.544 0.032 0.613 0.603 0.071 0.072 -0.070 -0.465 0.575 0.284 1
Cl- -0.723 0.306 0.913 0.920 0.216 0.216 0.850 0.505 0.609 0.957 0.306 1

From the above table-5, it is clearly seen that TDS has IV. CONCLUSION
strong positive correlations with EC, TH, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and
Cl- (r=0.996,0.721, 0.753, 0.883, 0.613 and 0.913 From the above aforesaid discussions based on the
respectively). TA also shows strong positive correlation experimental results shown in table-3 and data of tables 4
with HCO3-(0.999) but moderately positive correlation with and 5, the following conclusions are drawn:
TH and Ca2+ (r=0.417 and 0.361 respectively). HCO3- shows
moderately positive correlations with Ca2+ and Na+ (r=0.360  All the values of physico-chemical parameters are within
and 0.202 respectively) but weak correlation with Mg2+ and / below the acceptable / recommended limits of BIS
K+ (r=0.128 and 0.072 respectively). Such values of r are standard for drinking water as well as that of WHO. So,
indicative of low values of TA. TH shows strong positive all the groundwaters (S-1 to S-15) belong to the category
correlation with Ca2+, Na+ and Cl- (r=0.790, 0.791 and 0.850 of drinking water from physico-chemical analysis point
respectively) but moderately positive correlation with of view. However, this does not guarantee that they are
Mg2+(r=0.424). This shows that TH is mainly due to soluble 100% safe for drinking purpose as there is a need for
chlorides of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+. Ca2+ shows strong positive further analysis of heavy metals such as Fe, As, Pb, Cd,
correlation with Cl- (r=0.505) but moderately positive Hg etc and also microbiological analysis of such
correlation with Na+(r=0.370). Mg2+, also, shows strong groundwaters.
positive correlation with Na+, K+ and Cl- (r=0.715, 0.575  As the TDS values of all the fifteen groundwaters are
and 0.609 respectively). However, Na+ shows strong less than 1000 mg/L, they can be used for other domestic
positive correlation with Cl- (r=0.957) while K+ shows purposes.
moderately positive correlation with Cl- (r=0.306). Thus  All the fifteen groundwaters are fit for irrigation /
Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ are mostly present as chlorides but agriculture purpose.
to a lesser extent as bicarbonates in such groundwaters.  Based on correlation coefficient data, it can be
concluded that TH(total hardness) of such groundwaters
is mainly due to soluble chlorides of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+.
Again such correlation coefficient data show that Ca2+,
Mg2+, Na+, and K+ are mostly present in the form of their
chlorides but to a lesser extent, as bicarbonates in such
groundwaters.

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Volume 8, Issue 3, March – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [14]. Hazarika, S. and B. Bhuyan. 2013. Fluoride, arsenic
and iron content of groundwater around six selected
The author is thankful to the principal, D.M. College of tea gardens of Lakhimpur district, Assam. Arch.
Science, Imphal for some of the laboratory facilities Appl. Sci. Res., 5(1): 57-61.
provided for the research work. Further the author is also [15]. Greenberg, A.E., etal. 1992. Standard methods for
thankful to local people of different sampling sites, who had the examination of water and waste water (18th edn.),
extended their cooperations during field visits. APHA, AWWA and WEF, Washington, D.C.
[16]. Laishram N.S. 2019. Assessment of groundwater
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