Review On Technical Reform of Agriculture and Drip Irrigation Water Conservation Measure

Volume 6, Issue 12, December – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Review on Technical Reform of Agriculture and Drip

Irrigation Water Conservation Measure
Mansingh Yadava , Harish Chandra Rajpoota
a
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Maharashtra 400076, India
Abstract:- Agriculture is widely used in India almost I. INTRODUCTION

largest livelihood depends on it and their contribution has
a significant figure in GDP. Agriculture practice in India Agriculture, with its allied sector, is the provider largest
is unknown strength of Indians, here millions of people livelihood in India which provide a significant contribution to
are involved in agriculture that is largest private the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Environment sustainable
enterprise and India is the world largest producer of tea, agriculture is essential to conserve the soil, natural resource
spices, pulses, milk, and jute. And the second-largest management and biodiversity protection required for holistic
producer of wheat, sugarcane, rice, vegetables, fruits, rural development. Indian agriculture development by its
oilseeds, and cotton. Currently, India is the world, fourth- allied programs like a green revolution, a yellow revolution,
largest producer of agrochemicals. Green Revolution a white revolution and a blue revolution make supportive role
reforms have been taken to increase for expansion of [Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare]. In India, Green
farming areas, double-cropping system, using seeds with Revolution was mainly led by M.S. Swaminathan to
improved genetics. Green Revolutions make a substantial increase in production of food grains (especially wheat and
change in Agriculture practice by using high yielding rice). India has one of the largest irrigation areas in the world
variety (HYV) seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, but its per hectare availability of water for irrigation is less in
pesticides, and fertilizers. Conventionally, surface the world. The water demand has been increasing day by day
irrigation is most popular and widely used in India but and the future availability has been decreasing at a faster rate.
nowadays drip irrigation is very popular to save water Water is essential for agricultural produce. The drip irrigation
and nutrient by supplying it more effectively to the root of system is the most popular and globally accepted method to
crops. Design modification of dripper reduces half of the save water and supply required nutrients to roots of the crop
expenses of conventional drip irrigations which make drip with minimum wastage and which is the cost-effective
irrigation more affordable and efficient for farmers in the method [1]. Drip irrigation is the most efficient and water-
world. saving method used in agriculture, which supplied water
slowly on the crop root zone instead of the entire field surface
Keywords:- Drip Irrigation, Drip Emitter, Irrigation Water irrigation. In his system water is supplied under pressure
Productivity, Evapotranspiration, Pressure – Compensating. through small emitters one drop at a time or sprayed the water
as the fine mist form over a portion. Emitters control the water
quantity supply rate in the trickle or drip irrigation system
which can be categories into four parts 1) Point-source
emitters or drip bubbler 2) Basin bubblers 3) In-line emitter
4) Micro spray sprinkler [3]
IJISRT21DEC651 www.ijisrt.com 698

ISSN No:-2456-2165
Fig 1. Showing the A, B, C and D, different types of trickle or drip irrigation systems [3]
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS water-saving, quality, IWP and yielding of the citrus orchard
is affected by different parameters such as drip-line position
A. Drip Irrigation Incorporating Water Conservation and number of emitters per plant. Comparisons between the 7
Measure and 14 emitters with an additional drip line, it was found that
A large amount of water is used in the agriculture sector, the higher number of emitters has a good plant-water
so it is very important to use the water efficiently and situation. Systematic irrigation gets through SSI systems
conserve the water. Optimization of water supply with a without damage of crop yielding and saves approximately
different mode of irrigation, drip irrigation makes the 23% water thus improving IWP. This study concluded that
optimum utilization of water and also monitored supply further research on the financial feasibility can make a
quantity simultaneously it is also essential to get the best sustainable system and can save an enormous amount of
irrigation mode with crop response. Gimeno et al. [6] studied water in citrus production.
Fig 2. The layout of the experimental installation for drip irrigation lateral testing [9].
Albaji et al. [7] focused on the comparative study of to increase the profit margins and conserve the water by
various irrigation systems. Suitability maps for drip and irrigation scheduling and scheming out fertigation. One
sprinkler irrigation systems have been made by using joined three irrigation strategies (with different Crop
Geographic Information system (GIS). The final results found Evapotranspiration) were joined with three fertigation
that sprinkler and drip irrigation systems were more effective, schedules with control operations like furrow irrigation and
efficient and suitable than surface irrigation systems and it RDF manual application. Finally result found that 80% RDF
was also showing that good irrigation management policy with 80% Crop Evapotranspiration drip irrigation give higher
makes the irrigation system resolve the water shortage energy and water productivity which is also economically
problems and make economically sustainable and feasible for feasible.
the farmers. Sinha et al. [8] designed and developed a method

ISSN No:-2456-2165
Fig 3. Commercial Drip Irrigation System Layout [4]
Through drip irrigation, farmers can control the timing primary recurring expense in the systems. Shamshery and
and water discharge rate and supply only as much water as a Winter targeted to develop pressure-compensating drippers
crop requires. Drip irrigation can decrease the water which operated at 0.1 bar pressure that is one-tenth pressure
requirement by as much as 60 per cent and increase crop of the commercial systems. This decrement in the pressure
yielding by 90 per cent, compared to the conventional requirement decreases the power requirement for the water
(surface) irrigation method but the main problem for this pump in the drippers and the capital expense of an off-grid
system is the high initial cost of the setup. Recently engineers drip system. They develop the model for conventional
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), led by pressure-compensating dripper in MATLAB and generate the
Amos Winter, an assistant professor of mechanical numerical computing program that find the dimension change
engineering, optimized the drippers (reduce the pressure behaviour of the model and Shamshery did a study of the
requirement), reduce the price of the solar-powered drip dynamic behaviour of the water flow through the dripper
system by half which decrease the pumping power model. And got the mathematical explanation of the dripper
requirement (main cost) by half for irrigation that lower the interior features affects during fluid flow and also the effect
energy bill for farmers with the same amount of water of water pressure. After simulation with different parameters
delivery. Through the modification of system upstream, of drippers with a continuous feedback system, they
filters, solar power system, pumps and tubing to finally discarded those dimensions which produce an undesirable
develop drip irrigation system affordable for farmers in the effect on water pressure. They develop new drippers design
world. The number of farmers in a developing country like (new geometry) that generate the optimal flow rate with a
India generates only a few hundred dollars per year, so this low-pressure initial pressure requirement (0.15bar).
modification research in the drip irrigation system makes it Simulation results were validated by prototype testing which
affordable and also increase the yield and income of the matched their simulation results [5].
farmers. Farmer in developing countries in the world like as
India, for agriculture mainly use flood irrigation to grow the III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
crop, due to this method is inexpensive but this method has
little control of water supply over when and how much water Agriculture is widely used in India almost largest
needs to their crops, this is inefficient method as large amount livelihood depends on it and their contribution has a
of water evaporates or drains away from fields [5]. significant figure in GDP. Agriculture practice in India is
unknown strength of Indians, here millions of people are
B. Design Modification of Dripper Reduce Half of the involved in agriculture that is the largest private enterprise in
Expenses of Conventional Drip Irrigation India. Many revolutions came in India to increase their
The most conventional drip irrigation system requires at yielding like Green Revolution reforms have been taken to
least 1 bar pressure for operation, to maintain this pressure increase for expansion of farming areas, double-cropping
continuously require energy, which plays a major role in the system, using seeds with improved genetics. Green
expense in off-grid drip irrigation systems and the on-grid Revolutions make a substantial change in Agriculture

ISSN No:-2456-2165
practice by using high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, tractors, service charge (irrigation power requirement) is high so their
irrigation facilities, pesticides, and fertilizers. Design modification of dripper reduces half of the expenses
Conventionally, surface irrigation is most popular and widely of conventional drip irrigations which make drip irrigation
used in India but nowadays drip irrigation is very popular to more affordable and efficient for developing countries
save water and nutrient by suppling it more effectively to the farmers in the world.
root of crops. But the problems are that the initial cost and
Fig 4. Graphical representation for flow rate Vs water pressure at the emitter inlet for pressure-compensating (PC) emitters [10]
Fig 5. (a) Photograph of the low-pressure emitter. (b) Characteristic curves for low-pressure and conventional emitters used in
field trials [10].
Fig 6. (a) Plot of Submain flow rate over submain pressure for both Conv. (conventional) and LowP (low-pressure) emitters. for
pipes supplying both low-pressure (LowP) and conventional (Conv) emitter plots. All recorded data points are plotted (b)
Cumulative hydraulic energy Vs during irrigation period for Conv. And LowP [10].
A low-pressure water delivery emitter reduces both the pressure is more than the MCIP (Minimum Compensating
capital and operational charge of drip systems. A large Inlet Pressure). Significant reducing the MCIP of PC emitters
amount of pressure losses occurs mainly in the PC (Pressure reduce the pump capacity so power requirement also
- Compensating) emitters [10] which makes the constant decreases that leading to a decrease in the initial cost of the
discharge rate even in the changing of the water pressure or

ISSN No:-2456-2165
pump and also decreasing the cost for power supply of [10]. Sokol, J., Amrose, S., Nangia, V., Talozi, S., Brownell,
recurring electricity or off-grid systems [10]. E., Montanaro, G., ... & Winter, A. G. (2019). Energy
reduction and uniformity of low-pressure online drip
IV. CONCLUSION irrigation emitters in field tests. Water, 11(6), 1195.
Green Revolutions make a substantial change in
Agriculture practice by using high yielding variety (HYV)
seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides, and fertilizers.
Conventionally, surface irrigation is most popular and widely
used in India but nowadays drip irrigation is very popular to
save water and nutrient by suppling it more effectively to the
root of crops. To overcome the problem of the capital cost of
the pump and power supply requirement by Design
modification of dripper reduce half of the expenses of
conventional drip irrigations which make the drip irrigation
more affordable and efficient for developing countries
farmers in the world. A low-pressure water delivery emitter
reduces both the capital and operational charge of drip
systems.
REFERENCES
[1]. Les Levidow, Daniele Zaccaria, Rodrigo Maia, Eduardo

Vivas, Mladen Todorovic, Alessandra Scardigno,
Improving water-efficient irrigation: Prospects and
difficulties of innovative practices, Agricultural Water
Management, Volume 146,2014,Pages 84-94,ISSN
0378-3774,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
agwat.2014.07.012.
[2]. Agriculture - National Portal of India Available from
https://www.india.gov.in/topics/agriculture.
[3]. Agrivi from https://www.agrivi.com/blog/drip-
irrigation-as-the-most-efficient-irrigation-system-type/
[4]. Christen, E., Ayars, J., Hornbuckle, J., & Hickey, M.
(2006). Technology and practice for irrigation in
vegetables. NSW Department of Primary Industries:
Orange, NSW, Australia.
[5]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from
https://news.mit.edu/2017/design-cuts-costs-energy-
drip-irrigation-0420
[6]. M.A. Martínez-Gimeno, L. Bonet, G. Provenzano, E.
Badal, D.S. Intrigliolo, C. Ballester, Assessment of yield
and water productivity of clementine trees under surface
and subsurface drip irrigation, Agric. Water Manag. 206
(2018) 209–216.
[7]. M. Albaji, M. Golabi, S. Boroomand Nasab, F.N.
Zadeh, Investigation of surface, sprinkler and drip
irrigation methods based on the parametric evaluation
approach in Jaizan Plain, J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 14 (1)
(2015) 1–10.
[8]. I. Sinha, G.S. Buttar, A.S. Brar, Drip irrigation and
fertigation improve economics, water and energy
productivity of spring sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
in Indian Punjab, Agric. Water Manag. 185 (2017) 58–
64.
[9]. P. Chandramohan, P. Balamurugan, S. Dinesh, Effect of
fluid flow diversion and venturi size on drip irrigation
fertilizer feeding system, Flow Meas. Instrum. 65
(2019) 250–256.

Review On Technical Reform of Agriculture and Drip Irrigation Water Conservation Measure

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Review On Technical Reform of Agriculture and Drip Irrigation Water Conservation Measure

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Volume 6, Issue 12, December – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

Review on Technical Reform of Agriculture and Drip

Abstract:- Agriculture is widely used in India almost I. INTRODUCTION

IJISRT21DEC651 www.ijisrt.com 698

IJISRT21DEC651 www.ijisrt.com 699

Fig 3. Commercial Drip Irrigation System Layout [4]

IJISRT21DEC651 www.ijisrt.com 700

IJISRT21DEC651 www.ijisrt.com 701

[1]. Les Levidow, Daniele Zaccaria, Rodrigo Maia, Eduardo

IJISRT21DEC651 www.ijisrt.com 702

You might also like